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179 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gram positive, catalase positive, coagulase positive cocci
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Causes toxic shock syndrome, scalded skin syndrome, and food poisoning
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Staphylococcus aureus
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Infects catheters using adherent biofilms
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
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Normal skin flora that often contaminates cultures; Novobiocin sensitive
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Staphylococcus epidermidis
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Causes UTIs in young, sexually active adults
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Staphylococcus saprophyticus
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Number one cause of meningitis, otitis media, pneumonia, sinusitis.
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Streptococcus pneumoniae
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Optochin resistant alpha hemolytic gram positive
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Viridans strep
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Causes pharyngitis, impetigo, scarlet fever
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Streptococcus pyogenes
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Antibodies to M protein of Strep pyogenes can give rise to
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Rheumatic fever
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Associated with colon cancer
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Streptococcus bovis
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Causes pneumonia, meningitis, and sepsis, mainly in babies.
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Strep agalacticae
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Gamma hemolytic gram positive that causes UTI, subacute endocarditis, biliary tract infx
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Enterococcus
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Pseudomembranous colitis, diarrhea (bug and toxin)
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Clostridum difficile (Toxin A and Toxin B)
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Gas gangrene (bug and toxin)
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Clostridium perfringins
alpha toxin (lecithinase) |
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Psuedomembranous colitis often follows what?
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Broad spectrum antibiotic use (ie clindamycin and ampicillin)
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Causes black eschar that can progress to bacteremia and death.
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Cutaneous anthrax from Bacillus anthracis
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Causes flulike symptoms that rapidly progress to fever, hemorrhage, mediastinitis, and shock
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Pulmonary anthrax from Bacillus anthracis
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Causes pseudomembranous pharyngitis (bug and toxin)
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria toxin |
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What does DTaP vaccine protect against?
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Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis
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Major bacterial virulence factor for S. aureus and mechanism
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Protein A binds Fc region of Ig to prevent opsonization and phagocytosis.
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Bacterial virulence factor for S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae type B, and Neisseria; plus mechanism
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IgA protease cleaves IgA in order to colonize respiratory mucosa.
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Bacterial virulence factor for Group A Streptococcus
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M protein to help prevent phagocytosis
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Diphtheria toxin mechanism
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Inactivates elongation factor 2 (EF2) via ADP ribosylation. This inhibits protein synthesis.
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Lab diagnosis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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Metachromatic (blue and red) granules; Elek test for toxin.
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae treatment
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Antitoxin + Pen G/erythromycin
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Toxin produced by Clostridium tetani and mechanism
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Tetanospasmin is an exotoxin that blocks glycine and GABA release from Renshaw cells in the spinal cord. This stops inhibition which results in spastic paralysis, trismus, and risus sardonicus.
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Bolutinum toxin mechanism
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Provents release of stimulatory signals at MSK junction. Causes floppy baby, flaccid paralysis.
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Alphatoxin
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Produced by Clostridium perfringens- degrades phospholipids (myonecrosis and hemolysis)
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Streptolysin O
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Streptococcus pyogenes. Lyses RBCs.
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Superantigens that can cause shock
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Exotoxin A and TSST-1: bring MHC II and TCR in proximity to cause lots of IFN-g and IL-2 release.
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Treatment against obligate anaerobes
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Obligate anaerobes include Clostridium, Bacteroides, Actinomyces. Treat with Metronidazole, Clindamycin.
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Aminoglycosides are ineffective against anerobes
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AGs require oxygen to enter the bacterial cell.
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Bacillus anthracis toxin
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Edema factor mimics adenylate cyclase enzyme to increase cAMP levels.
