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243 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The inner ear is where we find the
end organ of hearing
the end organ of hearing is
found in the inner ear, the neural ends/sensors that will initiate the neural activity to hear
What makes the inner ear special?
end organ of hearing, and it is an intricate, smaller part of the anatomy
The three divisions of the inner ear and their responsibilities
Vestibule = balance
Semicircular Canals = balance
Coclhea - hearing
The 3 divisions are
anatomically in close proximity, and share some common features
where are the divisions positioned
cochlea is anterior in the auditory mechanism,
scc are in the posterior quadrant,
vestibuleis in between the two.
Each division (SCC, Vestibule, and Cochlea) has both:
An Osseous Labryinth and a Membranous Labyrinth
The Osseous Labyrinth is
a system of canals and cavities within the dense petrous portion of the temporal bone
A Membranous Labyrinth is
a series of communicating membranous sacs and ducts WITHIN the osseous labyrinth.
The Osseous and Membranous Labyrinth attain full size when?
by the middle of fetal life
The boney tube (outter) and membranous tube (inner) are filled with
different fluids –the inner membranous tube contains endolymph. The space between the inner tube and the outer boney tube is filled with perilymph. That space is called the perilymphatic space.
What is the surface of the bony canal covered with
fibroserous membrane.
What is attached to the fibroserous membrane that covers the surface of the bony canal
perilymphaticepithelium membrane
What does perilymphaticepithelium membrane secrete?
a clear serous fluid called perilymph.
What is the make up of the surface of the osseous labyrinth
bone on the outside, and then the perilymphaticspace filled with perilymph,and then the membranous space, and then the endolymphaticspace filled with endolymphin the very middle.
where is the 8th nerve situated?
behind and a little above the coclea
What is the function of the 8th nerve?
carry info up to the higher auditory pathways.
What is the dark oblong oval section behind the cochlea?
the oval window, the stapes has been pulled off of it for the diagram (refer to diagram of the inner ear)
Where is the oval window?
in the tympanic wall of the vestibule (the round buldge section in teh middle of the inner ear labyrinth).
where is the vestibule?
inbetween the coclea and the semi circular canals
How many semi circular canals are there? and what are their names?
3, superior, posterior, lateral
what do any two canals form?
a right angle
Where does the Lateral SCC open into?
The vestibule on both ends
Describe the openings of the superior and posterior canals
each have an opening of their own on one end. Straight above the vestibule the posterior and superior canals have a common cruz that comes down into the vestibule, and they share that opening.
How many openings are there between the 3 SCC's?
we only have five openingsbecause those two canals share a common cruz on one end.
In diagram where the cochlea has a cut out what are we looking at?
We’re looking at the osseous bony labyrinth in this picture. On the right there’s a cut out cross section where you can see inside to the membranous labyrinth.
What does the Osseous Vestibule form
the central portion of the boney labyrinth
what is the shape of the Osseous Vestibule? and dimensions
Oval in shape
–5 mm ant. –post.
–3 mm deep
What does the lateral wall of the Osseous Vestibule contain?
the oval window
What are the 4 features of the vestibule
1.Pyramid of the Vestibule
2.Vestibular Crest
3.Elliptical Recess
4.Spherical Recess
What does the Vestibular Crest separate?
the Pyramid of the Vestibule on the top from the Elliptical and Spherical Recesses below.
What is the Vestibular Crest compared to the other features of the vestibule?
prominence that projects out towards you, while the recesses below are caved in away from you; they are recesses in the bone. The Pyramid of the Vestibule is also a recess.
When referring to professors diagram of the features of the vestibule what are we looking at?
In this diagram, we’ve sliced off the lateral wall of the vestibule, lifted it up and now we’re looking inside the vestibule at the medial wall. This is the osseous boney vestibule we’re looking at.
Where is the Utricle housed?
the elliptical recess of the membranous labyrinth
Where is the saccule housed?
the spherical recess of teh membranous labyrinth
What do the osseous semicircular canals comprise?
The posterior area of the boney labryrinth
Where do the osseous semiciruclar canals open into?
the vestibule
Each canal is ___ and contains ____
–Is about 2/3 of a circle
–Contains membranous duct which occupies ¼ of the osseous duct
According to the professor's drawing of the SSC what does the shaded section represent
the membrane inside the boney canal
According to the professor's drawing of the SSC what does the white space on the outside represent?
is the perilymphaticspace filled with perliymph
What is the ampulla?
Adilation called anampullais at the end of each canal where it joins the vestibule
How many SCC's and how many Amupulla's are there
we have 3 scc’sand 3 ampulla.
THE OSSEOUS SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
LATERAL CANAL
-sits at a 30 degree angle to the horizontal, so it’s raised toward the top of your head by about 30 degrees.
