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112 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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February 17, 2009
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-1st time in history when old televisions won't work
-switch from analog to digital tv |
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Complications of switch from analog to digital
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-how tv makes money (expensive for local stations, networks backing out of promises)
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SDTV and HDTV
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spectrum is free
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EDTV
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enhanced definition television
2 signals broadcasting to multicasting (increase audience) |
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3 Issues of New Media
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Analog vs. Digital
picture quality broadcasting vs. multicasting |
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Analog
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medium carrying info. resembles the info. itself (like light pattern on film)
old media analogy=similarity |
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Digital
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01000001=digital A
pattern of on/off signals that computers translate into visuals, sounds, etc. arbitrary code that only one device can understand |
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Eroding differences in Media
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-books, movies, radio, photographs etc. are all different because technology is different and they were invented at different times (analog)
-NOW: words, sounds, pictures etc. are all the same to a computer (digital) |
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Convergence
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-analog media to be a digital medium
-technological convergence drives economic convergence |
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Time Warner owns...
because... |
publishing, movies, television, internet
they are on the way to being one thing |
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Media taking on characteristics of computers
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interactivity (watching a dvd non-linerally etc.)
for every benefit there is almost always a danger |
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Digital Divide
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unequal access to technology is usually also associated with another kind of socioeconomic variable (class etc.)
will this eventually solve itself because of the nature of statistics? technology is constantly obsolete... |
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Knowledge Gap Hypothesis
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1. at a point early in an issue's development, privileged and non privileged are asked about the issue and their knowledge is about the same
2. as the media talks more about the subject, the underprivileged group's knowledge increases slightly but the privileged increases IMMENSELY THEREFORE the knowledge gap increases |
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Tunnel Vision Society
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-tv know rewards accidental viewing and exposes viewers to things not intended for them
-will tv of the future allow us to avoid exposure to things we don't want to see, such as people not in our group? |
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blurring of advertising and content
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integration means that advertising can't be avoided
because things like TiVo are giving people too much power |
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developing privacy issues
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old media is anonymous
new technology threatens privacy and leads to more effective manipulation |
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opt-out policy
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one must physically make the decision to not have information collected, but if you don't they will collect data
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new face of media ownership
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concern that the media is in too few hands, because in the past, it was always different companies for each medium, now it's the same companies
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conglomerates
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TimeWarner, Disney, Sony, Gannett, ClearChannel, GE< NewsCorp
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Red Herrings...why?
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Viacom split from CBS...likely artificial
TimeWarner sold of book publishing branch... needed fast money |
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deregulation
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corporations have been allowed to get this large
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lightening of government policies
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1. Fin-Syn eliminated
2. Telecommunications act of 1996 |
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Rule of Seven
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1 company could own 7 radio stations on each spectrum (14 total) and then 7 tv stations (21 total)
1980's: 12 stations each |
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Clinton
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1 company could control as many stations as they wanted, as long as they reached less than 35% of the country
most exploited by ClearChannel (24 radio stations to 1200) |
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corporate synergy
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ownership strategy
companies think of themselves as being in the branded license business companies want to be able to control all aspects, so they own all companies involved |
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branded licenses have...
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versions
ie. (with movies) 1st run, 2nd run, dvd, merchandising, selling- film itself, images, soundtrack, video games, comic books, advertising etc. |
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digitization
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technologically, everything will be one medium
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globalization
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selling products worldwide
providing advertising for global companies ex. MTV has foreign versions in 140 countries |
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media's power over democracy
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influence media legislation and other decisions in Washington
ability to influence public opinion makes them powerful |
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homogenization
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mainstream media content tends to be similar
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efficiency
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if a company finds a philosophy that works, they will use it (homogenization)
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homogenization of radio formats
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75% of radio stations comprised of 15 industry defined formats, many of which overlap and are very similar
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emphasis on media promotion
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Fox movie advertised on Fox network ex.
promotions invading content (Disney/ABC News ex.) self promotion |
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development of horror genre
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started as extreme B films (Z films)
tried to cultivate teen audience with coming of tv badly and quickly made |
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Psycho
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A picture, well directed, critically acclaimed
took premises from slasher movies |
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mainstreaming of slasher movies to...
