Comd 5070 Speech Science Week 1 Of 5 Exam 1

Front 1

Science is (4)

Johnny Depp

Back 1

EMPIRICAL
DETERMINISTIC
PREDICTIVE
PARSIMONIOUS

Front 2

EMPIRICAL

Back 2

based on data

Front 3

DETERMINISTIC

Back 3

obeys physical laws of cause and effect, not random

Front 4

PREDICTIVE

Back 4

if you do this… then that will happen.

Front 5

PARSIMONIOUS

Back 5

Use the simplest explanation possible --boil it down to the essence.

Front 6

How can technology help SLP?

Back 6

-We can overcome listener bias
-We can track progress over time, and demonstrate treatment efficacy
-We can use technology to describe the severity of a disorder objectively
-ASHA has a focus on EBP (Evidence Based Practice)
-Provide biofeedback to the client

Front 7

3 key arenas

Back 7

Acoustic phonetics
Physiologic phonetics
Speech perception

Front 8

SOURCE-FILTER MODEL, what is source and what is filter?

Back 8

The larynx serves as the sound source
The vocal tract acts as a different kind of filter

Front 9

SOURCE-FILTER MODEL, what needs air pressure from the lungs?

Back 9

larynx

Front 10

SOURCE-FILTER MODEL, does the filter move things?

Back 10

no, it actually resonates, enhances & strengthens some of the frequency components. (vocal tract)

Front 11

In theory these 2 systems (larynx & vocal tract) operate (dependently or independently) of each other,

Back 11

independently
but in reality they sometimes interact under certain circumstances.

Front 12

SOURCE CHANGES
Ways to vary the sound (4)

Back 12

Loudness
Pitch
Voice quality
Phonation vs. whispering

LPVP

Front 13

SOURCE CHANGES
Loudness (varying sound)

Back 13

low air pressure equals soft sounds, and the larynx doesn’t have to adduct very tightly; higher air pressure equals louder sounds, and the vocal folds will have bigger movements, muscle movement increases.

ADJUST AIR PRESSURE
LOW - soft sounds
HIGH - louder sounds

Front 14

SOURCE CHANGES
Pitch (varying sound)

Back 14

you can stretch the vocal folds to increase their tension, which increases their vibration frequency. You do this by contracting the cricothyroid muscle, which then rocks the thyroid cartilage forward and stretches the vocal folds.

STRETCH the VOCAL CORDS

Front 15

SOURCE CHANGES
Voice quality(varying sound)

Back 15

you subtly adjust the space between the vocal folds, between the arytenoids. Increasing the space makes the voice more breathy. Or you can press the vocal folds together more firmly to get a tighter sounding voice. You do this by increasing the levels of contraction in the muscles of adduction (primarily the lateral cricoarytenoid and the thyroarytenoid).

BREATHY - increase space in vocal folds
TIGHT - decrease space in vocal folds

Front 16

SOURCE CHANGES
Phonation vs. whispering (varying sound)

Back 16

you can generate a sound source such as a whisper by pushing air between the vocal cords to create turbulence without causing them to vibrate. The whisper requires the lungs to provide the source of air pressure and the vocal cords to provide the constriction in order to make the turbulence happen. Phonation, on the other hand, requires the vocal cords to vibrate during this process.

Whisper = no vocal fold vibration, cords just provide constriction of air pressure
Phonation = vocal fold vibration

Front 17

How will source changes affect the filter?

Back 17

resonator only, determines the level of energy

Front 18

Level of energy review:
high/low pitch?

Back 18

high pitch = high frequency of vocal fold vibration
low pitch = low frequency of vocal fold vibration

Front 19

Vocal Source Features

FHS

Back 19

fundamental frequency
harmonics are integer multiples
result = a whole spectrum of sound

Front 20

Example of Harmonic Multiples

Back 20

Ex: If the fundamental frequency is 100 Hz, the harmonics will be at 200, 300,400, etc. If the voice is higher, the spacing will be greater—ex: if the fundamental is 200 Hz, the harmonics will be 400, 600, 800, etc.

Front 21

What results in a whole spectrum of sound that is emitted from the larynx, and as the fundamental frequency rises and falls.

Back 21

Harmonic Spread

Front 22

the spread of the harmonics will increase and decrease. The higher harmonics tend to be _____ in amplitude than the fundamental itself. What does this results in?

hint - Think about the frequency domain display and how it looks.

Back 22

weaker

a harmonic spectral slope, with the fundamental being the strongest element, and then the increasing harmonics becoming progressively weaker.

Front 23

LARYNGEAL SOURCE SPECTRUM GRAPH, another name and its major point
Where is most energy in voiced speech?

Back 23

or frequency domain, displays energy of harmonics fall with frequency at a rate of x dB/octave
- lower frequencies

Front 24

LARYNGEAL SOURCE SPECTRUM GRAPH - x and y axis?