-Apullary anterior end goes into the upper vestibule
-Posterior end goes into the lower vestibule–
THE OSSEOUS SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
SUPERIOR CANAL
-Antero-lateral end ampulatedand joins upper
Vestibule
-Postero-medial end fuses with superior limb of the
posterior canal to form the CRUS COMMUNE
THE OSSEOUS SEMICIRCULAR CANALS
POSTERIOR CANAL
-Upper limb fuses with the superior canal to form the CRUS COMMUNE
-Lower ampulated limb opens into the lower Vestibule
What is the CRUS COMMUNE
the common crus between the superior and posterior canals
Where is the Osseous Cochlea located?
In the anterior area of the boney labyrinth
What does the cochlea look like and how many "turns" does it have around a central core?
It’s a hollow tube coiled up on itself --looks like a snail shell. It has 2 and 5/8 turns around a central core.
What is the Central Core of the cochlea called?
That central core or hub is the MODIOLUS(Latin: hub)
What is the Osseous Spiral Lamina?
a spiral crest of bone that projects into the lumen (opening) of the tube. It is like the flange of a screw.
What does the Osseous Spiral Lamina divide?
divides partially the opening of the cochlear tube into two ducts: the upper SCALA VESTIBULI and the lower SCALA TYMPANI. (“Scala” means staircase.)
What happens at the Apex or Cupola?
( the smallest top part) of the cochlear tube, the osseous spiral lamina (bony shelf disappears, and allows communication between the the Scala Vestibuli and the Scala Tympani.
What is the smallest part of the cochlear tube, the osseous spiral lamina where the bony shelf disappears, and allows communication between the Scala Vestibuli and the Scala Tympani?
At the APEX or CUPOLA
What is the opening of the cochlea called?
This opening is called the HELICOTREMA(Greek. helix = coil and trema= hole) “The hole of the coil/Cochlea.”
What is the Helicotrema?
(Greek. helix = coil and trema= hole) “The hole of the coil/Cochlea.”
What are the measurements of the Cochlea?
–Width of the base = 9 mm
–Base to Apex of cochlea = 5 mm (short wide glass example)
–Cochlear tube length = 35 mm (length of the tube if it were uncoiled)
What is the Foramen Centrale?
large opening in the center of the base of the cochlea
What is the large opening in the center of the base of the cochlea called?
Foramen Centrale
What passes through the Foramen Centrale
Nerve fibers from the APEX of the cochlea
Where do nerves from the BASE of the cochlea pass through?
a little spiral tract on the periphery of the base called the TRACTUS SPIRALIS FORAMINA.
What is the TRACTUS SPIRALIS FORAMINA
Nervesfrom the baseof the cochlea pass through a little spiral tract on the periphery of the base
Referring to the professor's diagram of the cochlea tipped to it's side, what is the large hole at the Base called?
Foramen Centrale
Referring to the professor's diagram of the cochlea tipped to it's side, what are the speckled dots around the edge that represent little holes going into the cochlea?
they are the TractusSpiralis
Referring to the professor's diagram of the Osseous Spiral Lamina, Figure A refers to the cross section of the cochlear tube. (Notice the shape of the lumen in the cochlear is not completely round) - what is in the opening
it has 2 projections into the opening
What are the two shelves of bone and the opening called of the Osseous Spiral Laminae
That opening is called thePERFORATE HABENULA, which is where the acoustic nerve form the sensory cells runs. The upper shelf end is the Vestibular Lip and the lower shelf end is the Tympanic Lip. (These correspond to the names of the ScalaVestibuliand The ScalaTympani)
What occurs in the PERFORATE HABENULA?
is where the acoustic nerve form the sensory cells runs
What do the VESTIBULAR LIP (upper lip) and the TYMPANIC LIP (lower end) correspond to?
The SCALA VESTIBULI and the SCALA TYMPANI
Where is the HELICOTREMA located and what does it allow?
(Referring to the professor's diagram of the cross section of the cochlea). The HELICOTREMA is at the APEX. It is the opening that allows communication between the two Scalas
Where is the MODIOLUS located and what does it allow?
(Referring to the professor's diagram of the cross section of the cochlea). The MODIOLUSis the core of the cochlea –it’s rather porous so that all the nerve fibers can get out.
Where are the OSSEOUS SPIRAL LAMINA projecting?
diagram of the cross section of the cochlea)
into the lumen or opening of the tube.
Where is the purpose of the INTERNAL AUDITORY MEATUS
the passageway in the bone which will carry the Auditory (8th) nerve info from the cochlea to the cortex.
