Comd 4380 Ch. 3 Voc From Book

Front 1

articulatory phonetics

Back 1

the study of the types of sound waves produced by different shapes of the vocal tract when making speech sounds.

Front 2

affricate

Back 2

sounds that are a comvination of a stop and fricative, such as the voiced sound at the beginning of judge or the unvoiced sound at the beginning of church

Front 3

allomorph

Back 3

any one of the possible phonetic forms of a morpheme; for example, the English possessive ending, spelled s, has thress allomorphs: /s/, /z/, and /upside down ez/.

Front 4

alveolar

Back 4

refers to any consonant made with the tongue near or touching the alveolar ridge, behind the upper fron teeth. english include: /t/ /d/ /n/ /s/ /z/

Front 5

assimilation

Back 5

changing a sound in a word to m ake it more similar to an adjacent or nearby sound in that word or a neighboring word; e.g. it leads us to pronounce "greenbeans" as "greembeans"

Front 6

avoidance

Back 6

a strategy employed by some children as they acquire the phonology of their language: they may avoid some sounds or sound sequences, while exploiting others

Front 7

bilabial

Back 7

a sound, such as /p/ or /m/, in which the place of articulation includes both lips.

Front 8

canonical form

Back 8

a sequence of phonological features expressing the properties that a group of highly similar words have in common.

Front 9

categorical discrimination

Back 9

two sounds with the same magnitude of acoustic difference are heard as different sounds if they fall into diff phonemic categories, but they are heard as the same sound if they are from the same phonoemic category.

Front 10

consonant

Back 10

any speech sound made by constricting the vocal tract enough to impede air flow through the mouth. these include the stops, affricates, fricatives, nasal stops, and liquids. glides (semi-vowels) are sometimes grouped with consonants.

Front 11

contrast

Back 11

a principle employed by children in word learning: they assume that words contrast in meaning; no two words have the same meaning

Front 12

diphthongized

Back 12

said of vowels that change as they are produced, usually finishing with a glide

Front 13

dummy syllable

Back 13

a place holder, or empty phonological form. some children learning lang use a dummy syllable in placeof all unstressed initial syllables

Front 14

exploitation

Back 14

a strategy employed by a child acquiring phonology that involves frequent use of sounds or sound sequences that the echild likes or finds easy to make

Front 15

faithful

Back 15

one of the constraints or strategies, employed by children acquiring phonology: Be as faithful to the adult model as possible. Other constraints might prevent the child from producing the exact adult form, but the pressure to be faithful will increase the similarity.

Front 16

free variation

Back 16

allophones that can appear in the same environment without changes in meaning. for instance, /t/ can be released, unreleased, aspirated, or unaspirated when one says, "hat"

Front 17

fricative

Back 17

a speech sound produced partly or wholly by airstream friction, such as /s/ or /v/

Front 18

glide

Back 18

a speech sound made with slightly more vocal tract constriciton than a vowel and having shorter duration that a vowel. the sounds /j/ and /w/. they are also referred to as semi-vowela

Front 19

glottal

Back 19

pertaining to the glottis

Front 20

glottis

Back 20

the opening at the upper part of the laryns, between the vocal folds

Front 21

high amplitude sucking (HAS)

Back 21

a technique used to study infant perceptual abilities. Typically involves recording an infants sucking rate as a measure of her attention to various stimuli

Front 22

interdental

Back 22

speech sound made by placing the tongue between the teeth: the initial sounds of "this" or "thing" in English

Front 23

intonation contour

Back 23

the pattern of rhythmic stress and pitch across an utterance. In english, a falling pitch at the end of an utterance typically indicates a statement, whereas a final rising pitch usually marks an interrogative.

Front 24

jargon

Back 24

in normal adults, this refers to a specialized vocabulary associated with the workplace or particular activities; in infants, this is a form of babbling with conversational intonation; in patients with aphasia nonsense words are this.

Front 25

labial

Back 25

any speech sound made by bringing the lips close together or making them touch one another. english ones are /p/ /b/ /m/

Front 26

labiodental

Back 26

any speech sound made by bringing the lower lip close to or in contact with the upper teeth. the english ones are the fricatives /f/ and /v/

Front 27

liquid

Back 27

a consonantal speech sound made with less oral constriction than a fricative but more constriction than a glide. the english ones are /l/ and /r/

Front 28

minimal pair

Back 28

a pair of words that differ in meaning and whose sounds are the same except for one phonetic segment. for example, "ram/ran" form this differening only in the final consonant; "ram/rim" form this differing only with respect to the vowel

Front 29

monophthong

Back 29

vowel sounds that do not change into glides as they are pronounced. in english, the vowel in hot is this, whereas the vowel in hate is diphtonigized

Front 30

morpheme

Back 30

a minimal meaningful unit of language.

