Comd 3120 Unit 1

Front 1

List the 6 major systems of hearing, speech and language

Back 1

! Central Nervous System
! Auditory System
! Respiratory System
! Phonatory System
! Resonatory System
! Articulatory System

Front 2

List the main structures of the respiratory system.

Back 2

! Diaphragm
! Abdomen
! Thoracic Cavity
! Intercostals
! Trachea:

Front 3

What is the chief muscle of inhalation?

Back 3

The Diaphragm

Front 4

What is the section below the diaphragm?

Back 4

The abdomen

Front 5

What is the section above the diaphragm?

Back 5

The thoracic cavity.

Front 6

What are the muscles between the ribs and how many pairs are there?

What is their function?

Back 6

11 intercostals.
They help the ribs expand and contract to control the breath stream.

Front 7

What is the starting point of the lower airway?

Back 7

The trachea or windpipe.

Front 8

The trachea branches (bifurcates) into _____, which branch into ______.

Back 8

Bronchi, bronchiioloes

Front 9

What are the main structures of the phonatory mechanism?

Back 9

! Larynx
! Hyoid
! Cartilages
! Vocal Folds

Front 10

What rests just above the trachea?

Back 10

The larynx

Front 11

What is the U-shaped bone from which the larynx is suspended?

Back 11

The hyoid bone.

Front 12

What are the two types of cartilages in the phonatory mechanism?

Back 12

Unpaired and paired

Front 13

List the unpaired cartilages in the phonatory mechanism.

Back 13

Thyroid, cricoid and epiglottis

Front 14

List the paired cartilages in the phonatory mechanism.

Back 14

Arytenoids, corniculates and cuneiforms

Front 15

What do the vocal folds attach to?

Back 15

The vocal process of the arytenoids posteriorly and to the thyroid cartilage anteriorly at the thyroid notch

Front 16

These sit in the aryepiglottic folds.

Back 16

Cuneiform cartilages

Front 17

List the 4 major components of the resonatory mechanism.

Back 17

! Pharyngeal cavity
! Oral cavity
! Nasal cavity
! Velum

Front 18

What cavity is found above the larynx?

Back 18

The pharyngeal cavity

Front 19

This plays an important role in regulating air flow between the oral and nasal cavity.

Back 19

The velum

Front 20

List the two types of articulators of the articulatory mechanism along with the articulators in each grouping.

Back 20

! Movable: lips, tongue, soft palate and jaw
! Immovable: teeth, hard palate (maxilla) and alveolar ridge

Front 21

List the three components of the auditory mechanism.

Back 21

! Outer ear
! Middle ear
! Inner ear

Front 22

The outer ear is composed of:

Back 22

The pinna/auricle and the external auditory meatus

Front 23

The middle ear is composed of:

Back 23

The tympanic membrane and the ossicles.

Front 24

The inner ear is composed of

Back 24

The oval window, semicircular canals, cochlea and Organ of Corti

Front 25

Where is the Organ of Corti located?

Back 25

Within the Basilar membrane in the cochlea

Front 26

The central nervous system is composed of:

Back 26

The brain and the spinal cord.

Front 27

List the 5 major structures in the brain.

Back 27

! Cerebrum
! Basal Ganglia
! Thalamus
! Cerebellum
! Brain Stem

Front 28

The surface of the cerebrum is made up of ___ and ____.

Back 28

Gyri and sulci

Front 29

The parietal lobe is where you will find the:

Back 29

Primary sensory strip

Front 30

The frontal lobe is responsible for:

Back 30

Motor movements in the body and the area of executive function such as planning, memory

Front 31

Broca's area is found in this lobe and is responsible for this function:

Back 31

Frontal lobe
Speech production

Front 32

The temporal lobe is responsible for:

Back 32

Hearing

Front 33

Wernicke's area is found in this lobe and is responsible for this function:

Back 33

Temporal lobe
Language comprehension

Front 34

What is the deep subcortical structure in central nervous system and what will tension to this area result in?

Back 34

Basal Ganglia
Movement issues such as dysarthria which manifests in Parkinson's

Front 35

What is considered the relay station of the brain?

Back 35

Thalamus

Front 36

What is the coordinator of movement in the brain?