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make money
1970's |
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reflexive slasher movies
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commenting on the genre
ex. Scream, Scary Movie |
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gender portrayals in slasher movies
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men most likely to die, but female deaths are lingered on
men have more violent acts against them punitive attitude towards female sexuality |
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Sapolsky et. al.
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violent acts have increased in slasher films
no connection between sexuality and violence |
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identification with the villain
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films don't encourage viewers to hate the villain
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selective use of point-of-view shots
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selling action through the killer's eyes encourages audience to identify with him
ex. Halloween |
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psychological sympathy created by the villain's childhood trauma
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feeling sorry for the villain
ex. Silent Night, Deadly Night |
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witty villain
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encourages laughing WITH the villain
usually telling jokes while killing villains are usually the only characters with personality ex. Chuckie |
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monster's name
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usually shows everyday quality or normalcy of the villain so viewers identify with him
exs. Chuckie, Freddy, Jason |
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"Free-Range Rude"
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the victims are made out to be deserving, so viewers won't hate the killer
ex. Hannibal |
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desensitization
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when continually surrounded by extreme stimuli, people get used to it
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media might have to increase in intensity because...
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if the media we're exposed to is emotionally intense, we adjust, and if we want our experience to be as intense as the first time, subsequent experiences must be more intense
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desensitization to non-mediated material
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ie. news
because of desensitization as a result of slasher films??? |
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study by Linz, Donnerstein and Penrod
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desensitization to sexualized violence in college males
5 nights in a row- watched slasher films or not |
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results of study by Linz, Donnerstein and Penrod (focus on slasher film group)
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-felt less anxious and depressed
-films seemed less violent -films were more enjoyable -films were more humorous |
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results of study by Linz, Donnerstein and Penrod (focus on rape trial)
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those exposed to slashers rated:
-the victim less injured -the victim less attractive -the victim more responsible -the vitime less worthy overall -themselves less sympathetic |
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uses and gratifications research
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assumes active audiences
different reasons for watching media reasons often correlated with other variable (personality etc.) or needs |
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study by Johnston
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-solicited slasher film fans
-surveys asked why they liked them -correlated reasons with personality variables -generated different fan types |
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Johnston's slasher film fan types
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thrill watcher
independent watcher gore watcher problem watcher |
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thrill watcher
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like to be scared
high sensation seeking, high empathy |
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independent watcher
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asserting independence/individualism
high sensation seeking, low empathy |
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gore watcher
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like special effects and spectacle
? sensation seeking, low empathy |
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problem watcher
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like to escape and forget life
low empathy, high drug use |
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study by Mundorf, Weaver and Zillman
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-subjects viewed films with opposite sex confederates
-manipulated: actions and emotions of confederate -measured: enjoyment of the film |
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results of study by Mundorf, Weaver and Zillman (focus on male subjects)
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high enjoyment: distressed partner
low enjoyment: mastering partner |
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results of study by Mundorf, Weaver and Zillman (focus on female subjects)
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high enjoyment: mastering partner
low enjoyment: distressed partner |
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conclusions of study by Mundorf, Weaver and Zillman
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slasher films reinforce gender roles
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cultivation analysis
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developed as a way to analyze effects of tv violence
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assumptions of cultivation analysis
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-tv world is different than the real world
-heavy tv viewing starts to cultivate our beliefs about the world in a way that conforms to tv version |
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2 stage methodology
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content analysis of tv to determine what its world looks like
surveys of people to determine their viewing levels, attitudes, beliefs and how much these reflect the tv world |
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2 stage methodology hypothesis
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heavy viewers will choose tv answer, while light viewers will choose real answer
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2 stage methodology and violence
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heavy viewers will believe that the world will be more violent than it is, therefore, they are more scared
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"Mean World Index"
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tv violence cultivates in heavy viewers the belief that "outsiders" are mean and exploitative; such viewers are more likely to support authoritarian/ harsh legal policies
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criticisms of cultivation
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-problem with the direction of causality
-essentializes tv: is tv all the same? can the theory be refined? |
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DVR's challenge 4 assumptions of TV
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1. tv scheduling to control audience flow
2. commercials are the price audiences pay for tv 3. need for 3rd party ratings company 4. copyright protection |
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promise of TiVo for tv and advertisers (3)
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-value to odd timeslots
-surveillance possibilities -data-driven CRM possibilites |
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Carlson (issue)
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how may DVR's-which offer viewing flexibility/control and data collection possibilities- alter the television and advertising landscape?