(Referring to the professor's diagram of the cross section of the cochlea)
Referring to the professor's diagram of the cochlea "unrolled." The OSSEOUS SPIRAL LAMINA is largest at the ___, and gets ____ and ____ ____ into the tube as it reaches the ____. At the ___ it ____.
is largest at the base, and gets smaller and projects less into the tube as it reaches the apex. At the end of the apex it disappears.
Refer to the diagram of the Middle ear and Subarachnoid Space (1)
If you study the bottom of the diagram it will give you a feeling of the relationship between PERILYMPHand ENDOLYMPHand how they are absorbed off of the system. The dark box represents ENDOLYMPH, and a tube called the ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT rises into the ENDOLYMPHATIC SAC which resides in the DURA LINING of the brain. Then you see the PERILMPH going through the COCHLEAR AQUADUCT,moving up into where the CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID is lining the neural system.
Refer to the diagram of the Middle ear and Subarachnoid Space (2)
At the top of the diagram you can see the cochlea, the vestibular area, and the dark Y shape in the middle representing the UTRICLEand SACCULE ducts. The ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT connects tothe ENDOLYMPHATIC SAC,which is the dark area at the bottom. All of the dark area is ENDOLYMPH. The lighter area is the PERILYMPHATICspace and the white tube on the left is the PERILYMPHfluidgoing through the COCHLEAR AQUADUCT to the CEREBRAL SPINAL FLUID areas.
What is the most inner ear made up of, and what is it floating around inside?
MEMBRANOUS DUCT that is floating around inside an OSSEOUS DUCT
What supports the membranous duct and keeps it away from the bony walls of the osseous canal?
BUNDLES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
What is true regarding the BUNDLES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE that support the membranous duct and keep it away from the bony walls of the osseous canal?
This is true especially in the semicircular canal area; however as you move toward the vestibule there are less and less of these tissue bundles until there are none in the cochlea.
Referring to the Diagram of the Membranous Labyrinth (imagine of pin in head) each canal has an ____ and each canal opens into the ____
Each canal has an AMPULLA, and each canal opens into the UTRICLE.
Referring to the Diagram of the Membranous Labyrinth (imagine of pin in head) the 2 bulbous structures in the center are the ____ and the ___
UTRICLE and the SACCULE
Referring to the Diagram of the Membranous Labyrinth (imagine of pin in head) At the bottom of the saccule there is a little tube that runs down into the cochlea –it’s called the ____ ____.
CANAL REUNIENS
What is the purpose of the CANAL REUNIENS?
That’s how ENDOLYMPHgets from the SACCULE into the cochlea.
Referring to the Diagram of the Membranous Labyrinth (imagine of pin in head) there is a large NERVE TRUNK coming off the back of the cochlea it's the ____ ___. You could also see the
COCHLEAR NERVE
FACIAL NERVE (VII)
The VESTIBULAR NERVE is located?
off the semicircular canals and the back of the utricle and saccule
The VESTIBULAR NERVE and the COCHLEAR NERVE combine to make the?
8th CRANIAL NERVE, THE ACOUSTIC NERVE
Referring to the Diagram of the Membranous Labyrinth (imagine of pin in head) the large paddle in the upper left corner is the ____ ____ with the ____ ___ going up to it.
ENDOLYMPHATIC SACwith the ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT going up to it.
the MEMBRANOUS VESTIBULE is a ____ ____
Static System (there is no movement or change, as opposed to a DYnamic system.
The SCC's work on a ____ ____
DYNAMIC SYSTEM
What makes the Membranous Vestibule a Static System?
There is no movement or change. The sense organs in the vestibule give us a sense of our position in a space on a vertical plane, while we are NOT moving
The Osseous Vestibule contain 2 sacs referred to as"
The UTRICLE and the SACCULE
The UTRICLE (1 of the 2 sacs) of the Osseous Vesibule fit into?
the ELLIPTICAL RECESS of the osseous vestibule
The SACCULE (1 of the 2 sacs) of the OSSEOUS VESTIBULE fit into?
the SPHERICAL RECESS of the osseous vestibule near the SCALA VESTIBULI of the COCHLEA
Is the UTRICLE larger or smaller than the the SACCULE in real life
The UTRICLEis actually larger than the SACCULEin real life. ( Sacculeis Latin for Sac and Utricle is Latin for bag.)
What do the UTRICLE DUCT and the SACCULE DUCTjoin to form as they rise towards the top?
ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT, which turns into the ENDOLYMPHATIC SAC.
Where does the Endolymphatic Sac sit?
in the DURA LINING of the brain
Referring to the professor's diagram of the Utricle Saccule and Ducts, the bold dark lines represent the ____ ____
VESTIBULAR AQUEDUCT
the VESTIBULAR AQUEDUCT go through the ____ ____ ____, on either side of the ____ ____
osseous temporal bone, on either side of the ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT
The ____ ____ joins the ____ and the _____, allowing ____ to move through the _____
The CANAL REUNIENSjoins the SACCULEand the COCHLEA, allowing endolymph to move through to the cochlea.
