Comd 4250 Slides Test 1

Front 1

5 divisions in vertebral column:

Back 1

1. cervical
2. thorax
3.lumbar
4.sacral
5.coccygeal

Front 2

__-the structure or form of the body

Back 2

anatomy

Front 3

__-the functioning of the body

Back 3

-physiology

Front 4

__-a slice that inserts into the mid-saggital suture, which joins the R and L parietal bones of the calvaria
--it divides the body into equal-sized R and L parts

Back 4

Sagittal or Median plane

Front 5

__-perpendicular to the median plane, and runs through the coronal suture of the skull
--divides the body into front and back halves, but can be defined at any point along te anterior-posterior axis of the body

Back 5

-Coronal plane

Front 6

__-divides the body into upper and lower parts
--can be taken at any point along the inferior-superior axis of the body

Back 6

-Horizontal or transverse plane

Front 7

Components of the pelvic girdle: (4)

Back 7

1-sacrum
2-ilium
3-ischium
4-pubis

Front 8

components of the pectoral girdle: (2)

Back 8

1-clavicle
2-scapula

Front 9

__-strong, but capable of a degree of movementp; protection to the heart and lungs, elasticity (costal cartiliage)

Back 9

-ribs

Front 10

4 components of ribs ?

3 general classes of ribs /

Back 10

-head, neck, shaft, and angle

-true ribs (1-7)
-false ribs (8-10)
-floating ribs (11 and 12)

Front 11

Components of sternum: (3)

Back 11

1-Manubrium Sterni
2-Corpus (body)
3-Xypoid process

Front 12

__-Lungs; in the superior aspect by the first rib and clavicle and in the inferior by the twelth rib

Back 12

-thorax

Front 13

__-flat, blade-like bone located at the center of the chest
--serves as the anterior site of articulation for the ribs via cartilaginous connections.

Back 13

-sternum

Front 14

__- clavicle, 1st rib

__-juncture of the manubrium and corpus, 2nd rib

Back 14

-manubrium

-manubrosternal angle

Front 15

___-extremities attached to vertebral column by means of __&___

Back 15

-pelvic girdle (lower) and pectoral girdle (upper)

Front 16

__-a strong structure for attaching the legs to the vertebral column

Back 16

-pelvic girdle

Front 17

__-has its only skeletal attachment via the clavicle, which in turn has its only skeletal attachment at the sternum

Back 17

-scapula

Front 18

__-attached to the superior sternum, running laterally to join with the wing-like scapula

Back 18

-clavicle

Front 19

the rib cage is composed of __ ribs. (7 __, 3 __, and 2 __)

Back 19

-12
-true
-false
-floating

Front 20

the ___ of the ribs to the sternum permits the ribs to rotate slightly during respiration, allowing the rib cage to elevate.

Back 20

-cartilaginous attachment

Front 21

The bony support structure of the respiratory system is composed of the __ & __.

Back 21

-ribs and vertebral column

Front 22

__-the exchange of gas between an organism and its enviorment

__-the regulation of breathing for voice and speech production

Back 22

-respiration

-speech breathing

Front 23

Boyles Law: (formula)

Back 23

P=F/A

Front 24

___ provides the basis for the respiratory framework, because they form the posterior point of attachment for the ribs of the bony thorax.

__-points of attachment for the ribs

Back 24

- T1 - T12

-Superior/inferior

Front 25

__-five sacral vertebrae

__-composed of the fused coccygeal vertebrae

Back 25

-sacrum

-coccyx

Front 26

__-quite large in comparison to those of the thoracic and cervical region; lifting and ambulation

--transverse and spinous processes; smaller, while corpus is much larger than in thoracic and cervical verterbrae

Back 26

-lumbar vertebrae

Front 27

3 kinds of muscles: list

Back 27

-heart or cardiac
-smooth or involuntary
-striated or voluntary or skeletal

Front 28

basic and standard package of muscles:__,__,__

Back 28

-belly, epimysium, tendon

Front 29

:tension greater than load, muscle shortens

:tension equal to load, length remains unchanged

:tension less than load, muscle lengthens

Back 29

-concentric
-isometric
-eccentric

Front 30

:a muscle that contracts to achieve a given movement

Back 30

-agonist

Front 31

:a muscle that opposes contraction of another muscle ex. shoulder movement

Back 31

-antagonist

Front 32

__-expand as a result of enlargement of the structure surrounding them.
--contract the diaphragm to enlarge the vertical dimension
--elevate the rib cage to enlarge the transverse dimension