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Listeria monocytogenes infection acquisition
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UnpasteurizeMilk/cheese. Deli meats
Vaginal transmission during birth |
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How listeria moves from cell to cell
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"actin rockets"
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Listeria monocytogenes infections
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Pregnant women: amnionitis, septicemia, spontaneous abortion
Immunocompromised patients: meningitis Healthy individuals: Mild gastroenteritis |
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Yellow sulfur granules
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Actinomyces israelii
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Actinomyces treatment
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Penicillin
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Nocardia Treatment
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Sulfa drugs
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Clinical use of penicillin
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Gram positives (S. pneumo, S.pyo, actino)
Treponema pallidum (syphilis) Gram negative cocci (Neisseria) |
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Clinical use of methicillin, nafcillin, dicloxacillin
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Staph aureus
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Clinical use of ampicillin, amoxicillin
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HELPSS: Haemophilus influenzae, E. coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Proteus mirabilis, Salmonella, Shigella
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Clinical use of ticarcillin, carbenicillin, piperacillin
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Antipseudomonals-
Pseudomonas and gram negative rods. Use with clavulinic acid |
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Name 3 beta lactamase inhibitors that enhance the spectrum of penicillin drugs
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Clavulinic Acid
Sulbactam Tazobactam |
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Augmentin
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Amoxicilin +Clavulinic Acid
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Unasyn
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Ampicillin + Tazobactam
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Timentin
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Ticarcillin + Clavulinic Acid
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Zosyn
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Piparacillin + Tazobactam
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Cefazolin
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1st Gen Ceph
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Cephalexin
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1st gen ceph
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Cefprozil
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2nd gen ceph
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Cefdinir
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3rd gen ceph
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Ceftriaxone
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3rd gen ceph
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Cefepime
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4th gen ceph
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Clinical uses for 1st generation cephalosporins
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Gram positive cocci
Gram negative: Proteus, E. Coli, Klebsiella (PEcK) |
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Clinical uses for 2nd generation cephalosporins
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Gram positive cocci
Gram negatives: HEN PEcKS H. influenzae, Enterobacter aerogenes, Neisseria, Proteus, E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia |
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Clinical uses for 3rd generation cephs
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Serious gram negative infections
Resistant Strep pneumo Ceftriaxone is 1st line for Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
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Clinical uses for 4th generation cephs
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"Big Gun"
Gram positive, negative, Pseudomonas |
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Toxicity of Cephalosporins
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Nephrotox with Aminoglycosides
Disulfiram like reacction with EtOH. |
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Mechanism of action and clinical use of aztreonam
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Inhibits cell wall synthesis (binds PBP3); only effective against Gram-negative rods. Use for penicillin-allergic patients and those with renal insufficiency who cannot tolerate aminoglycosides.
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Drug that is always administered with imipenem.
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Cilastatin- inhibits renal dehydropeptidase I to decrease inactivation of drug in renal tubules.
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Clinical use of Imipenem and meropenem
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Gram positive cocci, gram negative rods, and anaerobes
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Clinical use of vancomycin
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Serious gram positives- S. aureus, enterococci, Clostridium difficile.
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Vancomycin toxic side effects
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Nephrotoxicity, Ototoxicity, Thrombophlebitis, Red man syndrome
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Mechanism of resistance to vancomycin
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Change from D-ala D-ala to D-ala D-lac
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How to prevent vancomycin flushing
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Pretreat with antihistamines
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Next step in treatment of otitis media if resistant to amoxicillin
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Augmentin
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Prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis
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Cephalexin
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Increases nephrotoxicity of aminoglycosides
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Cephalosporins
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Single dose treatment for gonorrhea
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Ceftriaxone
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Treatment for C. diff colitis
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Oral vancomycin
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Potential consequence of silicosis of the lungs
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Increase TB susceptibility
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Components of Gohn complex
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Fibrosis+ Scar + Lymphadenopathy (Hilar lmph nodes)
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What does the Ghon complex indicate?
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Primary tuberculosis infection
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Where does secondary TB typically occur?
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Apex of the lung
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Extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the vertebrae
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Pott's disease
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Most common extrapulmonary tuberculosis
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Kidneys (sterile pyuria)
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Mycobacteria staining
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All mycobacteria are acid fast organisms
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Bug that causes Leprosy
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Mycobacterium leprae
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Reservoir for Mycobacterium leprae in the USA
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Armadillos
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Mycobacterium leprae treatment
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Dapsone
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Two types of Hansen's disease
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(Leprosy has two forms):
Lepromatous: diffusely over skin, communicable; low cell mediated immunity Tuberculoid: A few skin plaques |
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Obligate aerobes
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Use an O2 dependent system to generate ATP.
