Comd 3400 - Cm 7- The Middle Ear

Front 1

What is another term for the ear drum?

Back 1

Tympanic Membrane

Front 2

Where is the tympanic membrane located?

Back 2

At the termination of the EAM

Front 3

What forms the lateral wall of the middle ear cavity?

Back 3

The tympanic membrane

Front 4

Describe the appearance of the tympanic membrane (5).

Back 4

1. Smooth
2. Pearl Gray
3. Translucent
4. Concave (cone shaped)
5. Small mass (14 milligrams)

Front 5

What causes the tympanic membrane to be conducive to receiving and reacting to sound nature and adds to the perception of sound and function of the ear?

Back 5

The concave shape and the fact that it has a small mass.

Front 6

The tympanic membrane is placed obliquely at about ___ degree angle to the meatus floor

Back 6

140

Front 7

The 3 parts of the tympanic membrane

Back 7

-Annulus
-Notch of Rivinius
-Tissue

Front 8

What holds the TM into place?

Back 8

Annulus

Front 9

The fibrocartilaginous ring accomodated by a groove in the bony wall of the meatus

Back 9

Annulus

Front 10

What houses the annulus

Back 10

The tympanic sulcus

Front 11

The _____ __ _____ is superior to the tympanic sulcus and is open at the top of the tympanic membrane

Back 11

Notch of Rivinus

Front 12

What are the 3 types of tissue within the tympanic membrane?

Back 12

Cutaneous, Mucous, Fibrous

Front 13

Across the face of the TM and continuous with the lining of the EAM is ____ tissue of the TM:

Back 13

Cutaneous Lining

Front 14

The inner most layer of tissue within the TM and continous with the Middle Ear lining is the ____ tissue

Back 14

Mucous

Front 15

The ______ tissue gives resiliance to the TM and is made up of 2 layers and where is it located?

Back 15

Fibrous (radial and circular) - right between the cutaneous and mucous; together they form a spiderlike webbing

Front 16

The ____ part of the fibrous tissue is lateral of the TM

Back 16

Radial

Front 17

The ______ part of the fibrous tissue within the TM is medial

Back 17

circular

Front 18

Within the TM, a small, triangular area that is bounded by the notch of Rivinis that does not have a lot of fibers

Back 18

Pars Flaccida

Front 19

The remainder of the TM that has more fibers is the _____ _______.

Back 19

Pars Tensa

Front 20

How can you tell which ear you are looking at?

Back 20

Position of Malleous Handle/Manubrium (11 AM for LEFT and 1 PM for RIGHT)

Front 21

On the TM, the Cone of Light - what is it and what does it indicate?

Back 21

Only present when TM is examined by a light - means a healthy ear drum

Front 22

The handle of the malleous manubrium attaches to the TM and forms the _____, and this is where one would see the cone of light

Back 22

Umbo

Front 23

Describe the features of the tympanic cavity

Back 23

-Air filled
-Petrous (rock like) portion of the temporal bone

Front 24

Measurements of a side view of Tympanic cavity

Back 24

15x15 mm

Front 25

Measurements of the front view of the Tympanic cavity

Back 25

6x2x4 mm (almost like an hourglass)

Front 26

The main two parts of the tympanic cavity

Back 26

-the attic or epitympanic recess (ceiling)
-tympanic cavity proper (medial to TM)

Front 27

The epitympanic recess is largely occupied by

Back 27

the head of the malleous and bulk of the incus

Front 28

What is considered the roof of the tympanic cavity? and what does it do?

Back 28

The Tegmen Tympani - separates the TC from the cortex

Front 29

The posterior wall of the epitympanic recess is perforated by an orifice, the ________ ________, which forms the connecting link between the tympanic cavity and the ________ ________.

Back 29

tympanic aditus, tympanic antrum

Front 30

What is considered the roof of the tympanic cavity? and what does it do?

Back 30

The Tegmen Tympani - separates the TC from the cortex

Front 31

What is the protrudence behind the auricle?

Back 31

The mastoid bones (spongy look - lots of air space)

Front 32

What is the thin sheet of bone at the superior margin of the middle ear?

Back 32

Tegmen Tympani - Light transverses this bone, that is the cortex where the brain sits

Front 33

The floor of the TM is?

Back 33

The tympanic plate of the temporal bone and separates the TM from the jugular fossa (large groove to accomodate the jugular vein)

Front 34

Name the six walls of the middle ear cavity

Back 34

Tegumental (Superior)
Jugular (Inferior)
Mastoid (Posterior)
Carotid (Anterior)
Membraneous (Lateral)
Labyrinthian (Medial)

TJMCML SIPALM

Two jugglers make crazy masses laugh

Front 35

Describe the tegumental wall of the TC

Back 35

Superior
Tegmen Tympani

Front 36

Describe the jugular wall of the TC

Back 36

Inferior
Jugular fossa

Front 37

Describe the Mastoid wall of the TC

Back 37

Posterior (back)
Tympanic Aditus
Pyramidal Eminence
Fossa Incudis

Front 38

Where is the Pyramidal Eminence and what does it contain?

