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274 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
derivative of L umbilical vein
|
Ligmentum teres (falciform lig.)
|
|
3 structures contained in the hepatoduodenal lig.
|
hepatic artery
portal vein common bile duct |
|
which ligament contains the short gastric arteries
|
gastrosplenic lig.
|
|
which ligament contains the gastroepiploic arteries
|
gastrocolic lig.
|
|
which ligament contains the gastric arteries
|
gastrohepatic lig.
|
|
which layer of the gut wall contains Meissner's plexus
|
submucosa
|
|
function of Meissner's plexus
|
secretions
|
|
which layer of the gut wall contains Auerbach's myenteric plexus
|
muscularis externa
|
|
function of Meissner's plexus
|
motility of gut
|
|
what epithelium makes up the esophagus
|
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
|
|
mucosal features that help increase absorptive surface area of the intestines
|
villi and microvilli
|
|
location of Peyer's patches
|
ileum
|
|
portion of the intestines with the most goblet cells
|
jejunum
|
|
portion of the GI tract that has crypts but NO villi
|
colon
|
|
muscles distribution found in the upper/middle/lower third of the esophagus
|
upper 1/3: striated
middle 1/3: mixed striated/smooth lower 1/3: smooth |
|
vertebral level of celiac trunk
|
T12
|
|
vertebral level of SMA
|
L1
|
|
vertebral level of renal arteries
|
L1/L2
|
|
vertebral level of gonadal arteries
|
L2
|
|
vertebral level of IMA
|
L3
|
|
vertebral level of bifurcation of abdominal aorta
|
L4
|
|
vertebral level of root of IVC
|
L5
|
|
parasympathetic innervation to foregut structures
|
vagus nerve
|
|
sympathetic innervation to foregut structures
|
celiac ganglion, greater splanchnic
|
|
parasympathetic innervation to midgut structures
|
vagus nerve
|
|
sympathetic innervation to midgut structures
|
SMA ganglion, lesser splanchnic
|
|
parasympathetic innervation to hindgut structures
|
pelvic splanchnics
|
|
sympathetic innervation to hindgut structures
|
IMA ganglion, least splanchnic
|
|
anatomical transition area from foregut to midgut
|
ampulla vater (1st/2nd portion of duodenum)
|
|
anatomical transition area from midgut to hindgut
|
splenic flecture (transverse colon)
|
|
3 branches of celiac trunk
|
common hepatic
L gastric splenic |
|
blood supply to lesser curvature
|
L and R gastrics
|
|
blood supply to greater curvature
|
L and R gastroepiploics
|
|
3 branches of common hepatic artery
|
gastroduodenal
R gastric hepatic proper |
|
anastomoses between celiac and SMA
|
pancreaticoduodenal arteries
|
|
main artery to body of stomach
|
splenic
|
|
origin of short gastric arteries
|
splenic artery
|
|
main artery to antrum of stomach
|
gastroduodenal
|
|
origin of cystic artery
|
R hepatic
|
|
origin of R and L hepatic arteries
|
hepatic proper artery
|
|
anastomoses between SMA and IMA
|
middle and left colic arteries
|
|
3 sites of portocaval anastomoses
|
L gastric vein <-> esophageal veins
paraumbilical veins <-> epigastric veins superior rectal vein <-> middle/inferior rectal vein |
|
anastomoses affected in esophageal varices
|
L gastric vein <-> esophageal veins
|
|
anastomoses affected in caput medusa
|
paraumbilical veins <-> epigastric veins
|
|
anastomoses affected in internal hemorrhoids
|
superior rectal veins <-> middle/inferior rectal veins
|
|
anatomical line that separates internal/external hemorrhoids
|
pectinate line
|
|
cancer common above the pectinate line
|
adenocarcinoma
|
|
cancer common below the pectinate line
|
squamous cell carcinoma
|
|
which hemorrhoids are painful
|
external hemorrhoids
|
|
what forms the common bile duct
|
cystic and common hepatic ducts
|
|
2 ducts that combine to drain into the ampulla vater
|
common bile and pancreatic duct
|
|
orientation of vessels in the femoral region going lateral to medial
|
Nerve
Artery Vein Lymphatics ("NAVeL") |
|
what forms the superficial inguinal ring
|
aponeurosis of external oblique
|
|
what forms the deep inguinal ring
|
transversalis fascia
|
|
what forms the floor of the inguinal canal
|
inguinal ligament