Nocardia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Bacillus |
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Causes pulmonary TB like symptoms in COPD patients
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Mycobacterium kasasii
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Positive PPD indicates
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Current infection
Vaccination Previous infection/exposure |
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Treatment for M. tuberculosis
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Rifampin
Isonizid Pyrazinamide Ethambutol |
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Prophylaxis for M. tuberculosis
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Isoniazid
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Prophylaxis for M. avium intracellulare
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Azithromycin
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Treatment for M. avium intracellulare
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Azithromycin, rifampin, ethambutol, streptomycin
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Mechanism of action of isonizid
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Decreases synthesis of mycolic acids (components of the cell wall)
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Side effects of isoniazid
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Neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, lupus.
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Administered to prevent neurotoxicity and lupus due to isonizid
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Vitamin B6
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Drugs known to cause drug induced lupus
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Isoniazid
Hydralazine Procainamide |
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4 Rs of Rifampin
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RNA Polymerase inhibitor
Revs up microsomal P450 Red/Orange body fluids Rapid resistance if used alone |
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Clinical use of Rifampin
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-Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Delays resistance to dapsone when used for leprosy -Meningococcal prophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis in contacts of children with HIB |
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Important side effect of ethambutol
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Reversible red green color blindness (optic neuropathy)
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Mechanism of action of Rifampin
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Inhibits DNA dependent RNA Polymerase
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Three spirochetes
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Borrelia
Leptospira Treponema (BLT) |
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Question mark shaped bacteria found in water contaminated with animal urine
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Leptospira interrogans
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Mechanism of action of isonizid
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Decreases synthesis of mycolic acids (components of the cell wall)
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Side effects of isoniazid
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Neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, lupus.
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Administered to prevent neurotoxicity and lupus due to isonizid
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Vitamin B6
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Drugs known to cause drug induced lupus
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Isoniazid
Hydralazine Procainamide |
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4 Rs of Rifampin
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RNA Polymerase inhibitor
Revs up microsomal P450 Red/Orange body fluids Rapid resistance if used alone |
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Clinical use of Rifampin
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-Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Delays resistance to dapsone when used for leprosy -Meningococcal prophylaxis and chemoprophylaxis in contacts of children with HIB |
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Important side effect of ethambutol
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Reversible red green color blindness (optic neuropathy)
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Mechanism of action of Rifampin
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Inhibits DNA dependent RNA Polymerase
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Three spirochetes
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Borrelia
Leptospira Treponema (BLT) |
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Question mark shaped bacteria found in water contaminated with animal urine
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Leptospira interrogans
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Flulike symptoms, photophobia, Jaundice, Conjunctivities
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Leptospirosis caused by Leptospira interrogans
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Weil's disease
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Severe Leptospira interrogans infection.
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Lyme disease cause and vector
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Borrelia burgdorferi; Ixodes tick
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Lyme disease Stage 1
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Erythema chronicum migrans, flulike symptoms
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Lyme disease Stage 2
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Neurologic and cardiac manifestations (Bell's palsy, myopericarditis)
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Lyme disease Stage 3
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Chronic monoarthritis and migratory polyarthritis
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Lyme disease treatment
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Doxycycline early
Ceftriaxone late |
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Cat Scratch
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Bartonella spp.
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Ixodes ticks
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Borrelia burgdorferi and Babesia
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Recurrent fever from louse
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Borrelia recurrentis
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Puppy poop
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Campylobacter
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Parrots
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Chlamydophila psittaci
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Spores from tick feces and cattle placenta cause Q fever
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Coxiella burnetti
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Lone Star Tick
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Ehrlichoiosis chaffeensis
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Ticks, rabbits, deer fly
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Francisella tularensis
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Animal urine, especially in surfers and in tropical areas
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Leptospira spp.
