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75 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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senders
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authors, producers, organizations
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messages
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programs, texts, images, sounds, ads
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mass media channel
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newspapers, books, magazines, radio, tv, internet
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gatekeepers
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editors, producers, media managers
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feedback
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letters to editor, phone calls, email, web site postings, audience members in talk shows
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selective exposure
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audiences seek messages and produce meanings that correspond to their own cultural beliefs and values
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high culture
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ballet, symphony, art museums, classical literature
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low culture
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soap operas, rock music, readio shock jocks, video games
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media convergence
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new technology used to access new and old forms of mass communication
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modern period
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from the full-blown arrival of the Industrial Revolution
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postmodern
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contemporary
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infotainment
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ET, Access Hollywood
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infomercials
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ex-celebs selling products
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media effects research
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focused on attempting to understand, explain, and predict the effects of mass media on individuals and society
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4 trends in media effects research
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propaganda analysis, public opinion research, social psychology studies, marketing research
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pseudo-polls
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typically call-in, online, or person-in-the-street polls that news media use to address a "question of the day"
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marketing research
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surveys on consumer buying habits
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private/proprietary research
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generally conducted for a business, corporation, or political campaign
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public research
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academic/government settings
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applied research
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information uncovered addresses a real-life problem or need
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theoretical research
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tries to clarify, explain, predict effects of mass media
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media effects models
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hypodermic-needle, minimal-effects, uses and gratifications
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hypodermic-needle model
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suggests that the media shoot their potent effects directly into unsuspecting victims
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minimal-effects model
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er selectively expose ourselves to media messages that are most familiar to us and we retain messages that confirm values/attitudes we already hold
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uses and gratifications model
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viewers are often actively engaged in media; middle ground
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scientific method relies on:
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objectivity, reliability, validity
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objectivity
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eliminating bias and judgments on the part of researchers
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reliability
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getting same outcomes from a study during repeated testing
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validity
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demonstrating that a study actually measures what it claims to
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methods of studying media research
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experiments, surveys, content analysis
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content analysis
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method of coding and measuring media content
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media effects theories
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social learning, agenda-setting, cultivation effect, spiral of silence
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social learning theory
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attention, retention, motor reproduction, motivation
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agenda-setting
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when the mass media pay attention to particular events or issues, they set the agenda for the major topics of discussion for individuals and society
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cultivation effect
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suggests that heavy viewing of tv leads individuals to perceive reality in ways consistent with tv portrayals
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sprial of silence
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proposes that those who find that their views on a controversial issue are in the minority will keep their views to themselves for fear of social isolation
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cultural studies
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focused on how people make meaning, apprehend reality, and order experience through use of cultural symbols in print and visual media
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approaches to cultural effects research
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textual analysis, audience studies, political economy
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textual analysis
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close reading and interpretation of the meanings of culture, including the study of books, movies, and tv programs
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audience studies
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focuses on how people use and interpret cultural content
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political economy
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most concerned about the increasing conglomeration of ownership in the media
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seditious libel
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defaming a public official's character in print
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partisan press
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pushed the plan of the particular political group that subsidized paper
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human-interest stories
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news accounts that focus on the daily trials and triumphs of the human condition
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wire services
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commercial organizations that relayed news stories and information around the country and the world using telegraph lines and, later, radio waves and digital transmissions
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objective journalism
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distinguishes factual reports from opinion columns; reporters strive to maintain a neutral attitude toward the issue or event they cover
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inverted-pyramid style
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writing representation of objective reporting
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interpretive journalism
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tries to explain key issues or events and place them in a broader historical/social context
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advocacy journalism
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reporter actively promotes a particular cause or viewpoint
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precision journalism
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attempted to push news more in the direction of science
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literary journalism
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adapted fictional storytelling techniques to nonfictional material and in-depth reporting
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consensus-oriented journalism
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promotes social and economic harmony in communities
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conflict-oriented journalism
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front-page news are events, issues, or experiences that deviate from social norms
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underground press
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questions mainstream political policies and conventional values
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newshole
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everything from front-page news reports to horoscopes and advice columns
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general assignment reporters
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handle all sorts of stories
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specialty reporters
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assigned to particular beats/topics
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bureau reporters
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file reports from other columnists/critics
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feature syndicates
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commercial outlets that contract with newspapers to provide work form nation's best political writers, editorial cartoonists, comic-strip artists, and self-help columnists
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joint operating agreement (JOA)
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2 competing papers keep separate news divisions while merging business/production for a number of years
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newspaper chains
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companies that own several papers throughout the country
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street papers
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cover topics such as the political and economic factors that contribute to homelessness
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models for speech/journalism
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authoritarian, communist, libertarian, social responsibility
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authoritarian model
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general ublic needs guidance from an elite, educated ruling class
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communist/state model
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press control relies in government
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libertarian model
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encourages vigorous government criticism and supports highest degree of freedom for individual press/news operations
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social responsibility model
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press functions as a fourth estate (unofficial branch of gov. that keeps others in check)
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prior restraint
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courts/gov. can't block any publication or speech before it actually occurs
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copyright
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legally protects the rights of authors and producers to their published and unpublished writing, music, lyrics, etc
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slander
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constitututes spoken languages that defames a person's character
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libel
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defamation of character in written/broadcast expression
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qualified privilege
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journalists are allowed to report judicial or legislative proceedings even though public statements being reported might be libelous
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invasion of privacy
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addresses a person's right to be left alone, without his or her name, image, or daily activities becoming public property
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gag orders
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issued to prohibit the press from releasing preliminary information that might prejudice jury selection
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shield laws
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protect reporters from having to reveal sources for controversial information used in news stories
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