Back 38

located medially of the Mastoid wall of the TC near oval window, it contains the stapedius muscle

Front 39

Where is the Tympanic Aditus?

Back 39

superiorly the mastoid wall of the TC, it is the entry to the antrum

Front 40

Where is the Fossa Incudis?

Back 40

within the mastoid wall of the TC, lower back part of the epitympanic recess that accomodates the short process of the incus

Front 41

Describe the Lateral Wall of the TC?

Back 41

Membraneous
-most is formed by the TM
-above the TM is the epitympanic recess and the lateral wall of that is the squamous portion of the temporal bone
-Chorda Tympani Nerve (branch of facial nerve)

Front 42

What does the Epitympanic Recess house and where is it in relation to the walls of the TC?

Back 42

Malleous and Incus, lateral or membraneous

Front 43

Describe the Carotid Wall of the TC

Back 43

Anterior (FRONT)
-Wider at the top then bottom
-separated from the carotid canal by a thin plate of bone
-upper part is perforated by a tendon for the tensor tympani muscle and the orifice of the auditory tube
-the cochlear form process lets the tensor tympani muscle enter the middle ear

Front 44

Where is the cochlear form process in relation to the walls of the TC and what does it allow?

Back 44

carotid wall of the TC and allows the tensor tympani muscle to enter middle ear

Front 45

Describe the labyrinthian wall of the TC?

Back 45

Medial
-Prominence for lateral semicircular canals (tensor tympani muscle)
-Prominence for facial nerve (superior to oval window)
-Oval Window (Fenestra Vestibuli)
-Round Window (Fenestra Rotunda)
-Promontory - rounded prominence in the middle ear caused by basal turn of cochlea

Front 46

What does the oval window connect to and where is it within the walls of the TC?

Back 46

Medial (labyrinthian) wall and it connects to the inner ear and occupied by the footplate of the stapes

Front 47

What does the round window connect to and where is it within the walls of the TC?

Back 47

the auditory tube and it is in the labyrinthian wall

Front 48

What is the promontory and where is it within the walls of the TC?

Back 48

-Promontory - rounded prominence in the middle ear caused by basal turn of cochlea
in the labyrinthian wall

Front 49

Where is the Chorda Tympani ithin the walls of the TC and what does it do?

Back 49

-in the membraneous wall
-carries info from the anterior portion of the tongue to the CNS

Front 50

In developmental apraxia of speech you will see _________ or ________ sound errors when the same word is produced on ________ ______.

Back 50

inconsistent, variable, repeated, trials

Front 51

A characteristic of childhood apraxia is __________ articulation errors. Examples are _________ errors, __________ errors, and ___________ sounds.

Back 51

unusual, addition, prolongation, nonphonemic

Front 52

Children with developmental apraxia of speech have _____ DDKs.

Back 52

slow

Front 53

Children with developmental apraxia usually have a _____ in their receptive/expressive language skills.

Back 53

gap

Front 54

Dysarthria is a _____________ speech disorder affecting ____, _________, or _____ parameters of speech ____________.

Back 54

one, various, all, production

Front 55

What are the five parameters of speech production can be affected by dysarthria?

Back 55

respiration
phonation
resonance
articulation
prosody

Front 56

What are the seven different types of dysarthria?

Back 56

Flaccid
Spastic
Ataxic
Hypokinetic
Hyperkinectic
Mixed
Unilateral

Front 57

What type of dysarthria is described by lower motor neuron damage?

Back 57

flaccid - ex: bulbar palsy

Front 58

What type of dysarthria is described by bilateral upper motor neuron damage?

Back 58

spastic - ex: hyper-functional voice, very strained

Front 59

What type of dysarthria is described by damage to the cerebellum?

Back 59

ataxic

Front 60

In developmental apraxia of speech you will see _________ or ________ sound errors when the same word is produced on ________ ______.

Back 60

inconsistent, variable, repeated, trials

Front 61

A characteristic of childhood apraxia is __________ articulation errors. Examples are _________ errors, __________ errors, and ___________ sounds.

Back 61

unusual, addition, prolongation, nonphonemic

Front 62

Children with developmental apraxia of speech have _____ DDKs.

Back 62

slow

Front 63

Children with developmental apraxia usually have a _____ in their receptive/expressive language skills.

Back 63

gap

Front 64

Dysarthria is a _____________ speech disorder affecting ____, _________, or _____ parameters of speech ____________.

Back 64

one, various, all, production

Front 65

What are the five parameters of speech production can be affected by dysarthria?

Back 65

respiration
phonation
resonance
articulation
prosody

Front 66

What are the seven different types of dysarthria?

Back 66

Flaccid
Spastic
Ataxic
Hypokinetic
Hyperkinectic
Mixed
Unilateral

Front 67

What type of dysarthria is described by lower motor neuron damage?

Back 67

flaccid - ex: bulbar palsy

Front 68

What type of dysarthria is described by bilateral upper motor neuron damage?

Back 68

spastic - ex: hyper-functional voice, very strained

Front 69

What type of dysarthria is described by damage to the cerebellum?