Back 36

Cerebellum

Front 37

Damage to the cerebellum may cause:

Back 37

Ataxia (uncoordinated motor movement)
Diodokinetic rates
Tremors
Mystagmus (shifty eyes)

Front 38

This is where nerves come from the brain to the spin and where their nuclei live.

Back 38

The brain stem.

Front 39

What are the three parts of the brain stem?

Back 39

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

Front 40

List the three types of connection fibers found in the brain.

Back 40

! Projection
! Association
! Commissural

Front 41

These connection fibers run vertically in the brain and establish connections between the cortex and subcortical structures.

Back 41

Projection fibers

Front 42

These connection fibers connect various areas of the cortex within each hemisphere.

Back 42

Association fibers

Front 43

These connection fibers span both hemispheres of the brain. Name the main fiber.

Back 43

Commissural
Corpus callosum

Front 44

What is the second major division of the nervous system?

Back 44

Peripheral nervous system

Front 45

The peripheral nervous system is made up of two types of nerves. List the two types and how many of each exist.

Back 45

! Cranial - 12 pairs
! Spinal - 31 pairs

Front 46

List the seven speech related cranial nerves.

Back 46

Trigeminal (V)
Facial (VII),
Auditory (VIII)
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Vagus (X)
Accessory (XI)
Hypoglossal (XII)

Front 47

List the two tracts in the pyramidal system.

Back 47

! Corticospinal tract
! Corticobulbar tract

Front 48

The pyramidal system is also known as:
The primary function of this system is:

Back 48

The direct motor activation pathway.
To facilitate voluntary movement.

Front 49

In the pyramidal system, this is the tract that descends from the motor cortex through the internal capsule to communicate with the spinal nerves.

Back 49

Corticospinal tract

Front 50

In the pyramidal system, this is the tract where voluntary movement for speech production is housed and it descends from the motor cortex through the internal capsule and terminates at the cranial nerves.

Back 50

Corticobulbar tract

Front 51

What system is known as the indirect activation system?

Back 51

The extrapyramidal system

Front 52

The extrapyramidal system is made up these of various subcortical nuclei:

Back 52

! Basal Ganglia
! Subthalamus
! Substantia nigra
! Red nucleus

Front 53

Damage to the extrapyramidal system will result in:

Back 53

Involuntary movement disorders such as dyskinesia or hypokinesia

Front 54

This functions as a conductor, modifier, adjuster and regulator of movement.

Back 54

The cerebellar system.

Front 55

Damage to the cerebellum might result in

Back 55

Ataxia
Wide-based gate

Front 56

What is an assessment?

Back 56

The process that is followed and the procedures that are used to establish the presence or absence of a disorder.

Front 57

List the steps of the diagnostic process.

Back 57

1 - Conduct assessment
2 - Score
3 - Analyze
4 - Interpret results
5 - Make clinical decision
6 - Recommendation after diagnosis

Front 58

What are the general principles of an assessment?

Back 58

! Review background (case history)
! Plan diagnostic session (i.e. GFTA)
! Select appropriate tests
! Prepare the test room
! Conduct opening interview & explain test procedures
! Administer test
! Assessing related areas
! Closing interview & discuss findings
! Recommendation
! Write diagnostic report

Front 59

What is a screening?

Back 59

A formal or informal method to assess large numbers of people in a short time. This is short, establishes good rapport and generates business & $.

Front 60

Who gets screened?

Back 60

! Preschool Children
! Elementary School Students
! Middle School Students
! High School Students
! Adult # Geriatric

Front 61

What are some advantages of formal screening tests?

Back 61

! Quick
! Simple to administer
! Protocol and criteria provided
! Most materials are provided
! Normed

Front 62

What is the disadvantages of formal screening tests?

Back 62

Sometimes too
inflexible

Front 63

What are some advantages of informal screening tests?

Back 63

! Set own criteria and norms.
! Tailor to meet specific needs
! Use natural materials

Front 64

What is the disadvantages of informal screening tests?

Back 64

! You have to generate your own materials
! Lack of consistency
! Takes more experience to be able
to screen well.

Front 65

What does the Communication Screen test?