|
|
bony attachments of inguinal ligament
|
ASIS to pubic tubercle
|
|
what forms the conjoint tendon
|
internal oblique and transversus abdominus
|
|
abdominal layer continuous with the cremasteric fascia
|
internal oblique
|
|
abdominal layer continuous with the external spermatic fascia
|
external oblique
|
|
abdominal layer continuous with the internal spermatic fascia
|
transversalis fascia
|
|
what lies between protrusion sites for indirect vs. direct hernias
|
inferior epigastric vessels
|
|
what hernias enter the deep inguinal ring
|
indirect
|
|
MOST common type of hernia overall
|
indirect
|
|
hernia more common in women than men
|
femoral hernia
|
|
most common side of indirect hernia
|
right
|
|
what hernias protrude through Hesselbach's triangle
|
direct
|
|
boundaries of Hesselbach's triangle
|
inguinal ligament
rectus abdominus inferior epigastric vessels |
|
boundaries of femoral triangle
|
inguinal ligament
sartorius adductor longus |
|
difference between sliding and paraesophageal hernias
|
sliding: gastroesophageal junction is displaced; "hourglass stomach" on xray
paraesophageal: GE junction is norma; cardia herniates into thorax |
|
which hernia protrudes into the scrotum
|
indirect
|
|
fluid fills up in the precessus vaginalis
|
hydrocele
|
|
how do the protrusions on indirect vs. direct hernias relate to the location of inferior epigastric arteries
|
direct hernias: protrude MEDIAL to inferior epigastric arteries
indirect hernias: protrude LATERAL to inferior epigastric arteries ("MDs dont LIe") |
|
which hernia causes bowel incarceration
|
femoral hernia
|
|
which hernia protrudes below the inguinal ligament
|
femoral
|
|
what cells and where in the stomach is gastrin secreted
|
secreted by G cells in the antrum
|
|
what cells and where is CCK secreted
|
secreted by I cells in the duodenum and jejunum
|
|
what cells and where is secretin secreted
|
secreted by S cells in the duodenum
|
|
what cells and where is somatostatin secreted in the GI tract
|
secreted by D cells in the GI mucosa
(*also secreted by D cells in the pancreas) |
|
what cells and where is GIP secreted
|
secreted K cells in the duodenum and jejunum
|
|
hormone secreted in Zollinger Ellison syndrome
|
gastrin
|
|
functions of CCK
|
increase pancreatic secretions
increase gallbladder contractions decrease gastric emptying relaxes sphincter of oddi |
|
functions of secretin
|
increase pancreatic HCO3 secretion
decrease gastric acid secretion increase bile secretion |
|
functions of gastrin
|
increase gastric H+ secretion
increase gastric motility |
|
functions of GIP
|
decrease gastric H+ secretion
increase insulin release |
|
functions of VIP
|
increase intestinal water/electrolyte secretions
relaxation of intestinal GI tract |
|
loss of nitric oxide secretion causing increased lower esophageal tone
|
achalasia
|
|
what cells secrete instrinsic factor
|
parietal cells
|
|
function of instrinsic factor
|
binds B12 to promote absorption in ileum
|
|
autoimmue destruction of parietal cells in what condition
|
chronic gastritis
|
|
what cells secrete gastric acid
|
parietal cells
|
|
what hormones increase the release gastric acid
|
histamine, ACh, and gastrin
|
|
what cells secrete pepsin
|
chief cells
|
|
function of pepsin
|
protein digestion
|
|
which saliva secretion are completely serous
|
parotid secretions
|
|
which saliva secretion are completely mucinous
|
submandibular/sublingual
|
|
digestive hormone in saliva
|
alpha-amylase (ptyalin)
|
|
function of ptyalin
|
starch digestion in mouth
|
|
during normal saliva secretion rates, is the saliva hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic
|
hypotonic
|
|
during period of excessive saliva secretion, is the saliva hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic
|
isotonic (not enough time for adequate NaCl reabsorption)
|
|
gastrin activates which cells to release histamine which ultimately will increase gastric acid release
|
enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells)
|
|
special glands in duodenum that secrete alkaline mucus
|