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Segrin and Nabi (issue)
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is watching tv correlated with overly romanticized views of marriage? specifically romance genres
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Segrin and Nabi (results)
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overall tv viewing was not but viewing romantic tv WAS correlated with an overly romantic view of marriage
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Segrin and Nabi (problems)
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where does causality start? maybe overly romantic people watch romantic tv...
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internet
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vast network of telephone and cable lines and satellite systems designed to link and carry computer information worldwide
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ARPAnet
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Advanced Research Projects Agency, the original internet created by the Defense Department, enabled military and academic researchers to communicate on a distributed network system
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servers
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millions of computers linked by networks
operate as entry points for internet traffic and are interconnected by special high speed data lines |
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newsgroups
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loosely organized computer conferences that consist of bulletin boards and individual messages which are circulated to subscribers 24 hours a day
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digital communication
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an image, text or sound is converted into electronic signals represented as a series of binary numbers which are then reassembled as a precise reproduction of the original image, text or sound
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microprocessors
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minature circuits that can process and store electronic signals
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fiber-optic cable
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features thin glass bundles of fiber capable of transmitting thousands of messages that have been digitally converted into shooting pulses of light
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internet service providers
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AOL, Comcast, Earthlink
bring internet into people's homes and offices |
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World Wide Web
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initially a free and open system for organizing and standardizing communication on the internet
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browsers
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software environments that help users navigate the web
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directories and search engines
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help users find the right web site among the millions available
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email and instant messaging services
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links to friends and "buddies" on the internet
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HTML
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HyperText Markup Language
the written code that creates web pages and links a language that all computers can read |
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portals
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entry points to the web (such as serach engines)
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Internet2 (I2)
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more advanced, second generation of the internet
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open-source software
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free sharing of the program source code and ideas to upgrade programs often used by hackers
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e-commerce
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selling and purchasing products and services on the internet
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cookies
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information profile about a user that are often automatically accepted by the web browser and stored on the user's own hard drive
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spyware
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secretly bundled with free downloaded software and permits a 3rd party to retrieve personal information on computer users and send popup ads to a user's computer screen
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spam
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internet equivalent of unwanted junk mail and backroom gossip
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pseudo-polls
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unreliable, call-in, online or person-in-the-street polls that the news media use to address a "question of the day"
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hypodermic needle model
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media shoot their potent effects directly into unsuspecting victims
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minimal effects model
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tightly controlled experiments and surveys
researchers argue that people engage in selective exposure and selective retention |
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selective exposure
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selctively exposing ourselves to media messages that are most familiar to us
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selective retention
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retaining messages that confirm values and attitudes we already hold
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hypotheses
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tenative general statements that predict a relationship between a dependent and independent variable
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scientific method
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a blueprint long used by scientists and scholars to study phenomena in systematic stages
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experiments
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isolate some aspect of content, suggest a hypothesis, and manipulate variables to discover a particular medium's impact
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random assignment
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every subject has an equal chance of being placed in either group
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survey research
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method of collecting and measuring data taken from a group of respondents
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longitudinal studies
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long range, make it possible for scientists to compare new studies to those conducted years earlier
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content analysis
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studying the messages of print and visual media
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social learning theory
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attention, retention, motor reproduction and motivation
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agenda setting
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when the mass media pay attention to particular events or issues they determine the major topics of discussion for individuals in society
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spiral of silence
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theory that links the mass media, social psychology and the formation of public opinion
those who find their views are in the minority will keep thier ideas to themselves |
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cultural studies
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challenged mainstream media effects models
focus on how people make meaning, aprehend reality and order experience through their use of cultural symbols in print and visual media |
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textual analysis
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the close reading and interpretation of culture
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