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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Broadly speaking, what is communicology?
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the study of the process of communication and the uses of communication
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What must you understand to study the process of communication?
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Message processing
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What are the two functions of communication? Define
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Primary function: the creation of an isomorphic meme state in another
Secondary function: influencing others |
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Define entrainment
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synchronized state
-ex: menstrual cycles Understanding is a state of entrainment |
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What does it mean to say someone understands you?
How do you create a state of understanding with another person? |
understanding is assumed
-taken for granted & not assessed Making both minds think the same thing |
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Define a meme
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-idea, thought, concept
-a unit of meaning -a unit of cultural transmission: culture bound -a replicator (comparable to a gene) --bounded, discrete, CAPABLE OF BEING IMITATED -has cognitive, attitudinal, value-based, and affective components (DEFINITIONAL) |
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What is the message processing definition of communication?
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communication is the process by which entities (not only people, but must be 2/more) observe and exhibit social stimuli (accesses primary sensory apparatus) in order to activate, create (new ideas) or ascertain meme states in other entities w/the goal of creating isomorphic meme states with those entities
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What are the advantages of the Message Processing definition?
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-encompasses & calls greater attention to the grounding function of communication
---grounding function: endeavor to associate in agreed-upon meaning w/stimuli (really gets us to focus on the isomorphic meme state) -places locus of meaning in the interaction between stimuli and communicator, not in the message (messages do not mean anything, they activate meaning -meaning qua message is not sent from A to B; rather stimuli w/meme activation potential is cast to the proximal environment of the intended communicative participant -focuses attention on creating understanding (isomorphic meme state) as the primary function of communication -all levels of mediation are relevant (meme activation can occur with varying degrees of mindfulness |
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What are the fundamentals of communication codes & media?
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All communication is mediated
-no such think as unmediated communication A medium is necessary to induce in another the sensory stimulation that is meant to evoke intended memes -communication can't take place unless there is sensory stimulation A code, while not essential to communication, contributes greatly to the efficiency of the communicative process -how do people who've never communicated w/each other communicate with codes? -people w/codes makes communication more efficient |
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What is the definition of code?
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the concept of code refers to empirical stimuli that are structurally related and used in a systematic & consistent manner to evoke similar memes across various media
-empirical stimuli: has to be accessible to your senses -structurally related: structural similarities: common/similar -various media: what its made out of (chalk, dirt, etc.) **structural commonality doesn't always work (ex: <3=love/heart but thats not really what a heart looks like) -we call it a code because no matter what medium we use, if it has similar structure it will activate a meme A code is a product of cultural consensus and habituation |
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What are the two functions of codes?
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Interfacing: accommodating needs of first-order mediated settings ("unmediated" or face-to-face communication); interacting directly (minimal augmentation) w/human senses
-directly available to our PRIMARY SENSES -USABLE codes Transmitting: accommodating needs of messages "casting" across media; often a function of the media employed (electrical signals over copper wire, photons over fiber optic cable) -a way of taking a primary stimulus & converting it into a different stimuli that can be transmitted through electrical signals/copper wire |
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What are the properties of interface codes?
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Syntactic Rigidity
-Law, rules, norms -how rigid is the structure of the code? Syntactic Complexity: -intracodal, intercodal -how complex a syntax is: ex: language -INTRA: single code -INTER: multiple codes Commonality of use: how much the code is used (could be law governed) Limits to topicality: narrow bandwidth Capacity for Novel Expression |
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What are some human interface code examples?
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Mathematical Notation System:
-very rigid syntax -limited topicality & bandwidth Musical Notation System: -fixed notation system Various Aesthetic Codes Linguistic code: -Print: rigid-make sure we activate what we want -Oral/Aural: looser syntax, talking, more forgiving because there is more codes available face-to-face |
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What are some nonverbal human interface codes?
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Kinesics:
-gestures -physical body movements Proxemics: -closeness-like -further away-dislike Vocalics: -pitch -tone -volume *can be in print ex: !!! Haptics -touch Chronemic: -time Physical Appearance: -attractiveness Olfactory: -smell Artifacts & environment: -clothes, etc. |
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What are the 2 components of media systems?