Referring to the diagram of the Membranous Labyrinth - The INDIVIDUAL NERVES that come off the cochlear partition near the base, and continue as it rolls around, the comes off the top as the ?
COCHLEAR NERVE
Referring to the diagram of the Membranous Labyrinth - on the 3 scc's, you can see the AMPULLA that has ___ ___ coming out. These also come out of the UTRICLE and the SACCULE
NERVE TUFTS
NERVE TUFTS are . . .
sensory organs in each ampulla which will send info off to the brain.
All of those NERVE TUFTS are part of the ____ ___ which is going to . . .f/
the VESTIBULAR NERVE which is going to send balance/neural info to the brain
Referring to he Macula Diagram - What are MACULA
Macula is Latin for a Spot. These MACULAare small areas/sense organs within the wall of the UTRICLEand the SACCULE.
What is at the base of the MACULA?
a bed of EPITHELIAL CELLS
What are embedded in the epithelial base and what happens when they are stimulated?
Sensory hair cells are embedded in that epithelial base, and when they are stimulated, neural activity is initiated and sent off to thebrain.
What type of movements do the Maculae repond to?
LINEAR FORWARD and SIDEWAYS movements of the head
What is located right on top of the hair cells (that are embedded in the epithelia base of the Macula)?
GELATINOUS MASS that has a density just slightly greater than the ENDOLYMPH it’s floating in. (If it were heavier it would crush the hair cells.) The gelatinous covering stimulates the hair cells.
Referring to the professor's diagram of the Macula - of the Utricule and Saccule, at the bottom of the diagram there is a ____ ____ is represented. At the tip of the sensory cell is a row of _____ _____ and also a large coarse hair on the side called ____.
At the bottom of the diagram, a single sensory cellis represented. At the tip of the sensory cell is a row of STEROCILIA hairs and also a large coarse hair on the side called KENOCILIUM.
The hairs shown in the diagram of the Macula touch the bottom of the ____ ____.
GELATINOUS MASS
Referring to the professor's diagram of the Macula - of the Utricule and Saccule. Each hair cell has a ___ ___ coming off the bottom
NERVE FIBER
Referring to the professor's diagram of the Macula - of the Utricule and Saccule. The NERVE FIBERS coming off the bottom, combine into a ____ ___ ____ which become a branch of the ___ ___.
cable of fibers which become a branch of the VESTIBULAR NERVE.
What does the Vestibular nerve do?
carries information to the brain about or position.
If you took the area that includes the GELATINOUS MASS and tilted it to the right what would happen?
the gelatinous mass would slide and the hair cells would bend, which sends a signal off to the central nervous system. (An electrical impulse in the hair cell is sent out the base along a nerve fiber to the CNS.)
There are some ___ ___ ___ called ____ (ear rocks) which ____ ___ ___ of the GELATINOUS MASS. ___ ___ will pull them to one side or the other as the head is tilted.
calcium carbonate crystalscalled OTOLITHS(ear rocks) which assist the movement of the gelatinous mass. Gravitionalforces will pull them to one side or the other as the head is tilted
Referring to the professor's Membranous semicircular canal diagram, we can see highly developed ciliated sensory cells called the ___ ___
CRISTA AMPULLARIS
What is the CRISTA AMUPULLARIS?
highly developed ciliated sensory cells (shown in the Membranous semicircular canal diagram),
- a SENSE ORGAN in the AMPULA
Membranous semicircular canal diagram:
On the upper left side you can see the we’re coming off the canal into the _____. You can see the ____ and the ____ ____ ___ that hold the membrane away from the bony wall.
AMPULLA. membrane and the connective tissue bundles
Membranous semicircular canal diagram: Inside the membrane is ____, and between the bone and the membrane is _____. Some features are similar to the vestibule: there are ___ ___ with ___ ___ beneath, and ___ ___ come off the base, exiting in little perforations in the bone and become a branch of the ___ ___. On top of the hair cells is a gelatinous mass called the ___ ___.
ENDOLYMPH. PERILYMPH. hair cells. supporting cells. nerve fibers. vestibular nerve. GELATINOUS CUPOLA
The Membranous semicircular canal is a ___ system (unlike the vestibular system)
DYNAMIC
The Membranous semicircular canal operates under what conditions?
acceleration and deceleration, when you are moving your head.
ex. cookie sheet
What happens to the ENDOLYMPH in the Membranous semicircular canal system when you move your head?
the ENDOLYMPHhas a tendency to move in the opposite direction than the CRISTA AMPULARIS, because of inertia.
in the Membranous semicircular canal system the ____ has a tendency to move in the opposite direction than the ___ ___, because of inertia
, CRISTA AMPULARIS
Membranous semicircular canal diagram: Inside the membrane is ____, and between the bone and the membrane is _____. Some features are similar to the vestibule: there are ___ ___ with ___ ___ beneath, and ___ ___ come off the base, exiting in little perforations in the bone and become a branch of the ___ ___. On top of the hair cells is a gelatinous mass called the ___ ___.