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Animal bite, cats, dogs; causing cellulitis, osteomyelitis
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Pateurella multocida
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Louse causing epidemic typus
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Rickettsia powazekii
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Dermacentor tick bite
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Rickettsia rickettsii
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Fleas leading to endemic typhus
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Ricketssia typhus
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Bubonic plague
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Yersinia pestis
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Yersinia pestis
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Flea bite, rodents, prarie dogs
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Puppy feces, children, diarrhea in daycare centers
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Yersinia enterocolitica
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Vaginal epithelial cells covered with bacteria visible under microscope
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Clue cells of Garnerella Vaginalis
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Gray vaginal dischare with a fishy smell; non painful
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Gardnerella vaginalis
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Headache, fever, rash that starts on hands and feet (vasculitis)
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Rocky Mountain spotted fever from Rickettsia rickettsii
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Rash starts centrally and spreads out, sparing palms and soles
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Ricketssia prowazekii
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List of rickettsial organisms and treatment
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Rickettsia ricketsii; R. typhi; R. prowzekii; Ehrlichia; Coxiella burnetti
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Bacteria that can't make own ATP
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Chlamydia and Rickettsia
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Patient serum is mixed with Proteus antigens; antibodies cross react to Proteus O antigens and agglutinate
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Weil Felix Reaction
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Elementary body enters cell via endocytosis; Reticulate body replicates in the ell by fission
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Chlamydiae
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Chlamydia treatment
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Azithromycin or Doxycycline
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Mycoplasma pneumoniae
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Azithromycin
Tetracycline Erythromycin |
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Chocolate agar
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Haemophilus influenzae
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Thayer Martin or VPN media
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Neisseria gonorrhoeae
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Bordet-Gengou (potato) agar
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Bordatella pertussis
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Tellurite Plate, Loffler's media
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Corynebacterium diphtheriae
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Lowenstein Jensen agar
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M. tuberculosis
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Pink colonies on MacConkey's agar
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Klebsiella, E. coli, Enterobacter
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Charcoal yeast extract
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Legionella
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Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome
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Gonorrhoeae + extensive disease (gets to liver)
seen with Neisseria gonorrhoea infection |
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Waterhouse-Friederichsen syndrome
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Adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into the gland caused by Neisseria meningitidis infection.
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Rx: erythromycin eyedrops
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To prevent ophthalmia neonatorum (vertical transmission of neisseria gonorrheae during delivery)
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Epiglottitis Meningitis Otitis media Pneumonia
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HaEMOPhilus influenzae
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X ray finding of epiglottitis
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Thumb sign
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Legonnaires diseaes
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Severe pneumonia and fever
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Pontiac fever
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Mild flulike syndrome
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Silver stain
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Legionella pneumophila
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Treatment for Legionella pneumophila
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Erythromycin
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Pneumonia in cystic fibrosis
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Pseudomonas
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Pseudomonas aeruginosa tx
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Aminoglycoside plus extended spectrum penicillin (piperacillin, ticarcillin)
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H. pylori triple therapy
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PPI, clarithromycin, amoxicillin or metronidazole
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Drug classes that inhibit protein synthesis
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Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol Clindamycin Erythromycin Linezolid buy AT 30, CCEL at 50 |
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Aminoglycosides MOA
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Prevent formation of initiation complex
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Tetracyclines MOA
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Inhibit tRNA binding
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Macrolides MOA
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Inhibit protein synthesis by blocking translocation
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Chloramphenicol MOA
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Blocks peptide bond formation at 50S ribosomal subunit.
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Clindamycin MOA
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Blocks peptide bond formation at 50S subunit
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Clinical use against severe gram negative rod infections
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Aminoglycosides
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Clinical use against Borrelia burgdorferi, M. pneumoniae, Rickettsia, Chlamydia
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Tetracyclines
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Clinical use agains Atypical pneumonias
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Macrolides
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Clinical use against meningitis
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Chloramphenicol
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Clinical use against anaerobic infections in aspiration pneumonia or lung abscesses
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Clindamycin
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Treats anerobes above the diaphragm
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Clindamycin
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Treats anerobes below the diaphragm
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Metronidazole
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Nephrotoxic, Ototoxic, Teratogenicity are toxicities
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Aminoglycosides
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GI distress, Discoloration of teeth, photosensitivity are toxicities
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Tetracyclines
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Prolonged QT interval, GI discomfort
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Macrolides
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Gray baby syndrome is toxicity
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Chloramphenicol
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Pseudomembranous colitis, fever, diarrhea toxicity
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Clindamycin
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