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A medium by itself cannot serve a communicative function
The process of communication requires no fewer than TWO components to the media system CONSTANT (often a back ground) VARIABLE (often a foreground) |
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Functions of Media:
Distribution Function |
Distribution function: enables message casting [way to get the message out there] (as in broadcast/narrowcast); movement of a stimuli (aka "message") from point A to point B
Way to get the message out there -Conduit function -Carrier function -Interface function -Storage function |
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Functions of Media:
Conduit Function |
Conduit function: allows movement of message within medium; medium does not move
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Functions of Media:
Carrier Function |
Carrier function: message is recorded on medium; medium itself is transported
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Functions of Media:
Interface function: |
Interface function: translates message from transmission code to interface code; makes a message accessible to receiver
-something we can understand w/our senses -ex: screen on laptop -ex: floppy drives: can't use it anymore, no medium for it |
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Functions of Media:
Storage function |
Storage function: allows message to be retained over time, i.e., allows "movement" of message from time 1 to time 2; (note: carrier media are by definition storage media)
-ex: flash drive--store from time 1 to time 2 & also carry from place 2 to place 2 |
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What are the properties of distribution media?
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Bandwidth/capacity
-how much info/stimuli it can carry per unit of time Message distribution speed -cup & string: slow -copper wire/fiver optic cables: fast User control over message casting -Distribution capabilities: ease, expense (cheap) -Targeting capabilities: narrow/broad (target easily) --90% of traffic on the internet is spam --20% are actual messages |
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What are the properties of Interface Media?
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Modal Capabilities
-phones, TVs, notebook, earphones--designed to take signals & transmit it to something capable to our senses Immediacy: degree of sensory stimulation -ex: your sense are much more engaged at the theater than on your phone Message Accessibility: (actual newspaper-msg availble at once vs iPad newspaper-ability to search) -Message accessing speed -Message availability Receiver Message Control: (ex: make fonts bigger) -presentational capabilities Synchronous capabilities -how flexible is the time function of the interface media --Skype: need another person --Email: can send msg whenever -TEVO/DVR: watch whenever you want Durability/Performance |
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Definition of Message
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A message is any stimuli designed and organized to stimulate particular memes in another
-activate memes/meaning in another person |
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What are the properties of storage media?
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Durability/performance
Capacity: can hold a lot Transportability (size/weight) -ex: can put 1000 books on a iphone Ease of accessibility to message (ease of interface) -paper is easy to access, we can see the info -CD still in tact but we can't retrieve the info |
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What are the properties of Messages?
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Fidelity of MAP (meme activation potential)
-how close is it to what you have in your head? --never will be perfect Extent of Activation: level of immediacy; extent of central nervous system activation resulting from exposure to message |
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What is an example of MAP in Messages? INTRAcodal
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Make changes across ONE single code to activate a meme
It's hot today It's extremely hot today It's miserably hot today It's dangerously hot today |
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What is an example of MAP in Messages? INTERcodal
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Make changes across multiple codes can change the meaning of the message
Activating specific memes It's dangerously hot today It's dangerously (italicized) hot today It's dangerously hot (red, bold) today IT'S DANGEROUSLY HOT TODAY (all red) Words are not changing but by using another code you're changing the effect of the message |
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Why do we communicate?
What needs does it satisfy? How does it confer survival benefit? |
There is a survival benefit/value
-could be a side affect of survival value -ex: craving sugar/salt/fat because we used to need it to survive |
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Why can't we accomplish some things alone?
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one of the ways we survive is to ban together
-ex: males in prehistoric pact were the ones who killed the animals together |
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What does it mean to say that we need to coordinate with and influence another's behavior?
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we want to get them to change some how...
get behavior to coordinate w/other- get similar |
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Who is Tomasello?
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Anthropologist who mostly studies animal behavior-great apes
-studies what looks like rudimentary communication cooperation evolved because of humans' unique forms of collaborative activity |
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How do we differ from great apes?