ENDOLYMPH. PERILYMPH. hair cells. supporting cells. nerve fibers. vestibular nerve. GELATINOUS CUPOLA
The Membranous semicircular canal is a ___ system (unlike the vestibular system)
DYNAMIC
The Membranous semicircular canal operates under what conditions?
acceleration and deceleration, when you are moving your head.
ex. cookie sheet
What happens to the ENDOLYMPH in the Membranous semicircular canal system when you move your head?
the ENDOLYMPHhas a tendency to move in the opposite direction than the CRISTA AMPULARIS, because of inertia.
in the Membranous semicircular canal system the ____ has a tendency to move in the opposite direction than the ___ ___, because of inertia
, CRISTA AMPULARIS
In the Membranous Semicircular Canal system what does the endolymph do to the hair cells and what kind of response does it give out?
the endolymph disturbs the hair cells which send a neural response to the vestibular nerve branch, similar to the vestibular system’s process.
we have 3 semicircular canals, each at a ____ angle
different
How is each semicircular canal stimulated?
depending on how we move our head
How is the Lateral Semicircular Canal stimulated?
shake head no, in horizontal plane.
How is the Posterior Semicircular canal stimulated?
move your head up and down and vertically from ceiling to the floor
How is the Superior Semicircular Canal stimulated?
move head from ear to ear or side to side
Why is it a complicated process to give the brain correct balance info?
Since we hardly ever move our bodies in an exact plane, there is a complicated process involved to give the brain correct balance info
In the Endolymph–Perilymph Relationships Diagram (left):K is ___ and NA is ___, so you have more ___ than ___ in the ENDOLYMPH (dark area).
POTASSIUM; SODIUM; POTASSIUM than Sodium
In the Endolymph–Perilymph Relationships Diagram where does the is the ENDOLYMPHATIC DUCT go?
up to the endolymphatic sac in the Dura lining of the central nervous system
The____ is higher in SODIUM than potassium
The PERILYMPH is higher in SODIUM than potassium
The ____ ____lets perilymph flow up to the cerebral Spinal Fluids.
COCHLEAR AQUADUCT
When referring to the Inner Ear concepts diagram - what is the Perilymph communicating with?
ARACHNOID SPACE of the central nervous system.
Note 3 areas of the cochlear labryinth
SCALA VESTIBULI, SCALA MEDIA, SCALA TYMPANI
The MEMBRANOUS COCHLEA is also referred to as the ...
COCHLEAR DUCT or the SCALA MEDIA.
What is the OSSEOUS COCHEA divided by?
the OSSEOUS SPIRAL LAMINA, a narrow shelf of bone that arises from the modiolarside of the cochlea.
The OSSEOUS SPIRAL LAMINA divides the cochlea into what 2 parts?
THE SCALA VESTIBULI
THE SCALA TYMPANI
What is the division of the cochlea completed by?
the MEMBRANOUS COCHLEA or SCALA MEDIA.
What is the SCALA MEDIA?
a spirally arranged tube that lies along the outer wall of the osseous cochlea
What is the length of the SCALA MEDIA?
34mm
Referring to the diagram of the OSL, the OSL juts into the tube doing what?
partially dividing the lumen into the scalavestibule and the scalatympani.
eferring to the diagram of the OSL, once two membranes have been added what happens?
two membranes have been added to complete the division of the tube into 3 SECTIONS:
1.SCALA VESTIBULI
2.SCALA TYMPANI
3.SCALA MEDIA
What is the SCALA MEDIA'S FLOOR made of?
THE BASILAR MEMBRANE
What does the BASILAR MEMBRANE make up?
The SCALA MEDIA's floor
Where does the BASILAR MEMBRANE GO FROM?
the OSL to the OUTER COCHLEAR WALL
What is the SCALA MEDIA's ROOF made of?
the REISSNER’S MEMBRANE
What does the REISSNER’S MEMBRANE make up?
The SCALA MEDIA'S ROOF
Where does the REISSNER’S MEMBRANE go from?
goes from the SUPERIOR SPIRAL LAMINA to SUPERIOR STRIA VASCULARIS.
In the diagram of the OSL, where is REISSNER'S MEMBRANE, and where is the BASILAR MEMBRANE?
shows REISSNER’S MEMBRANE as the Roof of the ScalaMedia, and the BASILAR MEMBRANE as the floor of the ScalaMedia. The outside wall is on the right in this diagram.
