Comd 4380 Ch.1 Key Terms

Front 1

American Sign Language (ASL)

Back 1

A complete language, related hisorically to French. this is this manual language used by the deaf community in the United States.

Front 2

Aphasia

Back 2

loss or impairment of lang. ability because of brain damage. Aphasic syndromes vary, depending on teh site of the damage.

Front 3

Arcuate Fasciculus

Back 3

A band of subcoritcal fibers connecting Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the left hemisphere of the human brain.

Front 4

Autism

Back 4

a severe childhood disorder, probably neurological in origin, characterized by sterortypic behavior, and a broad range of social, communicative, and rules for intellectual deficiencies.

Front 5

Bound Morpheme

Back 5

a morpheme that occurs only bound to other morphemes, it cannot stand alone (ex: this s in cats)

Front 6

Broca's area

Back 6

the area of the left hemisphere in the frontal region of the brain. damage to this area results in aphasia characterized by difficulty in producing speech.

Front 7

CHAT

Back 7

codes of the human analysis of transcripts. CHAT is the part of CHILDES that contains rules for how to prepare transcripts of lang. that can be analyzed by computer programs.

Front 8

Child-directed Speech (CDS)

Back 8

the special speech register used when talking to children, including short sentences, greater repetition and questioning, and higher and more variable intonation that that of speech addressed to adults.

Front 9

CHILDES

Back 9

child language data exchange system. a major resource for lang development researchers, contains rules for transcription, computer programs for analyzing lang, and a data base of lang transcripts.

Front 10

CLAN

Back 10

acronym for the computerized child lang analysis programs that are a part of the CHILDES system.

Front 11

communicative competence

Back 11

linguistic competence plus knowledge of the social rules for languge use. the speaker has phonological, morphological, syntactic, and semantic knowledge and the additional knowledge necessary to use language appropriately in social situations.

Front 12

comprehension

Back 12

the understanding of language. it typically precedes production, and is governed by a different set of constraints.

Front 13

conduction aphasia

Back 13

an aphasic syndrome characterized by inability to repeat, typically resulting form damage to the arcuate fasiculus.

Front 14

decontextualized language

Back 14

lang. that makes reference to people, events, and experiences taht are not part of the immediate context.

Front 15

derivational morpheme

Back 15

a morpheme that can be used to derive a new word

Front 16

Down syndrome

Back 16

a congenital condition, usually cause by trisomy of the 21st chromosome, often characterized by short stature, typical epicanthic eyefolds, and mental retardation of varying degrees.

Front 17

dyslexia

Back 17

any one of a number of conditions that lead to a specific impairment in learning to read, typically linguistic processing problems, rather than difficulties with perception.

Front 18

free morpheme

Back 18

a morpheme that can stand alone (ex: cat)

Front 19

innate

Back 19

present at birth, part of an organisms essential nature

Front 20

internalized representation

Back 20

the mental, or inner cognitive, image or map of external reality

Front 21

lateralized

Back 21

process whereby one side of the brain becomes specialized for particular functions

Front 22

linguistic competence

Back 22

linguist's term for the inner knowledge one has of language and all of its linguistic rules and structures

Front 23

metalinguistic awareness

Back 23

knowledge about lang. and understanding of what a word is and a consciouness of the sounds of lang. the ability to think abotu lang.

Front 24

morpheme

Back 24

a minimal meaningful unit of lang.

Front 25

morphology

Back 25

the rules that govern the use of morphemes in al nag. for instance, the morphology of english require that plural ending vary according to the last sound of the word stem.

Front 26

neologisms

Back 26

a new made up word ofren no a word in the language as when a Wernicke's aphasic patient refers to an ashtray as a fremser

Front 27

overlaid function

Back 27

said of most speech functions because the organ systems on which they depend have a different primary function, thus articulation of phonemes is overlaid on the tongue an organ with a primary function involving eating.

Front 28

overregularized

Back 28

an irregular form that has been incorrectly made regular

Front 29

phoneme

Back 29

a speech sound that can signal a difference of meaning, two similar speech sounds p and b represent different phonemes in english because there are pairs of words with different meanings that have the same phonectic form, except that one contains b where the other contains p

Front 30

phonology

Back 30

study of the sound system of lang. the sounds of lan uses, as well as the rules for their combination.

Front 31

pragmatics

Back 31

the rules for the use of lang. in social context and in conversation or the study of these rules

Front 32

production

Back 32

the process of speaking

Front 33

semantic development

Back 33

the aquistion of words and their many meanins and the development of that knowledge into a complex heirarchial network of associated meanings

Front 34

semantics

Back 34

the study of the meaning system of language

Front 35

species specific

Back 35

refers to the fact that language as we know it is specific to our species, and not to others

Front 36

species uniform

Back 36

refers to the observation that the major milestones of lang. occur in the same way and at the same general time in all memebers of the species

Front 37

specific language impairment

Back 37

delayed or deviant lang. development in a child who exhibits no cognitive, neurological, or social impairments

Front 38

speech acts

Back 38

utterances used by speaers in order to accomplish things in the world

Front 39

syntax

Back 39

rules by which sentences are made, such forms as passives, declaratives, interrogatives, imperatives

Front 40

telegraphic

Back 40

speech that consists of content words without functors much like a telegram

Front 41

Wenicke's area

Back 41

speech area in the posterior region of the left hemisphere.