Comd 461 - Exam #1, Study Guide

Front 1

IPA - International Phonetic Alphabet

Back 1

~ With out the IPA, it would be impossible to capture, on paper, accurate representation of impaired speech patterns for individuals seeking help.

Front 2

5 Branches of Phonology

Back 2

~ Historical,
~ Physiological,
~ Acoustic,
~ Perceptual,
~ Clinical
~ (and Experimental, in book, but not in lecture.)

Front 3

5 Branches of Phonology - Historical Phonology

Back 3

How speech sounds change over time.

Front 4

5 Branches of Phonology - Psychological Phonology

Back 4

AKA - Articulatory Phonetics,
~ How speech sounds are made physically with the body.

Front 5

5 Branches of Phonology - Acoustic Phonology

Back 5

Acoustic properties of speech sounds. (Frequency, Amplitude, Speech in the Air.)

Front 6

5 Branches of Phonology - Perceptual Phonology

Back 6

~ How the human ear perceives, speech sounds.
~ Discrimination of sounds, amount of sound energy, Loudness, Pitch, Length and Quality.

Front 7

5 Branches of Phonology - Clinical Phonology

Back 7

How phonetics apply to speech sound problems.

Front 8

General American English

Back 8

Speech patterns for most of the Western United States. Used when a region does not have regional pronunciation.

Front 9

Grapheme

Back 9

Printed Alphabet letters

Front 10

Morpheme

Back 10

Smallest unit of language capable of carrying meaning.

Front 11

Bound Morpheme

Back 11

Morphemes, when alone hold no meaning.
Prefixes, and Suffixes.

Front 12

Free Morpheme

Back 12

Morphemes that can stand a lone and carry meaning.

Front 13

Phoneme

Back 13

A speech sound capable of differentiating morphemes. One specific speech sound difference. /paet/

Front 14

Allophone

Back 14

Varian productions of a Phoneme

Front 15

Minimal Contrast/Pair

Back 15

Two Words that differ by on speech sound /paet/, /baet/

Front 16

Allophonic/Narrow Transcription

Back 16

Use of [ ] brackets
Use of diacritics to indicate variations in sounds.
Exact sound transcriptions

Front 17

Phonemic/Broad Transcription

Back 17

Use of / / Slashes
Does not transcribe allophone variations
No indication on where sounds originate.

Front 18

Diacritic Marks

Back 18

Indicate allphonic variations

Front 19

Brackets

Back 19

[ ]
Used with Narrow transcription

Front 20

Slashes

Back 20

/ /
Used with Broad transcription

Front 21

3 Systems of the Speech Mechanism

Back 21

Respiratory System,
Laryngeal System,
Articulation/Supra-laryngeal System

Front 22

Respiratory System

Back 22

Lung Area -
Lungs and the Trachea
Provide airflow Modifies through larynx and articulation systems for speech

Front 23

Laryngeal System

Back 23

Larynx -
Primarily cartilages
Thyroid, Arytenoid, Cricoid.

Front 24

Articulation System

Back 24

Head (everything above the Larynx) -
Articulators, Lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, Palates, tongue

Front 25

Lungs

Back 25

Contains air flow, for respiration, and speech purposes.

Front 26

Diaphragm

Back 26

Muscles that separate the abdominal cavity from the thoracic cavity.
As the Diaphragm lowers, the rib cage expands it creates more room for the inflating lungs.

Front 27

Trachea

Back 27

Wind pipe -
connects to the lungs with the larynx.

Front 28

Larnyx

Back 28

Cartilage and muscular structures that house that vocal folds.
Responsible for Phonation

Front 29

Thyroid Cartilage

Back 29

Anterior Cartilage of the Larynx, where the Vocal folds attach.
The Notch on the T.C. is the Adams Apple.

Front 30

Cricoid Cartilage

Back 30

Posterior Cartilage of the larynx shaped like a signet ring.

Front 31

Arytenoid Cartilage

Back 31

Paired cartilages of the larynx that attaches to the superior portion of the Cricoid.

Front 32

Vocal Folds

Back 32

Elastic Folds of tissue. Primarily composed of muscle.

Front 33

Glottis

Back 33

The Opening between the Vocal folds

Front 34

Oral Cavity

Back 34

Mouth

Front 35

Nasal Cavity

Back 35

Nose

Front 36

Soft Palate

Back 36

Muscles located posterior to the hard palate.
AKA the Velum

Front 37

Lips

Back 37

Articulator - Labial sounds
Labial: Made with the lips
Bi-labial: Made with both lips

Front 38

Teeth

Back 38

~ Dental Sounds
~ Articulator

Front 39

Alveolar Ridge

Back 39

~ Alveolar sounds
~ Bony part, right behind the teeth (top portion).
~ More sounds are made here, then anywhere else

Front 40

Hard Palate

Back 40

~ Palatal Sounds
~ Separates oral and nasal cavities

Front 41

Tongue

Back 41

~ Lingual Sounds
~ Important for Consonant production

Front 42

Jaw

Back 42

Helps the tongue move into position
Low jaw /a/
High jaw /g/

Front 43

Pharyngeal Wall

Back 43

Back of the throat.

Front 44

Velopharyngeal Port

Back 44

The back of the throat, which constricts around the velum to predict air from flowing to the Nasal Cavity.

Front 45

Vocal Fold Vibrations

Back 45

~ Quickness of vibrations determines pitch
~

Front 46

Fundamental Frequency

Back 46

~ The basic rate of vibration of the vocal folds
~ Men @ 125 times a second,
~ Women @ 215 times a second

Front 47

Adducted

Back 47

~ Closed
~ Movement of vocal folds toward the mid line position.

Front 48

Abducted

Back 48

~ Open
~ Movement of vocal folds away from the mid line position.

Front 49

Importance of the Velopharyngeal Port Closure

Back 49

~ Allows the separation of air flow for sound production.
~ Where the Velum and Pharyngeal meet to close off air flow toward the nasal cavity.

Front 50

Monophthongs

Back 50

~ A vowel phoneme Consisting of one distinct articulatory element

Front 51

Diphthongs

Back 51

~ One phoneme consisting of two vowel elements.

Front 52

Retroflexed

Back 52

~ Tongue tip is raised and curled back toward the alveolar ridge to create on sound, as the back of the tongue creates a second.

Front 53

Rhotacized

Back 53

~ The production of a phoneme with an /r/. The 'er' sound.