Back 32

-lungs

Front 33

Muscles of inspiration
:primary- __-seperates the abdominal and thoracic cavities
-central tendon

Accessory:

Back 33

-diaphragm

-external intercostal, interchondral portion

-levatores costarum, serratus posterior superior

Front 34

Primary muscles of inspiration:__
-separates the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
-central tendon: thin but strong aponeurosis

Back 34

-Diaphragm

Front 35

Accessory muscles of inspiration:

Back 35

-External intercostal, interchondral portion
-Levatores costarum (Brevis and Longis), serratus posterior superior
-sternocleidomastoid
-Scalenes (anterior/middle, posterior)

Front 36

The diaphragm contracts to expand the ___ for __

Back 36

-thorax, inspiration

Front 37

Located on the back close to head.__

Back 37

-tubercle

Front 38

From head to tubercule is called ___

Back 38

nape of neck.

Front 39

Accessory Muscles affecting the Pectoral girdla: (4)

Back 39

-Trapezius
-Pectoralis major
-Pectoralis minor
-Serratus anterior

Front 40

When subclavius contracts the arm ___

Back 40

moves forward

Front 41

__has some attachment to bone of scapula

Back 41

Levator scapulae

Front 42

Primary muscle of expiration is __-

Back 42

Internal intercostals

Front 43

Accessory muscles of expiration __ & __

Back 43

-Transversus thoracis
-Serratus Posterior Inferior

Front 44

Muscles of expiration (forced)
Thoracic (anterior/lateral)

Back 44

-Internal intercostals
-transversus Thoracis

Front 45

Muscles of expiration (forced)
Thoracic (posterior)

Back 45

-Serratus Posterior Inferior

Front 46

Muscles of expiration (forced)
Abdominal (anterolateral)
(4)

Back 46

-Transversus abdonminis
-Internal Oblique abdominis
-External oblique abdominis
-Rectus abdominis

Front 47

Muscles of expiration (forced)
Abdominal (posterior)

Back 47

-Quadratus Lumbarum

Front 48

Muscles of expiration (forced)
Upper Limb

Back 48

Latissimus Dorsi

Front 49

the only posterior muscle of expiration is ____

Back 49

serratus posterior inferior

Front 50

Abdominal Muscles

__-runs from xipoid process to pubic synphysis

Back 50

Linea alba

Front 51

Abdominal muscles
__-midline structure for muscular attachment

Back 51

Linea alba

Front 52

__-a band running from the pubic tubercle to the anterior superior iliac spine.

Back 52

Inguinal ligament

Front 53

only posterior abdominal muscle of expiration. runs superiorally & medially.

Back 53

-Quadratus Lumborum

Front 54

___-the largest muscle in the shoulder

Back 54

trapezius

Front 55

the function of this muscle is the movement of the upper extremity, chest stability, (perhaps) expiration

Back 55

Latissimus Dorsi

Front 56

Expiration may be passive driven by the forces of ___,___, and ___.

Back 56

-torque, elasticity, and gravity.

Front 57

__-twisting of rib--chondral portion.

Back 57

torque

Front 58

__-spongy-like, highly elastic, porous tissue of lungs

Back 58

elasticity

Front 59

___-pull ribs back after expansion

Back 59

Gravity

Front 60

used for measurment of respiration: __&___

Back 60

spirometer and monometer

Front 61

Gas exchange: __->___->___->__

Back 61

-Ventilation --> distribution--> perfusion--> diffusion

Front 62

Respiration cycle:
adult-
newborn-
during early development, the lungs ____

Back 62

-12 to 18 cycles per min
-40 to 70 cycles per min
-completely fill the thorax

Front 63

__-an estimate of the amount of air each compartment can hold.

Back 63

volume

Front 64

volume of air exchanged in one cycle of respiration

Back 64

tidal volume (TV)

Front 65

volume of air that can be inhaled after a tidal inspiration

Back 65

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

Front 66

volume of air that can e expired following tidal expiration (=resting lung volume)

Back 66

Expiratory Reserve volume (ERV)

Front 67

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation

Back 67

Residual volume (RV)

Front 68

Volume of air that cannot be involved in gas exchange

Back 68

Dead Air

Front 69

__-functional unit of volumes (ml, cc)

Back 69

capacity

Front 70

volume of air that can be inhaled following a maximal exhalation

Back 70

Vital Capacity (VC)

