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58 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This creates a spectrum from a time domain waveform showing what all the individual components are?
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Fourier Transform
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What do you see when you have a microphone recording on a screen in front of you?
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time domain waveform
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If you subject time domain waveform to a fourier transform, what do you get?
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frequency domain display that shows you a spectrum
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The frequency domain spectrum represents a _____________ in time that has ___________ on its X axis and _____________ on its Y axis.
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snapshot
frequency amplitude |
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The Fourier Transform is a way from going from one ______ of a signal to another ______ -from the ________ domain to the _____________ domain.
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view
view time frequency |
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The great benefit of of a frequency domain display is to show us what those ___________ __________ are, and also the _____________ ____________ of each.
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individual components
relative proportions |
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While it has a bit of imperfection, the human voice is nearly _________. It has a ___________ and then _____________ which are __________ of that ___________.
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periodic
fundamental harmonics multiples fundamental |
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The upper harmonics in the human voice get progressively ________ as you go up in ___________.
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weaker
frequency |
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On a time vs. frequency domain, if you make your voice softer or louder, you'll see some changes in the __________ _________ of the ____________. If you raise and lower your pitch, you'll see the harmonics ___________ _________ from one another or coming _________ ____________ as the pitch comes back down again.
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relative strength
harmonics spreading apart back together |
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Noise is when all _____________ are present with various different ________ ___________ to each other with approximately equal ___________.
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frequencies
phase relationships amplitude |
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What encloses an area that would have been completely filled in by the vertical lines that represent individual sine waves?
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spectral envelope
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What does the spectral envelope show us?
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the relative strength of the different frequency components in noise
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The human voice source is not truly __________. If you look at a spectrum of it, you'll find there are __________ with some _________ around the ______ of the _______.
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periodic
peaks spread base peaks |
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The spread around the base of the peaks represents what?
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imperfections or noise that is present in every human voice
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What does FFT stand for?
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fast fourier transform
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What does the FFT show us?
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the range of harmonics that are present in each sound and peak for those harmonics - however, it doesn't show formants very well
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What does LPC stand for?
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linear predictive coding
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What does the LPC show us?
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spectral envelope but individual harmonics - quite revealing of what the vocal tract filter is doing
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What are the resonant energy peaks in the vocal tract function?
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formants
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The formants you see in the vocal tract will be present because of the way you have ________ the vocal tract. They don't really care of the sound is being ___________ or __________.
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shaped
phonated whispered |
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The LPC spectrum will show you what the vocal tract is doing and what its ___________ ___________ are ___________ to one another. It doesn't reveal any _________ about the __________ _______.
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resonance frequencies
relative features sound source |
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What shows ingredients of a sound at a single point in time but can't show the progression of that signal over time?
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spectrum
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What can show us individual spectral slices that arranged side by side over time?
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spectrogram
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Why is a spectrogram useful?
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Because as we speak, we produce a whole series of sounds that differ from one another in their spectral characteristics
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What 3 different parameters does a spectrogram (or 3-D spectrogram) display?
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time
frequency intensity |
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On a spectrogram, darkness indicates what?
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intensity
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A speech spectrogram shows us how the _________ in each range of ____________ is _________ or _________ over time.
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strength
frequencies changing evolving |
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What does a wide band spectrographic analysis give you?
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good time or temporal detail
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What does a narrow band spectrogram give you?
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extremely good frequency resolution (it tends to blur things together over time)
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What prevents us from having good time and frequency detail on a 3D spectrogram display?
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the laws of physics
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What do we refer to as a wide band spectrogram?
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300 Hz bandwidth
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What are the vertical striations on a wide band analysis?
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glottal pulses
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Because you have this level of detail and you can see events as brief as individual glottal pulses, you can make very good ________ ____________ from this type of wide band display.
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time measures
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What do we consider a narrow band display?
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45 Hz bandwidth
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What are the horizontal, almost parallel lines that we see on a narrow band analysis?
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harmonics
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This type of display shows individual vertical glottal pulses (vertical striations) and good time resolution.
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wide band
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This type of display shows horizontal lines that represent harmonics of the voice and separates them out - good frequency resolution.
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narrow band
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Speech therapists work on _________ the way the client uses his ______________ to improve sound _________.
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altering
structures output |
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How do women's voices compare to men's in fundamental frequency?
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they are an octave higher - men's vocal cords are larger
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What tend to carry the greatest amount of energy in speech?
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vowels and diphthongs
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In theory, vowels are _______ ____________. During the time you are sustaining the vowel production, one point in time looks like ______ _____ acoustically.
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time invariant
any other |
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What determines the particular vowel that we will be producing at that moment?
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the shape of the vocal tract
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What makes one vowel different from another?
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the frequencies of the formants are different for each one
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Usually you can ___________ the vowel from the _________ _____ formants, even with _________ speech.
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identify
first two synthetic |
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The higher formants tend to make the vowels sound more?
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natural (in synthetic speech)
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What dictates what frequencies will be favored or echoed?
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size of a resonator
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When you reach a formant peak in the vocal track, energy in that vicinity (frequency range) will be ___________ or __________ so that it comes out of the mouth at a much higher ____________ than the frequencies that occur in a tough in the vocal transfer function. The ones that occur in a trough tend to be ____________ out or ___________. ________ __________ is more efficient at the ___________.
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amplified
boosted amplitude filtered weakened energy transfer formants |
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For whom is the vowel quadrilateral the largest?
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children - because their formant frequencies are higher
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Lowering the jaw and tongue does what?
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increases the frequency of the first formant
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What happens as you move the tongue forward?
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the second formant's frequency increases
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What does lip rounding do?
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lowers all formants, regardless of vowel type
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Why does lip rounding lower formants?
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because you are lengthening the vocal tract
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What is constructive interference?
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where the waves will add up and give you more strength
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What is destructive intereference?
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Where the waves may cancel one another out.
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higher vowels = ?
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lower F1
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lower vowels = ?
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higher F1
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back vowels = ?
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lower F2
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front vowels = ?
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higher F2
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