Brunner's glands
|
|
enzyme that activates trypsinogen
|
enterokinase
|
|
glucose and galactose are taken up in the intestine by what transporters
|
SGLT1
|
|
fructose is taken up in the intestine by what transporters
|
GLUT-5
|
|
where is iron absorbed
|
duodenum
|
|
where is folate absorbed
|
jejunum
|
|
where is B12 absorbed
|
ileum
|
|
2 things required for B12 absorption
|
intrinsic factor (from parietal cells in stomach)
R factor (from salivary secretions via parotid gland) |
|
special M cells in the Peyer's patches helps form plasma cells made of what immunoglobulin
|
IgA
|
|
main functions of bile
|
digestion of triglycerides and excretion of cholesterol
|
|
where is bile made and where is it stored
|
made in gallbladder and stored in liver
|
|
which bilirubin is water soluble
|
direct
|
|
where is bilirubin conjugated
|
liver
|
|
in what form is bilirubin excreted in the urine
|
excreted as urobilin
|
|
how is bilirubin formed
|
lysis of RBCs and breakdown of heme
|
|
in what form is bilirubin excreted in the feces
|
stercobilin
|
|
in what form does bilirubin exist in the gut
|
urobilinogen
|
|
enzyme that conjugates bilirubin
|
glucuronyl transferase
|
|
MOST common cause of high blood levels of indirect bilirubin
|
hemolysis
|
|
achalasia is characterized by damage to which plexus
|
Auerbach's myenteric plexus
|
|
"bird's beak" on barium swallow
|
achalasia
|
|
secondary achalasia is linked to what infection
|
Chagas disease
|
|
autoimmune syndrome linked to achalasia
|
scleroderma (CREST)
|
|
patient presents complaining of sternal pain that doesn't radiate to the back or exremities; pain is worse when lying down; he suffers from nocturnal cough and dyspnea; antacids temporarily relieve his symptoms
|
GERD
|
|
DOC for esophageal varices
|
octreotide
|
|
which class of drugs can cause corrosive esophagitis
|
bisphosponates
|
|
mucosal lacerations at the GE junction secondary to vomiting in alcoholics and bulimics
|
Mallory-Weiss syndrome
|
|
transmural esophageal rupture due to violent retching
|
Boerhaave syndrome
|
|
clinical triad of Plummer-Vinson syndrome
|
dysphagia
glossitis iron deficiency anemia |
|
glandular metaplasia in the esophagus
|
Barrett's esophagus
|
|
risk factors for Barrett's esophagus
|
GERD and smoking
|
|
major complication of Barrett's esophagus
|
increases risk for esophageal cancer
|
|
MOST common esophageal cancer in the US
|
adenocarcinoma (lower 1/3)
|
|
MOST common esophageal cancer worldwide
|
squamous cell carcinoma (upper and middle 1/3)
|
|
patient presents with acute onset of diarrhea; it's noted that the stool floats in the water; patient also has general weakness and some weight loss; labs reveal PAS-positive macrophages in the intestinal mucosa
|
Whipple's disease
|
|
DOC for Whipple's disease
|
penicillin (tetracycline if allergic)
|
|
autoantibodies against gliadin and endomysium
|
celiac disease (celiac sprue)
|
|
treatment for celiac disease
|
remove gluten from diet
|
|
child presents with chronic, fatty diarrhea with weakness, weight loss, and a chronic mucus-producing cough; serology is negative; no enzyme deficiencies are found; no organisms are found; what's the most likely cause
|
chronic pancreatitis secondary to cystic fibrosis
|
|
dermatitis herpetiformis is linked to what condition
|
celiac disease
|
|
celiac disease is linked to what cancer
|
T-cell lymphoma
|
|
2 pathologic ulcers seen in acute gastritis
|
Curling's ulcer: sloughing off of mucosa secondary to burns
Cushin's ulcer: secondary to brain injury |
|
causes of acute gastritis
|
stress
NSAIDs alcohol uremia burns brain injury |
|
main cause of chronic gastritis
|
H. pylori
|
|
autoantibodies against parietal cells of the stomach
|
autoimmune chronic gastritis
|
|
2 unique symptoms to differentiate autoimmune chronic gastritis from H. pylori gastritis
|
autoimmune gastritis will have pernicious anemia and achlorhydria
(*parietal cells are unable to secrete intrinsic factor or gastric acid anymore) |
|
cancer associated with H. pylori
|
MALT lymphoma
|
|