Front 71

volume of air in the body at the end of passive exhalation

Back 71

Functional residual capacity (FRC)

Front 72

sum of inspiratory reserve volume

Back 72

total lung capacity (TLC)

Front 73

Maximum inspiratory volume possible after tidal expiration

Back 73

Inspiratory capacity IC

Front 74

VC =

Back 74

IRV + ERV +TV

Front 75

FRC=

Back 75

ERV + RV

Front 76

TLC=

Back 76

TV + IRV + ERV + RV

Front 77

IC=

Back 77

TV + IRV

Front 78

Structure of the larynx:

Back 78

cartilages & epiglottis

Front 79

Muscles of the larynx:

Back 79

Intrinsic muscles
Extrinsic muscles

Front 80

___-a funnel-shaped arrangement of cartilage, connective tissue, and muscle
-slightly wider above than below

Back 80

-Larynx

Front 81

the larynx is __to the spine and esophagus, __ to the pharyns, and sits on top of the ___, forming a valve whose maine function is to ____.

Back 81

-ventral
-caudal
-trachea
-protect the lower airway

Front 82

Comprised of ___ and ___ bound by ligaments and lined with mucous membrane.

Back 82

3 unpaired and 3 paired cartilages

Front 83

__-inferior most structure of larynx & rests on top of the trachea

Back 83

Cricoid Cartilage

Front 84

the largest, unpaired.
contains angle and notch.

Back 84

thyroid cartilage

Front 85

__-superior most part of thyroid angle

Back 85

thyroid notch

Front 86

superior cornua articulates with ___

Back 86

hyoid cartilage

Front 87

inferior cornua articulates with ___

Back 87

cricoid cartilage

Front 88

-Paired, b/w cricoid and thyroid
-superior posterolateral surface of the cricoid cartilage

Back 88

Arytenoid cartilage

Front 89

__-toward thyroid notch, VF

Back 89

vocal process

Front 90

the point of attachment for muscles that adduct and abduct the VF

Back 90

muscular process

Front 91

-ride on arytenoid, landmark of aryepiglottic folds

Back 91

-Corniculate cartilage

Front 92

-embessed within the aryepiglottic folds
-above and anterior to the corniculate cartilages

Back 92

-Cuneiform cartilage

Front 93

-unpaired, arise from the inner surface of TC, Median glosso-epiglottic fold, lateral glosso-epiglottic ligaments (velleculae)

Back 93

epiglottis

Front 94

-U shaped-union b/w the tongue and the laryngeal structure
-articulating with the superior cornu of the thyroid C.
___:lateral surface of the corpus
___:at the junction of the corpus and greater cornu

Back 94

-Hyoid bone
-greater cornu
-lesser cornu

Front 95

__-b/w the tongue and epiglottis. ppl w/ swallowing problems have problems with this.
-space above vocal folds is called___

Back 95

-vellculae
-vestibule

Front 96

The front end of both vocal folds are anchored to the font-middle ____.
The back ends of both vocal folds are anchored to the ____.

Back 96

-anterior commisure
-arytenoid cartilages

Front 97

__-entry to the larynx from the pharynx above

Back 97

-Aditus laryngis (aditus)

Front 98

__-epiglottis & aryepiglottic folds
__-cuneiform C & corniculate C

Back 98

-Boundary

-Prominences

Front 99

__-space b/w the aditus and ventricular folds (false VF)

Back 99

Vestibule

Front 100

__-middle space of the larynx lies b/w the margins of the FVF and the TVF below.

Back 100

laryngeal ventricle (laryngeal sinus)

Front 101

__-the space b/w the VF, variable sphincter that permits voicing.

Back 101

glottis

Front 102

-the junction of the cricoid cartilage and inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage
-permitting the cricoid and thyroid to rotate and glide relative to each other
-vocal pitch

Back 102

Cricothyroid joint

Front 103

-the articulation formed b/w the cricoid and arytenoid C.
-making vocal processes toward each other (permitting the vocal folds to approximate)
-vocal fold approximation and abduction

Back 103

Cricoarytenoid joint

Front 104

__- O & I on laryngeal cartilage
-making adjustments of the vocal mechanism itself

Back 104

Intrinsic muscles

Front 105

__-one on a laryngeal C., and the other on a nonlaryngeal C.
-major adjustments of the larynx
-appendix D
-helps move larynx as one structure

Back 105

Extrinsic muscles

Front 106

-cricoid (O)-the muscular process of the arytenoid (I)
-the muscular process will be drawn forward (arytenoid inward and down)

Back 106

Lateral cricoarytenoid

Front 107

Functions
:involved in vocal folds mechanism ex. abductors & adductors

:involved in articulation for swallowing

Back 107

-Intrinsic

-Extrinsic

Front 108

__-unpaired band of fibers running from the lateral margin of the posterior surface of one arytenoid to the corresponding surface of the other arytenoid.
-pulling the two arytenoids closer together

Back 108

Transverse Arytenoid M.