Referring to the diagram of the SPIRAL LIGAMENT, the outside wall (on the right) is . . .
thickened periosteumcalled the SPIRAL LIGAMENT
How far does the SPIRAL LIGAMENT run?
the Length of the COCHELAR TUBE
The SPIRAL LIGAMENT projects inward to form?
the BASILAR CREST
What does the BASILAR MEMBRANE connect to?
the BASILAR CREST of the SPIRAL LIGAMENT
What does the BASILAR MEMBRANE connect to?
the BASILAR CREST of the SPIRAL LIGAMENT
According to the Diagram of the BASILAR MEMBRANE, the BASILAR MEMBRANE extends from where to where?
TYMPANIC LIP OF THE OSL to the BASILAR CREST OF THE SPIRAL LIGAMENT
According to Zemlin, the BASILAR MEMBRANE form a fibrous layer to serve as what?
a footing for the spiral organ or ORGAN OF CORTI.
The portion closest to the SPIRAL LAMINA is . . .
think and fragile
what is the portion closest to the SPIRAL LAMINA that is thin and fragile known as?
the ZONA ARCUATA or PARS TECTA (the roof)
What is the tympanic surface of the BASILAR MEMBRANE covered by?
a layer of mesotheliumthrough which courses vascular tissue
What is the VAS SPIRALE
The tympanic surface of the Basilar Membrane is covered by a layer of mesotheliumthrough which courses vascular tissue. The largest of these vessels is the VAS SPIRALE.
The portion of the BASILAR MEMBRANE closest to the spiral laminae is the innermost fragile part, and called the . . .
ACURATE ZONE
The portion of the BASILAR MEMBRANE that is thicker and more rigid and is toward the outside wall/SPIRAL LIGAMENT is called the . . .
PECTINATE PORTION (comb like)
What does the PECTINATE PORTION consist of?
2 fibrous layers
The BASILAR MEMBRANE has a . . .
BASE LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
on top of the BASE LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE (on the BASILAR MEMBRANE), there is a . . .
LAYER OF TRANSVERSE FIBERS that are perpendicular to the axis of the cochlear duct
fIf you were traveling down the COCHLEAR DUCT, you would see what?
the LAYERS OF TRANSVERSE FIBERS crossing your path. Compare to a corrugated or "washboard" road. There are about 24,000 fibers
The underneath side facing the SCALA TYMPANI is the . ..
VASCULAR COVERING for the BASILAR MEMBRANE
right in the center, running the length of the Basilar Membrane is the spiral vessl called . . .
the VAS SPIRALE
DIAGRAM OF BASILAR MEMBRANE WIDTH: Weaver in 1938 reported the width of the basilar membrane’s base to be ____ and at the apex ____
.08 mm; .50 mm.
DIAGRAM OF BASILAR MEMBRANE WIDTH:
Keith in 1918 reported the base at ____ and ____at the apex.
.16 mm; 52mm
The GREATEST WIDTH of the BASILAR MEMBRANE IS AT THE ____
APEX
The LEAST WIDTH of the BASILAR MEMBRANE is at the ____
BASE
At the base of the OSL projects further into the Osseous Spiral tube, and became less toward the Apex. The ____ is true for the BASILAR MEMBRANE
Reverse
Becksey's experiment show what?
It has a ____ ____ from one end to the other of ____ to ____. The stiffest end is at the ____, and the least is at the ____
The BASILAR MEMBRANE is not stretched, there is no tension.
t has a STIFFNESS RATIO from one end to the other of 100 to 1. The stiffest end is at the base, and the least is at the apex.
According to Zemlin, The SPIRAL LAMINA (spiral plate) is
is a very narrow shelf of bone at the apical end of the cochlear duct, becoming gradually wider toward the basal end. It consists of 2 plates of bones,between which are canals for the transmission of the peripheral fibers of the auditory nerve.
Referring to the SPIRAL LIMBUS and BASILAR MEMBRANE diagram - the upper layer of bone is continuous with a thickening _____ known as the _____ _____.
periosteum; SPIRAL LIMBUS
The SPIRAL LIMBUS is markedly ____ on its outer edge, forming the ___ ___ ___, and at the same time giving rise to an upper extremity called the ____ ____, and a lower extremeity called the ___ ___.
