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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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vowel /i/ has a ____ second formant and a _____ first formant
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high, lower
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/u/, which is a high back vowel, has ____ first and second formants
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low
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/u/ is a ___ ____vowel
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high back
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The associations between the tongue height and its front/back position in the mouth directly correlate to _____ position.
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formant
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absolute formant frequencies of F1 and F2 differ substantially between who?
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children, women and men
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vocal tract _____ affects formants
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size
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how can we understand each other if formants vary so much?
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•listeners may apply ‘templates’
•timbre and pitch may serve as cues |
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What are templates?
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they try to match features of vowel articulation to other features of the sound that the person is making
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What are timbre and pitch related to understanding eachother?
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The timbre and pitch of the voice may be valuable cues that the brain uses to decode these signals. Ex: If you hear a higher pitch, you would usually associate that with a person who has a smaller larynx & vocal tract, and therefore you would expect higher formant frequencies.
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computer recognition of speech? how does it work?
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You can help the software by reading some sample utterances that the software company has provided so that the system can become calibrated to your speech. It gets used to the way you produce your “a” or “i” or “u”, by tuning into your specific frequencies.
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Our brain might also be looking at the ______ between these frequencies. So even if a new person’s absolute values in Hz differ from another person’s we’ve heard, the ____ of the peaks may be broadly similar –ex: there may be a large gap between the first 2 formants for one sound, or they may be close together for another.
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ratios, ratio
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COARTICULATION
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production of the vowel/consonant (phoneme) to be influenced by the sounds that are adjacent to it
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It’s quite common for the articulation of one of the corner vowels -/a/ , /i/, /u/, /ae/ to be ______, or not quite achieved, when the person is producing normal speech
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undershot
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the position of the tongue is a little closer to the neutral vowel /ə/ (schwa) in the middle of the vocal tract is what?
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VOWEL NEUTRALIZATION
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In the dysarthrias, where you have motor speech disorder, this is frequently the case –the vowels will be _____-_______ too much, and the speech is distorted
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under articulated
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We can look at the VOWEL SPACE AREA that is within that _______. This can be reflective of a person’s overall intelligibility.
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VOWEL QUADRILATERAL
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_____ articulator movements, which are typically associated with improved speech intelligibility.
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Larger
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The ____ ______ is a reflection of how much variability there can be in the first and second formants, as you produce that vowel in different contexts.
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VOWEL ELLIPSES
(acceptable version of that vowel) |
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Generally speaking, /_/, /_/ and /_/ are the most common vowels across all languages.
The acoustic spacing of these vowels tends to put them at the ____ of the vowel quadrilateral |
/i/, /u/ and /a/
edge |
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maximal of these vowels contrast allows _________.
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discrimination
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vowels seldom produced in ________.
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isolation
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as you go from a consonant to a vowel, or vice versa, we have things called __________ ___________, where F1 and F2 will change
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FORMANT TRANSITIONS
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The ______ movement of the articulators means that the resonating cavities are changing shape and size, and thus the formant frequencies are shifting all over the place very rapidly.
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constant
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An ordinary vowel is called a _____________ –it has a relatively clear steady statethat is maintained for a period of time.
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MONOPHTHONG
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a ________ is defined by its change. The formant frequencies will change during its production.
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DIPHTHONG
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For diphthongs:
The ______ is the starting frequency, before the movement begins, and the ______ is the ending frequency after you’ve finished making the diphthong. In between is the _______, when the formants are changing, and this is what we perceive as that very sound, such as an /oi/ or /au/ or /ai/. |
ONGLIDE
OFFGLIDE TRANSITION |
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It is the ______ of the formants that really defines the diphthong that we perceive.
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movement
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What do vowels have in common?
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They are all voiced, the vocal tract is relatively open, and they can be identified by their formant patterns.
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Consonants differ greatly - how?
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•degree of constriction
•presence or absence of noise •nasality •more to go wrong with consonants |
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___________ just constrict the flow of air that’s coming through the vocal tract.
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FRICATIVES
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Many of the CONSONANTS have some degree of _____ in their production.
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noise
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_______ are like having a stop and a fricative joined together.
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AFFRICATES
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Nasals:
At the same time, there’s a blockage of the oral cavity: at the ____ for /m/, at the ______ _____ for /n/, and at the posterior part of the _____ for /ng/. |
lips, alveolar ridge, palate
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Whether or not the _________ port is open makes an important distinction between oral consonants and nasal consonants.