Front 109

__-the degree of force that may be applied by VF at their point of contract.

Back 109

Medical Compression

Front 110

-immediately superficial to the transverse arytenoid M.
-paired /similar function with TAM
-__-posterior base of the muscular processes (O), apex of the opposite arytenoid (I)

Back 110

-Oblique arytenoid M.

-X arrangement

Front 111

-sole abductor of the VF
-Posterior cricoid lamina (O), posterior aspect of the muscular process of the arytenoid C. (I)
-pulling the muscular process posteriorly, rocking the arytenoid C out; abducting the VF

Back 111

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle

Front 112

-rocking the tyroid C forward relative to the cricoid C.
-__-medial-most
-__-lateral to recta
-superior course, rocking the thyroid cartilage forward, then stretching VF

Back 112

-Cricothyroid M.
-pars recta
-pars oblique

Front 113

__-the medial muscle of the VF (vocalis)
-Inner surface of the thyroid C. near the thyroid notch (O), the lateral surface of the arytenoid vocal process (I)
-___-drawing the thyroid and cricoid C. farther apart in front; antagonist of the cricothyroid M.

Back 113

-Thyrovocalis M.

-contraction

Front 114

-muscularsis, external (lateral) thyroarytenoid
-immediately lateral to each ___
Contraction: same with the lateral cricoarytenoid, ___ and _____

Back 114

-thyromuscularis
-thyrovocalis
-adduction and lengthening of VF

Front 115

Intrinsic Adductors:

Back 115

-Lateral cricoarytenoid
-Transverse Arytenoid M.
-Oblique arytenoid M.

Front 116

Intrinsic Layngeal M.-Abductors

Back 116

Posterior cricoarytenoid

Front 117

Intrinsic Layngeal M.-Glottal Tensors

Back 117

-Cricothyroid M.
-Thyrovocalis M.

Front 118

Intrinsic Layngeal M.-Relaxers

Back 118

-Thyromuscularis

Front 119

Muscle:
anterior-drawing hyoid up and forward
posterior-drawing hyoid up and back

Back 119

Digastricus anterior and posterior

Front 120

__-medially down, crossing the path of the posterior digastricus
-elevating and retracting the hyoid bone

Back 120

Stylohyoid

Front 121

-the underside of the mandible(O), corpus hyoid(I)
-fanlike, floor of the oral cvity
-elevating & projecting the hyoid forward

Back 121

Mylohyoid

Front 122

-superior to the mylohyoid
-elevating and drawing the hyoid forward

Back 122

Geniohyoid

Front 123

-forming the majority of tongue
-attachment to hyoid (elevating)

Back 123

-Genioglossus

Front 124

-laterally placed
-greater cornu of hyoid (O)
-side of tongue(I)

Back 124

Hyoglossus

Front 125

-attachment to the cricoid and thyroid: laryngeal elevation
-of inferior constrictor

Back 125

Thyropharyngeus

Front 126

-sternum-hyoid; depressing the hyoid. one end in sternum the other is in hyoid bone

Back 126

Sternohyoid

Front 127

-depressing the thyroid cartilage

Back 127

Sternothyroid

Front 128

-coursing from the oblique ine of the thyroid cartilage to the inferior margin of the greater cornu of the hyoid

Back 128

Thyrohyoid

Front 129

-passes deep to the sternocleidomastoid
-depressing the hyoid bone and larynx

Back 129

Omohyoid

Front 130

Extrinsic Laryngeal M. Depressors (4)

Back 130

-Sternohyoid
-Sternothyroid
-Thyrohyoid
-Omohyoid

Front 131

Extrinsic Laryngeal M. Elevators (7)

Back 131

-Digastricus anterior and posterior
-Stylohyoid
-Mylohyoid
-Geniohyoid
-Genioglossus
-Hyoglossus
-Thyropharyngeus