The spiral limbusis markedly concave at its outer edge, forming the INTERNAL SPIRAL SULCUS, and at the same time giving rise to an upper extremity called the VESTIBULAR LIP, and a lower extremity called the TYMPANIC LIP.
what does the concave outer edge of the SPIRAL LIMBUS form?
the INTERNAL SPIRAL SULCUS
What is the upper extremity that is given rise the SPIRAL LIMBUS called?
the VESTIBULAR LIP
what is the lower extremity given rise to by the SPIRAL LIMBUS called?
the TYMPANIC LIP
what is the serrated appearance of the VESTIBULAR LIP called?
the "Auditory teeth"
According to medical dictionary what is HABENULAE PERFORATA?
the perforations along the tympanic lip of the spiral lamina giving passage to the cochlear nerves.
According to Wikepedia what is the HABENULAE PERFORATA?
Wikepediasays the habenulaperforatais an opening where the nerve fibers leave the Organ of Corti.
SUPPORTING CELLS OF THE ORGAN OF CORTI - what are the STRIAS VASCULARIS?
are specialized cells that run along the margin of the Spiral ligament towards REISSNER’S MEMBRANE.
These cells function differently than the supporting cells.
SUPPORTING CELLS OF THE ORGAN OF CORTI - on the center left side, there is the ____ ____ ____ that projects into the center of the ____ of the _____ _____, on top is the _____ ____ and on the bottom is the ____ ____. There is a horizontal space between the lips. Also note the ___ ____ on the left hand side.
on the center left side, there is the OSSEOUS SPIRAL LAMINA that projects into the center of the lumen of the osseous vestibule, on top is the VESTIBULAR LIP and on the bottom is the TYMPANIC LIP. There is a horizontal space between the lips. Also note the SPIRAL GANGLION on the left hand side.
SUPPORTING CELLS OF THE ORGAN OF CORTI - This shows the ____ ____ on top and the ___ ___ on the bottom.
This shows the SCALA VESTIBULI on top and the SCALA TYMPANI on the bottom.
What do REISSNER'S MEMBRANE and the BASILAR MEMBRANE define?
the SCALA MEDIA
What defines the SCALA MEDIA?
the REISSNER'S MEMBRANE and the BASILAR MEMBRANE
what are the collection of cells in the SCALA MEDIA called?
the ORGAN OF CORTI
what are the supporting cells in the ORGAN OF CORTI there for?
they have no sensory function. they are there for support and functional purposes
what are the supporting cells of the ORGAN OF CORTI made up of?
a collection of very unique cells, each cell being distinctly different from the next cell (think Monsters Inc characters).
- a collection of specialized cells brought together to accomplish a specific function
where should the stapes fit?
into the vestibule, not directly into the cochlea as shown in the COCHLEAR DUCT diagram
REFERRING TO THE DIAGRAM OF THE COCHLEAR DUCT- the sound waves coming from the stapes should push down on what, affecting what, and releasing energy where?
the REISSNER'S MEMBRANE, which affects the BASILAR MEMBRANE, and the energy is released into the SCALA VESTIBULI.
The sound waves coming down from the stapes are released at certain points on what?
the SCALA MEDIA depending on the nature and frequency of the incoming sound
where do LOW FREQUENCIES come out through?
the apex of the SCALA MEDIA
Where do HIGH FREQUENCIES come out through?
the SCALA TYMPANI near the base of the cochlea
what is the SPIRAL GANGLION?
a collection of nerve fibers that come through the PERFORATE HABENULA.There are a number of these spiraling around from the base to the apex of the cochlea.
The STRIA VASCULARIS are not supporting cells, what do they secrete?
ENDOLYMPH FLUID
Where is the SPIRAL LIMBUS situated?
in the lower inner portion of the SCALA MEDIA (cochlear duct), sitting on the VESTIBULAR LIP of the SPIRAL LAMINA
Qhat is the SPIRAL LIMBUS?
a thickened periostum, and it narrows as it extends up to the TECTORIAL MEMBRANE. LIMBUS means border or edgg
what are the RODS OF CORTI also referred to as?
the PILLARS OF CORTI
What two sets of cells do the RODS OF CORTI make up?
the INNER ROD OF CORTI and the OUTER ROD OF CORTI
If you separated the black triangle of the RODS OF CORTI in half vertically what would you separate?
you would separate the Rods into the Outer Rods on the right, and the Inner Rods on the left.
the LIMBUS is on the ____, and the ____ ____ would be on the right
LIMBUS; SPIRAL LIGAMENT
What are the 5 spaces that are filled with fluid called?
1.INNER SULCUS
2.INNER TUNNEL OF CORTI
3.SPACE OF NUEL
4.OUTER TUNNEL
5.OUTER SPIRAL SULCUS
Because the diagram shows a cross section of the cochlear duct, what should we remember?
There are multiple sets of pillars, cells, etc. going back away from us throughout the duct.
What are BORDER CELLS OF HELD?
- epithelial cells that cover the vestibular lip
- They are supporting cells for the inner hair cells.
- They line the INTERNAL SPIRAL SULCUS.