disease characterized by gastric hypertrophy with protein loss, parietal cell atrophy, and increased mucous cells; the rugae of the stomach are hypertrophied and appear as brain gyri
|
Menetrier's disease
|
|
MOST common type of stomach cancer
|
adenocarcinoma
|
|
foods containing what are linked to stomach cancer
|
nitrosamines (smoked meats)
|
|
morphologic cell in stomach cancers
|
signet ring cells
|
|
unique stomach cancer that metastasizes to ovaries
|
Krunkenberg's tumor
|
|
nodule that's palpable when stomach cancer metastasizes to umbilical region
|
Sister Mary Joseph's nodule
|
|
nodule that's palpable when stomach cancer metastasizes to thorax
|
Virchow's node (L supraclavicular node)
|
|
in which ulcer does the pain INCREASE after meals
|
gastric ulcers
(*pain decreases after meals in duodenal ulcers) |
|
which ulcers are associated with weight gain
|
duodenal ulcers
(*gastric ulcers are linked to weight loss) |
|
is PUD precancerous
|
NO
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with skip lesions and rectal sparing
|
Crohn's
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with transmural inflammation
|
Crohn's
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with "string sign" on barium swallow
|
Crohn's
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with linear ulcers, fissures, and fistulas
|
Crohn's
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with noncaseating granulomas
|
Crohn's
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with migratory polyarthritis, erythema nodosum, ankylosing spondylitis, uveitis
|
Crohn's
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC treated with corticosteroids
|
Crohn's
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with creeping fat
|
Crohn's
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with rectal involvement
|
UC
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with pseudopolyps
|
UC
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with "lead pipe" appearance on imaging
|
UC
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with crypt abscesses without granulomas
|
UC
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with toxic megacolon
|
UC
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with always bloody diarrhea
|
UC
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC associated with pyoderma gangrenosum and primary sclerosing cholangitis
|
UC
|
|
Is Crohn's or UC treated with sulfasalazine
|
UC
|
|
initial pain of appendicitis
|
periumbilical
|
|
where is McBurney's point
|
1/3 the distance from iliac crest to umbilicus
|
|
CE tests to check for appendicitis
|
rebound tenderness
Rosving's sign Psoas test Obturator test |
|
CE test to check for cholecystitis
|
Murphys sign
|
|
4 main risk factors for cholecystitis
|
Female
Forty years old Fat Fertile (premenopause) |
|
MOST common location for diverticulitis pain
|
LLQ
|
|
single blind pouch protruding from the GI tract and communicates with lumen of gut; MOST common in sigmoid colon
|
diverticulum
|
|
characterized by many diverticula secondary to low-fiber diets usually in the sigmoid colon
|
diverticulosis
|
|
known as "left-sided appendicitis"
|
diverticulitis (sigmoid colon)
|
|
a "false" diverticulum at the junction of pharynx and esophagus
|
Zenker's diverticulum
|
|
a "true" diverticulum usually occuring near the ileocecal valve
|
Meckel's diverticulum
|
|
persistence of the vitelline duct or yolk stalk
|
Meckel's diverticulum
|
|
what are the five "2's" of Meckel's diverticulum
|
2 inches long
2 feet from the IC valve 2% of the population (MOST common congenital anomaly of GI tract) 2 years old 2 different epithelial types (gastric and pancreatic) |
|
age group associated with intussusception and volvulus
|
children: intussusception
adults: volvulus |
|
2 common location of a volvulus
|
cecum and sigmoid colon
|
|
virus linked to intussusecption
|
adenovirus
|
|
Hirschsprung's disease is linked to damage to what plexus
|
lack of BOTH Auerbach's myenteric AND Meissner's plexuses
|
|
embryologic cause of Hirschsprung's disease
|
failure of neural crest cells to migrate
|
|