Back 24

x axis is pitch/frequency
y axis is dB or energy/amplitude

Front 25

Features of the Vocal Tract Filter 3

Back 25

-not just attenuation/weakening or removal
-It resonates or echoes sound, it can increase the amplitude of some frequencies even as it weakens the amplitude of others (constructive interference)

-The sound that leaves the vocal tract has been substantially changed from what it was when it entered.

removal/attenuation, echo/resonates

Front 26

What is a formant?

Back 26

A formant is a resonant peak in the vocal tract transfer function.

Front 27

Tube Acoustics
Max Resonance rule

Back 27

The best resonance you will get will be for sounds that have a wavelength that is 4 times that of the tube

Front 28

A ____ tube produces a high, short wavelength
A _____ tube produces a low, long wavelength.

Example?

Back 28

short, long

Child has a short vocal tract than an adult.

Front 29

Why isn't Modeling the human vocal tract not straightforward?

Back 29

The vocal tract is not a uniform tube; the diameter will vary along its length, and thus the cross-sectional area varies. Because of this, resonance frequencies also differ,it is more complicated than studying a uniform tube. The specific features that change depend upon where the constrictions are, and also whether they are relatively mild or severe constrictions. When the diameter of the tube suddenly increases, some of the sound will actually be bounced back to where it came from, and another part will go on through. This will alter the way the sound behaves. It will change the blend of frequencies and the strength of the different components as they make their way through the tube.

Front 30

how different sounds are created, because their acoustic features differ?
And another way to phrase it?

Back 30

by change the size and shape of the vocal tract at various points along its length by moving your articulators

In other words,
Some frequencies are boosted and others are attenuated (weakened).

Front 31

The vocal tract output differs from the input is the ?

Back 31

This is called the Vocal Tract Transfer Function, or the way the sound has changed from larynx to lips

Front 32

The Vocal Tract Transfer Function refers to the change in sound between entering the vocal tract and leaving the vocal tract, or?

Back 32

the output minus the input

Front 33

The Vocal tract transfer function is a variable filter; it is changing all the time as we move our articulators. What determines the transfer function?

Back 33

The resonating cavities determine the transfer function.

Front 34

What does a formant signify?

Back 34

This means that some frequencies in a given range are amplified to boost their prominence in the spectrum.

Front 35

There are many formants for each sound. Which formants would an SLP be interested in for a given sound?

Back 35

the first 2-3

Front 36

The _____ is not a sound source; rather it reflects the way the vocal tract is shaping the sound coming from the larynx.

Back 36

formant

Front 37

Formants result from the activity of the vocal tract filter; they are not a feature of the _____ source of the larynx.

This means what?

Back 37

sound

-even if you are phonating or whispering, you will still have formants created due to the shaping of the cavities by moving the articulators

Front 38

SOURCE & FILTER (IN THEORY), describe

Back 38

In theory, the glottal source and the vocal tract filter are independent from each other.

Front 39

SOURCE & FILTER (IN THEORY), Example:

you can change the fundamental frequency by raising or lowering your ___, causing the harmonics to change, while maintaining the same posture of the _____. You can pronounce a given vowel at high or low pitch, or adjust loudness, all while the ____ configuration remains constant. You can make these changes to the sound while keeping your _____ in the same place.

Back 39

pitch, articulators, tract, articulators

Front 40

SOURCE-TRACT INTERACTIONS, describe

Back 40

Although the source and vocal tract can act independently from each other, they can also interact.

Front 41

SOURCE-TRACT INTERACTIONS,
If you target your treatment toward one part of the speech mechanism, will you see effects in other parts of the system that you did not directly treat?

Back 41

Yes, there are spill over effects

Front 42

SOURCE-TRACT INTERACTIONS,
spill over effects (3) examples

Back 42

-Loudness can be considered the “global” treatment variable, because it affects the whole treatment production mechanism
-So we treated the voice by injection to the larynx and got improved outcomes in articulatory behavior. Just another example of how the source and the filter influence each other.-
So even though the tongue was never a target of therapy, we still have a spillover effect on it because of the massage treatment of the larynx.

Front 43

working on the _____ _____ can yield benefits in the vocal tract filter behavior because?

Back 43

sound source

-neural and biomechanical linkage between them

Front 44

The vocal tract transfer function

1. cannot change because it is based on your individual anatomy
2. is what the resonating cavities do to the sound that comes from the larynx
3. is determined by the pitch you choose to speak at
4. does nothing to the sound that leaves the larynx
5. is identical for all vowels

Back 44

2. is what the resonating cavities do to the sound that comes from the larynx

Front 45

As you change the position of your articulators during speech

1. you are mostly changing a filter characteristic
2. you are mostly changing a source characteristic
3. you are changing both source and filter in a locked fashion
4. you are changing neither source nor filter characteristics
5. none of the above

Back 45

1. you are mostly changing a filter characteristic