What are the two parts to the INNER PHALANGEAL CELL (a quite unique looking cell)?
1. a body/baserests directly on the spiral lamina near the perforate habenula.
2. the Phalangeal Process
How far does the base of the INNER PHALANGEAL CELL extend to?
to the lower limit of the inner hair cell
What is at the base of the hair cell?
the upper part of the base/bodyof the inner phalangeal Cell.
Where does the Phalangeal Process begin and extend to?
near the base of the hair cell. You can see where the hair cell is going to fit right in there. It extends all the way to the apex or top of the hair cell. (
What does Lamella mean? and where is the lamella on the PHALANGEAL PROCESS?
Lamella means plate or leaf-like, and there is alamellaand the apex of the phalangealprocess.
What type of cells are the INNER RODS OF CORTI?
supporting cells
How are the cells of the INNER RODS OF CORTI spaced?
the rods are widely spaced at their bases and converge to meet at the top.
what is the triangular space in between the cells of the INNER RODS OF CORTI?
INNER TUNNEL OF CORTI
What does the INNER TUNNEL OF CORTI contain?
a fluid called cortilymph
What is the floor of the INNER TUNNEL OF CORTI formed by?
the bases of the rods and the basilar membrane -
What does the base of the INNER TUNNEL OF CORTI rest on?
the junction of the tympanic lip of the osseiousspiral lamina and thebasilar membrane
What does the outer rod's base rest on?
the outer limit of the ARCUATE ZONE of the basilar membrane
what is another name for the OUTER PHALANGEAL CELLS?
DEITERS CELLS
How many rows of phalangeal cells make up DEITERS CELLS?
3 rows
Describe the outer phalangeal cells
They are similar but not exactly like the one inner row of phalangeal cells on the left side. You can see the spaces where the sensory cells will eventually fit.
After DEITERS CELLS are . . .
next are the CELLS OF HENSEN
what do the CELLS OF HENSEN and CELLS OF CLAUDIUS form?
the base of the external spiral sulcus
What is the RETICULAR LAMINA?
Reticular means net-like. It looks like a loosely woven piece of fabric. It is the space between the heads of the Phalanges/rods of Corti and the tectorialmembrane.
how does Zemlin describe the RETICULAR LAMINA?
It is composed of the inner phalanges, the headplatesof the inner rods, the phalangealprocesses of the outer rods, and of the Deiterscells.It’s purpose is to lend support to the tops or apexes of the outer hair cells. The tufts of ciliaoccupy the spaces in the netlike matrix and project beyond it toward the Tectorialmembrane.
Where is the TECTORIAL MEMBRANE and what is it?
is at the top of the diagram. It is the gelatinous mass of the cochlea. This whole area is submerged in fluid, and this gelatinous mass has a density just slightly greater than the fluid it’s in. It runs out over the top of these cellsand terminates near the border Cells of Hensen.
According to Zemlin, how are the inner hair cells supported?
The inner hair cells are strongly supported at their bases by the bodies of the phalangealcells, and at their apexes by the phalangea processes.
What are the RODS OF CORTI made up of and what does it permit?
The RODS OF CORTI, made of epithelial cells, have slit-like spaces between them which permit endolymphto cireculateand nerve fibers to pass through.
In the second diagram of the cross section of the ORGAN OF CORTI what is placed?
the sensory cells in the organ of Corti. You can see a row of inner hair cells,and 3 rows of outer hair cells.
Where are the inner and outer hair cells placed in the ORGAN OF CORTI?
in the cup formed by the base of the inner phalangealcell, and the outer hair cells are places in the bases of the outer phalangealcells
What is at the apex of the hair cells in the ORGAN OF CORTI diagram?
TUFTS OF CILIA
What do the TUFTS OF CILIA come into contact with in the ORGAN OF CORTI diagram?
the TECTORIAL MEMBRANE (GELATINOUS MASS)
where would the RETICULAR LAMINA run?
somewhere near the top of the inner hair cell over the headplatesof the Pillars of Corti and Inner Hair Cells out to the Cells of Henson.
The CELLS OF CLAUDIUS are continuous with what?
a highly vascular layer of epithelium lining the spiral ligament.the
what do the CELLS OF CLAUDIUS help to form?
The STRIA VASCULARIS
What has the STRIA VASCULARIS been likened to?
a “microkidney” and produces endolymph.
The shape of each PHALANGEAL CELL (cells of Deiters) are modified to form . . .
to form a cup that snugly accommodates the basal end of an outer hair cell. They have a baseor body and a phalangealprocess as well. These Deitercells help to hold the outer hair cells in position. There is an ascending phalanx (phalangealprocess?) that expands at the top to form a thin lamella (cuticularplate) that contributes to the reticular membrane and also separates the apexes of neighboring hair cells.