Back 69

ataxic - ex: coordination problems

Front 70

What type of dysarthria is described by basal ganglia damage and decreased movement, rest tremors, lack of facial expression, and twitching?

Back 70

hypokinetic, ex: parkinson's disease

Front 71

What type of dysarthria is described by basal ganglia damage and lots of jerky movements and ticks?

Back 71

hyperkinetic: ex: huntington's disease

Front 72

What is the most common type of mixed dysarthria?

Back 72

flaccid/spastic

Front 73

What type of dysarthria is described by a lesion on one side to the upper motor neurons involved in speech?

Back 73

unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria

Front 74

What disease is represented by a combination of spastic and ataxic dysarthria?

Back 74

MS

Front 75

What disease is represented by a combination of ataxic, spastic and hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Back 75

wilson's

Front 76

Name three standardized measures of assessment for dysarthria.

Back 76

frenchay dysarthria assessment (most popular)
assessment of intelligility of syarthric speakers
dysarthria examination battery

Front 77

What is a non progressive neuromotor disorder resulting from brain damage before, during, or shortly after birth?

Back 77

cerebral palsy

Front 78

What is the prevalence of CP?

Back 78

2:1000 live births

Front 79

List the nine prenatal etiologies of CP.

Back 79

radiation
interutirine infections
drugs
metal toxicity
fetal anoxia
cerebral hemorrhage
chromosomal abnormalities
abrupted placenta
premature detachment of placenta

Front 80

What is a cause of CP that is defined as trauma to the child's brain during birth?

Back 80

perinatal

Front 81

List six postnatal causes of CP.

Back 81

premature birth
asphyxia
sepsis (blood infection)
cerebral hemorrhage
inflammatory diseases of the brain (meningitis)
head trauma

Front 82

Name the five types of limb paralysis of CP.

Back 82

quadriplegia
diplegia
paraplegia
hemiplegia
monoplegia

Front 83

What type of lymb paralysis involves the trunk and all four extremites?

Back 83

quadriplegia

Front 84

What type of limb paralysis corresponds extremities on both sides of the body?

Back 84

diplegia

Front 85

What type of limb paralysis involves the lower trunk and both lower extremities?

Back 85

paraplegia

Front 86

What type of limb paralysis involves just one side of the body?

Back 86

hemiplegia

Front 87

What type of limb paralysis involves just a single extremity?

Back 87

monoplegia

Front 88

Name the five different neuromuscular characteristics of CP.

Back 88

spastic (50%)
athetoid (10%)
ataxic (5-10%)
rigid (1%)
mixed (30%)

Front 89

What type of CP is described by increased muscle tone, exaggerated stretch reflex, and slow, effortful, jerky, voluntary movements?

Back 89

spastic

Front 90

What type of CP is described by slow, writhing involuntary movements when volitional actions are attempted? Described as moving slowly through space. They will also show atonic neck reflex (ATNR)

Back 90

athetoid

Front 91

What type of CP is described by having disturbed euquilibrium resulting in balance problems? (Reflexes and muscle tone are normal).

Back 91

ataxic

Front 92

What type of CP is described by simultaneous contraction of all muscle groups, producing constant muscle tone?

Back 92

rigid

Front 93

What is the most common type of mixed CP?

Back 93

spastic/athetoid

Front 94

What is the incidence of cleft lip or palate?

Back 94

1 in 600-750 births

Front 95

Cleft lip and palate is usually associated with an ________ _________ __________.

Back 95

autosomal dominant syndrome

Front 96

What are possible environmental teratogens with cleft lip and palate?

Back 96

alcohol consumption
illegal drug use
prescription drug use

Front 97

When does the lip and palate develop?

Back 97

during the first trimester

Front 98

Name the six articulation characteristics associated with cleft lip and palate.

Back 98

more difficulty with voiced sounds
decreased intraoral pressure
velopharyngeal inadequacy
nasal emissions
vowel distortions
compensatory errors

Front 99

Name the four compensatory errors characteristic of cleft lip and palate.

Back 99

glottal stops
laryngeal stops and fricatives
pharyngeal stops and fricatives
nasal fricatives

Front 100

What are the three ypes of hearing impairment?

Back 100

conductive (children with middle ear infections - temporary)
sensorineural (hearing aids or cochlear implants)
mixed

Front 101

List the six articulation problems associated with hearing impairment.

Back 101

omission of final consonants and consonant clusters
omission of /s/ across word positions
omission of initial consonants
imprecise articulation
epenthesis (addition of schwa)
inappropriate release of final stops

Front 102

What are the four characteristics associated with hearing impairment in the area of voice and resonance?

Back 102

high-pitched voice
harshness
hoarseness
lack of normal intonation

Front 103

What are four prosodic disturbances associated with hearing impairment?

Back 103

limited fluency
increased rate of dysfluencies
slow rate of speech
inappropriate pauses

Front 104

What are six associated problems of hearing impairment?

Back 104

limited vocabulary
poor comprehension of word meanings
shorter sentences
pragmatic problems
poor reading comprehension
omission of several grammatical morphemes