increased risk for Hirschsprung's in what genetic disease
|
Down syndrome
|
|
newborn starts vomiting soon after birth; "double-bubble" sign is seen on imaging
|
Duodenal atresia
|
|
failure to pass meconium without vomiting in newborn is suggestive of what
|
Hirschsprungs
|
|
meconium ileus is associated with what disease
|
cystic fibrosis
|
|
MOST common site of ischemic colitis
|
splenic flexure
|
|
tortuous dilation of vessels near IC valve or ascending colon
|
angiodysplasia
|
|
which polyps are usually malignant
|
villous polyps
|
|
MOST common GI polyp
|
hyperplastic
|
|
child presents for a routine physical; during the PE, it's noted that the child has spots of hyperpigmentation in his mouth, and on his hands, lips, and genitalia; his mother says this same condition is seen in his father and paternal grandmother; based on the presumptive diagnosis, how will the GI tract be involved in this disease
|
nonmalignant hamartomas throughout the GI tract
(*Peutz-Jeghers syndrome) |
|
gene and chromosome linked to Familial Adenomatous Polyposis (FAP)
|
APC gene on chromosome 5q
|
|
syndrome characterized by retinal hyperplasia and soft tissue tumors combined with FAP
|
Gardner's syndrome
|
|
syndrome characterized by FAP along with malignant CNS tumors
|
Turcot's syndrome
|
|
autosomal dominant mutation of DNA mismatch repair genes
|
hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
(aka Lynch syndrome) |
|
"apple-core" lesions seen on barium enema along with CEA marker
|
colorectal cancer
|
|
MOST common tumor of the appendix
|
carcinoid tumor
|
|
hormone secreted by carcinoid tumors
|
serotonin
|
|
metabolite found in urine in someone with carcinoid tumor
|
5-HIAA
|
|
symptoms of cirrhosis/portal HTN
|
esophageal varices
hematemesis PUD melena hepatosplenomegaly caput medusa ascites hemorrhoids scleral icterus systemic jaundice fetor hepaticus spider nevi gynecomastia testicular atrophy asterixis increased bleeding anemia ankle edema |
|
serum marker to check for alcohol use
|
GGT
|
|
serum enzymes increased in pancreatitis
|
amylase and lipase
|
|
ALT > AST suggests what
|
viral hepatitis
|
|
AST > ALT suggests what
|
alcoholic hepatitis
|
|
marker suggestive of bile duct disease/obstruction
|
alkaline phosphatase
|
|
fatal childhood hepatoencephalopathy
|
Reye's syndrome
|
|
2 viruses linked to Reye's syndrome
|
VZV and influenza B
|
|
drug linked to Reye's syndrome
|
aspirin
|
|
morphologic feature of alcoholic hepatitis
|
Mallory bodies
|
|
tumor marker of hepatocellular carcinoma
|
increased AFP
|
|
risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma
|
hepatitis B/C
Wilson's disease Hemochromatosis alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency alcoholic cirrhosis carcinogens (aflatoxins) |
|
condition characterized by thromboembolisms occluding the hepatic veins
|
Budd-Chiari syndrome
|
|
explain physiologic jaundice in the newborn
|
at birth, the newborn is deficient in UDP-glucuronyl transferase so bilirubin cant be conjugated and excreted thus it builds up in the infant
|
|
complication of prolonged physiologic jaundice in the newborn
|
kernicterus
|
|
a college student has noticed a yellowing of his skins before big tests throughout his first 2 years of school; it goes away soon after the test passes so he had never had medical attention for this; what underlying condition is most likely
|
Gilbert's syndrome
|
|
form of hyperbilirubinemia characterized by decreased bilirubin uptake
|
Gilbert's syndrome
|
|
form of hyperbiliribuinemia characterized by mildly decreased UDP-glucuronyl transferase
|
Gilbert's syndrome
|
|
child is noted to have physiologic jaundice for a month after birth; he begins to develop symptoms of kernicterus; phototherapy has no effect on his condition; doctors inform the parents there is no treatment for this condition and the child dies within the next year
|
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
|
|
hyperbilirubinemia characterized by completely absent UDP-glucuronyl transferase
|
Crigler-Najjar syndrome
|
|