(what do/don't great apes do that are different from humans) |
Recursive intention reading (mind reading)
-trying to think what I think you're thinking visa versa w/many levels on & on -the way humans cooperate and collaborate are situated to our needs Tendency to offer help/information freely |
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How is human collaborative activity characterized by?
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Group activity: functioning as an integrated whole
Intentional structure: NASCAR-pit operating on car.. individual tasks but benefits the whole Joint goal: everyone has the same goal Complementary roles: each job is dependent on the other peoples job--may be operating individually, but still working together Often equal sharing of outcomes: everyone benefits in the end product |
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What does coordinated intentionality require?
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Making another aware of our needs, aware of what we want them to do
-you need to be aware of what they need & we need to be aware of their needs -environmental need for mind reading Making them aware that we want them to be aware i.e., get their attention, recognize our intentionality -project intentionality -ex: you want me to look at that & figure out why you want me to look at that -make inferences about what others are thinking |
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What is "reading minds"?
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Infer what others are thinking
Infer what they know about your thinking |
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What is ToM (Theory of Mind)?
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Real legitimate approach to how critters understand each other
Theorizing that other entities have minds |
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ToM: Distinguish between agency and non-agency
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We seem to have evolved to attribute "agency" or "non-agency" to elements of our environment
Agents: self-propulsion, goal directedness -free acting, acting on their own -goal governing their actions/goal directed -we attribute agency to inanimate objects in our language --ex: car wont start-"it wants to start!" --don't really mean it When the goal is not obvious we infer "interior" or invisible goals (minds) -Chronically depressed people: lost a sense of agency -Making attributions of what they're thinking |
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What ToM capabilities do Great Apes seem to have?
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Seem to be aware that others have intentions, goals
-evidence that the chimps are trying to figure out humans/animals intentionality See others as agents Seem to use some form of perception-goal psychology -see something & generalize a goal |
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How do great apes ToM seem to differ from humans?
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lack skill, motivation to form joint goals w/others
Do not seem to focus joint attention or participate w/others in shared intentionality No apparent recursive mind reading -social scientists have to be careful of not attributing characteristics that really aren't there |
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What are other features of human collaborative behaviors?
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Recursive inferences re: common ground
-you get really good at accessing our knowledge bases- common ground -what do I know that we both know --this determines how we say things ---what info can I leave out? Freely informing others (thus increasing common ground) which fosters mutual expectations of helpfulness (mutualism) -if you think someone doesn't know something you share the info freely to them -expect a reciprocation of engaging in mind reading & freely giving info & visa versa |
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What is mutualism?
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Provides the initial motivation for granting requests and informing
-serves are the basis for understanding why we give info freely |
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Explain reciprocity & indirect reciprocity
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Secondary motivations for helping/informing
-Fairness, debt, punishment: governs a lot of stuff (economics, etc.) -babies already understand fairness -ex: debt needs to be reciprocated to be deleted Enhances perceptions of being a cooperative partner, gathering more cooperation in return People who don't do this well aren't going to be received as well in their social group -component of mutualism that governs our life (it's almost like an unspoken principle) -you're perceived as a cooperative person |
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What is Cultural Group Selection?
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Sharing of emotions and attitudes
-increases common ground -solidifies group membership (& differentiates group from others) -manifests in a need to "mirror" others as you engage more in mutualism-who is "in" our group and who is not What are the norms? who don't we like/do like? -can't be part of the group until you increase common ground ex: new kid on the team This drive to establish common ground leads us to reflect on people in our group attitudinally, emotionally, physically |
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Explain Great Apes use of gestures
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apes use gestures (more flexibly than vocalics) showing intentionality & directing others attention
Apes use gestures to request/demand actions from others -limited ToM |
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What does humans showing ToM & mind reading allow for?
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Joint attention & joint goals
Common ground -operate & make inferences on common ground --it's like scanning the hard drive-everything she knows not just what she knows now Cooperative behavior grounded in requesting, informing, sharing (emotions, attitudes) -trying to get the other person to be in the same state as you, not just sharing info Cooperative reasoning (Gricean cooperation) -governs a lot of communication -how can people say so little and people understand so much -how can people say something unclear and people understand it perfectly |