Front 31

morphophonology

Back 31

the rules governing sound changes that accompany the combination of morphemes in a language

Front 32

nasal stop

Back 32

a speech sound made with the velum lowered so that air can escape through the nose. english ones include /m/ /n/ /n/, the sound at the end of sing

Front 33

nonreflexive vocalizations

Back 33

describing a process that has some voluntary component. relfexive crying in infants soon develops into nonreflexive crying

Front 34

obstruent

Back 34

any speech sound that constricts the vocal tract enough to cause airstream friction or that closes it off entirely. this of a lang consist of the stops, affricates, and fricatives

Front 35

Optimality theory

Back 35

a phonological theory that outlines constraints on pronounceable sounds and sound sequences. It lists typical constraints that speakers prefer not to violate, such as, "every syllable should begin with one consonant followed by a vowel"

Front 36

palatal

Back 36

a speech sound made on the hard palate. in elglish, the initial sound of shirt is one.

Front 37

phoneme

Back 37

a speech sound that can signal a defference of meaning; two similar speech sounds p and b represent different phonemes in english because there are pairs of words with different menings that have the same phonetic form, except that one contains b where the other contains p: e.g., pet and bet.

Front 38

phonotactic constraint

Back 38

the permissible sequences of sounds in a language

Front 39

place of articulation

Back 39

the point or points in the vocal tract where the upper and lower articulators come closest together in the production of a particular phone

Front 40

productive

Back 40

the process of speaking

Front 41

progressive phonological idiom

Back 41

a word in a childs vocabulary that is pronounced more accurately than most other words of the same general adult target form. Idioms are an exception to the childs current set of rules, and are progressive in the sense that they anticipate the ability the child will soon have

Front 42

protoword

Back 42

a sequence of sounds (used by a child) that has a relatively consistent meaning but is not necessarily based on any adult word. the terms phonetically consistent form and vocable are also used for this general notion

Front 43

reduplicated babble

Back 43

babbling in which consonant-vowel combinations are repeated, such as "bababa" also called repetitive babbling

Front 44

reflexive vocalizations

Back 44

a sound made involuntarily, such as a vegetative sound, a burp, cough, newborn cry, and so on.

Front 45

regresstion

Back 45

a change backward from behavior that is more adultlike to behavior that is a poorer approximation of the adult model and representative of earlier stages of development

Front 46

self-organizing system

Back 46

a model of children's early phonological development that relies on the child's own cognitive system and the presence of internal feedback mechanisms

Front 47

stop

Back 47

a speech sound characterized by the total interruption of sound coming from the mouth, such as in the phonemes /t/ and /b/ in english

Front 48

sociolinguistics

Back 48

an approach to the study of language variation and adaptationthat considers the ways social constructs (class, gender, role, status, etc.) impact upon language and that makes use of observation of natural conversations

Front 49

stress, stress pattern

Back 49

greater prominence on one or more syllables in a word; this may be due either to greater actual loudness, a marked change (usuallly a rise) in pitch, or greater length of the syllable.

Front 50

stem allomorphy

Back 50

a change in the sound (regardless of the spelling) of the stem of a word when an affix is added. For example, the /d/ at the end of allude becomes /z/ when -ion is added.

Front 51

suprasegmental

Back 51

parts of the phonological system that extend beyond individual sounds; examples are stress and intonation patterns.

Front 52

variegated babble

Back 52

babbling that includes a variety of sounds, such as "babideeboo"

Front 53

velar

Back 53

any speech sound produced by having the back of the tongue touch or come near the underside of the velum, or soft palate. the english ones are /k/ /g/ /n/ (ing)

Front 54

velum

Back 54

also caled the soft plate; the soft extension of the hard palate. the velum plays two major roles as a articulator: first, it can be raised to close off the passage from the pharynx into the nasal cavity and lowered to open this passage. second, the back of the tongue rises to touch the velum in the production of the velar stops.

Front 55

vocal fold

Back 55

often referred to as vocal cords, that portion of the larynx that vibrates and produces the osund that is the basis of the human voice

Front 56

vocal motor scheme

Back 56

a scheme or program of motor activity that underlies a canonical form. the scheme is a tightly linked sequence of articulatory gestures (including timing of jaw and tongue movements, velum position changes, and vocal cord vibration). The gestures of a vocal motor scheme are not completely specified; instead, certain details-for ex. one position or manner of articlation-can be varied as te child tries to make the output resemble a particular adult target word.

Front 57

voicing

Back 57

said of a speech sound (stop, fricative, etc) produced with vocal cord vibration: e.g. /a/ /z/. In the case of english, this term is usually also extended to the stops /b/ /d/ /g/

Front 58

voice onset time (VOT)

Back 58

a measure that describes the point during the production of a speech sound at which vocal cord vibration, or voicing, begins

Front 59

vowel

Back 59

a speech sound made with a relatively unobstructed flow of air. Semivowels have some restriction but the air is not stopped and there are no friction sounds --/w/ or /y/