Of the 3 hereditary hyperbilirubinemias (Gilbert's, Crigler-Najjar, and Dubin-Johnson), which ones are direct and which ones are indirect
|
direct hyperbilirubinemias: Dubin-Johnson
indirect hyperbilirubinemias: Gilbert's and Crigler-Najjar |
|
disease characterized by inadequate hepatic excretion of copper
|
Wilson's disease
|
|
5 areas of the body where copper accumulates in Wilson's disease
|
liver, brain, cornea, kidneys, joints
|
|
symptoms of Wilson's disease
|
asterixis
parkinsonisms kayser-fleischer rings choreiform movements dementia hemolytic anemia |
|
DOC for Wilson disease
|
penicillamine
|
|
labs reveal decreased ceruloplasmin
|
Wilson's disease
|
|
mode of inheritance of Wilson's disease
|
autosomal recessive
|
|
clinical triad of hemochromatosis
|
cirrhosis
diabetes skin pigmentation |
|
unique symptom of hemorchromatosis seen only in men
|
erectile dysfunction
|
|
DOC for hemochromatosis
|
deforoxamine
|
|
HLA allele associated with hemochromatosis
|
HLA-A3
|
|
lab values in hemochromatosis
|
increased ferritin
increased iron increased transferrin saturation decreased TIBC |
|
mode of inheritance of hereditary hemochromatosis
|
autosomal recessive
|
|
"onions-skinning" fibrosis of the bile ducts
|
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
|
|
bile duct shows alternating strictures and dilations with "beading" of both intra and extrahepatic bile ducts
|
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
|
|
antimitochondrial antibodies
|
primary biliary cirrhosis
|
|
ascending cholangitis usually occurs along with what other biliary tract disease
|
secondary biliary cirrhosis
|
|
2 types of gallstones
|
cholesterol stones and pigment stones
|
|
which gallstone is linked to hemolysis
|
pigment stones
|
|
which gallstone is linked to CF, Crohn's disease, obesity, and estrogen therapy
|
cholesterol stones
|
|
which gallstones appear radiolucent? what about radiopaque?
|
cholesterol stones- radiolucent
pigment stones- radiopaque |
|
pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis
|
autodigestion of the pancreas by pancreatic enzymes
|
|
3 common causes of acute pancreatitis
|
gallstones
ethanol autoimmune |
|
MOST common part of the pancreas to develop cancer
|
the head of the pancreas
|
|
tumor marker unique for pancreatic cancer
|
CA-19-9
|
|
patient presents complaining of abdominal pain that radiates to the back; he has lost 10 lbs in the last 6 months; PE reveals redness and tenderness on palpation of extremities, jaundice, and a palpable gallbladder
|
pancreatic cancer
|
|
which cancer has the highest fatality rate
|
pancreatic (99% fatality rate)
|
|
is pancreatic cancer linked to alcohol? what about smoking?
|
pancreatic cancer is NOT linked to alcohol but is linked to smoking
|
|
RUQ pain radiating to the R shoulder; pain is worse on inspiration
|
acute cholecystitis
|
|
MOA of cimetidine
|
H2 blocker
|
|
H2 blocker that is a potent inhibitor of P-450
|
cimetidine
|
|
MOA of omeprazole and lansoprazole
|
irreversibly inhibits H+/K+ ATPase in the parietal cells of the stomach (PPI)
|
|
DOC for traveler's diarrhea
|
bismuth
|
|
DOC for healing ulcers
|
sucralfate
|
|
1st line therapy for H. pylori infection
|
Omerazole + Amoxicillin + Clarithromycin
|
|
alternative treatment for H. pylori infection or if patient is resistant to 1st line therapy
|
Omeprazole + Bismuth + Levofloxacin + Metronidazole
|
|
DOC for prevention of NSAID-induced ulcers
|
Misoprostol (PGE1 analog)
|
|
off-label uses of Misoprostol
|
induce labor and maintain a patent DA
|
|
these 2 drugs block M1 receptors on ECL cells (decreasing histamine secretion) and M3 receptors on parietal cells (decreasing H+ secretion)
|
Pirenzepine and Propantheline
|
|
most common SE of aluminum hydroxide
|
constipation
|
|
most common SE of magnesium hydroxide
|
diarrhea
|
|
active ingredient in TUMS
|
calcium carbonate
|
|
anti-emetic used during chemo
|
ondansetron
|
|
DOC for diabetic and post-surgical gastroparesis
|
Metoclopramide
|
|
MOA of metoclopramide
|
D2 antagonist
|
|
what structure courses between the internal and external iliac arteries
|
ureter
|