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velopharyngeal
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Name the Obstruents
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•stops / stop-plosives
•fricatives •affricates |
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Name the SONORANTS / NON-OBSTRUENTS
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•nasals
•glides / semivowels / approximants •liquids |
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With ____ you get a complete closure of the vocal tract, just momentarily.
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Stops
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For _______ there is a narrowing of the vocal tract, and this forms a partial obstruction.
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FRICATIVES
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With ____ you have a fairly brief stop and a fairly brief frication interval.
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affricates
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Characteristic of SONORANTS / NON-OBSTRUENTS
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do not completely block off the vocal tract
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Stops - bilabial constriction, using both lips to produce
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/p/ (vl) and /b/(v)
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STOPS - an alveolar constriction, raising the tongue against the alveolar ridge to make
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/t/ (vl) and /d/ (v)
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STOPS - make a velar constriction, when the back of the tongue reaches up to touch the velum for the sounds /_/ and /_/
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/k/ (vl), /g/ (v)
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If a stop is accurately articulated, there will be ? on the vocal tract
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a brief instance during which there will be no sound in the vocal tract.
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If a stop is accurately articulated, there will be ? on the microphone
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reflected in the microphone signal as a brief silent event
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Sometimes a tiny bit of energy may sneak through for voiced stops - explain.
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During the closure, air pressure builds up behind the point of constriction, and then as the closure is released, this air bursts out.
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There is also a _____ __ _____ when the articulators move from having formed the stop to the upcoming vowel.
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period of transition
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The stop closure is also sometimes called the ______ _____.
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Stop Gap
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?: It’s characterized by a lack of energy during the time that the articulatory constriction is being formed.
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STOP GAP
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When is the stop gap most easily seen?
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This is most easily seen if the stop occurs between vowels.
“ata” or “apa” vs. “ta” or “ka” |
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The duration of the STOP GAP closure is usually from ___ - ____ milliseconds.
or about __ of a second (fraction) |
50 -150
1/10 |
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Also, in a voiced? or voiceless? stop you may have vocal fold oscillation that continues throughout the closure of the stop.
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voiced
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you can see the voiced stop /d/ in between 2 vowels. Here, you’ll notice that in the microphone signal, between the 2 vertical lines, there is still some acoustic energy rather than a flat line. And if you look at the very bottom of the spectrogram, you’ll see what’s called a ______ _____--some grey trace there that indicates a very low frequency.This corresponds to the oscillation of the vocal folds, which is continuing, even after the stop has been formed by raising the tongue against the alveolar ridge. You’ll notice that the amplitude of these oscillations decreases.
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VOICING BAR
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This tends to be true over all places of articulation –the VOICELESS STOPS have a _____ closure duration,
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LONGER
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This tends to be true over all places of articulation – the VOICED STOPS tend to be ______.
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shorter
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if a person was severely dysfluent and had stuttering blocks, you might find that the stop closure duration is drastically ______ as the person blocks on that sound and is unable to get the mechanism moving ahead into the next vowel.
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increased
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in some dysarthrias, where you have neuromuscular speech deficits, the speaker may not be able to make a very good ___ _____.
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stop closure.
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we can document changes in things like stop closure duration as an index of ________ ________.
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articulatory adequacy
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what happens next as that stop is released or as that constriction opens up?
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During the time that the constriction is formed, air pressure builds up behind the constriction.
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If it’s a bilabial stop, than the build up of air occurs where?
if it’s an alveolar stop, then it will be where? |
behind the lips
behind the constriction that the tongue forms where it touches the alveolar ridge |
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Once the constriction is released, the pressure that has built up behind it forces air out through the space - the first burst of air is called?
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a transient
we use the term transients to refer to a very brief acoustic event |
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A burst is a very brief event. Then the ______ continues while the opening is becoming wider and wider –the air is still rushing through it. It is forming ______ because the airflow is still relatively high –the pressure has not yet _______ to match that of the atmosphere around the speaker.
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frication
turbulence decreased |
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It can be difficult to distinguish between the ______ and the _______ _______ on a spectrogram. It is not always crucial to separate these two things out, just be aware that these are occurring.
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transient
frication interval |
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air pressure builds behind closure, then
lips part or tongue moves down - what does this allow? |
air pressure to be released -
transient and frication |