Back 65

Expressive Language
Articulation
Memory
Vocabulary
Intelligibility
Fluency

Front 66

What is one limitation of the Communication Screen test?

Back 66

You may not hear the child produce all of the sounds of the English language.

Front 67

What kind of test is the Utah Test of Language Development?

Back 67

A screening test of articulation

Front 68

What are some informal articulation tests for preschool?

Back 68

! Play Activities
! Narratives
! Story Telling
! Imagining

Front 69

What does the formal Joliet 3 min. Speech and Language Screen assess? What age is it appropriate for?

Back 69

! Receptive Vocabulary
! Grammar
! Articulation
! Has place to evaluate voice and fluency

School Age
! Used in districts in Logan

Front 70

What are the three approaches to articulation therapy?

Back 70

1 - Traditional
2 - Behavioral
3 - Linguistic-Based

Front 71

The traditional approach to articulation therapy focuses on what?

Back 71

The correct production of one or two phonemes at a time until correct production is achieved.

Front 72

List the 8 techniques of traditional approach

Back 72

Phonetic Placement
Moto-Kinesthetic
Stimulus
Group
Integral Stimulation
Servotheory
Sensory-Motor
Discrimination

Front 73

What is the phonetic placement technique focus on? What activities are used?

Back 73

Positioning of articulators and correct use of breath stream during the production of phonemes. Drill activities to stabilize production of sound

Front 74

What technique within the traditional approach is useful for the hard of hearing/deaf population and why?

Back 74

The phonetic placement

Moving the articulators helps show them how to make sounds.

Front 75

Explain the moto-kinesthetic approach.

Back 75

A 1:1 approach in which each sound is taught as a part of a specified stimulus syllable, word, phrase, or sentence. Client is usually laying down and simultaneously receives tactile,
kinesthetic, auditory and visual feedback.

Front 76

What approach/technique is used today with clients with neurogenic impairments such as CP?

Back 76

Moto-kinesthetic approach

Front 77

Define the group method traditional approach.

Back 77

A technique in which the focus is on the client as a whole person with many behaviors, with which speech is only one. Typically meeting as a group, breaking up to work individually and then coming back together as a group.

Front 78

How is the integral stimulation technique different than other traditional approaches?

Back 78

You begin with production rather than auditory discrimination. Stress is put on the successful production of the first carefully chosen target sounds chosen for stimulability and frequency in speech.

Front 79

Define the Servotheory approach.

Back 79

A two stage approach that stresses need for client to discriminate the error sound and the correct target and then correctly produce the sound in different words until correct production is consistent.

Front 80

Define the sensory-motor approach.

Back 80

Systematic program that utilized
coarticulatory effects in context of both assessment and treatment.Start with syllable. Use phonemes that differ in manner/placing etc.

Front 81

Define the discrimination approach.

Back 81

Using common items, the clinician rewards the client for correct articulation with the item.

Front 82

According to the discrimination approach, when child can discriminate between ___ and ___, production begins.

Back 82

When child can discriminate between ERROR
and TARGET IN SENTENCES, production begins.

Front 83

The traditional approach that Harris Winitz took 12 years to develop.

Back 83

The discrimination approach

Front 84

Define the nonsense approach.

Back 84

Using nonsense syllables and words to illicit the production of target words.

Front 85

What is the goal of the nonsense approach?

Back 85

To facilitate carry over of learned target sounds from deliberate use to spontaneous conversational speech.

Front 86

Who is considered the father of articulation and what approach did he develop?

Back 86

Charles VanRiper

Stimulus approach

Front 87

What does the stimulus approach focus on?

Back 87

The single misarticulated target sound.

Front 88

What approach provides the core for traditional therapy?

Back 88

The stimulus approach.

Front 89

What are the four major steps in the VanRiper approach?

Back 89

1 - Ear training
2 - Production training
3 - Transfer and carry-over
4 - Maintenance

Front 90

What are the 4 steps to the application of the behavioral approach to articulation therapy?

Back 90

1 - Establish baseline
2 - Specify target behavior
3 - Establish antecedent events (cues and prompts)
4 - Establish consequent events such as positive reinforcement

Front 91

What are the 2 major principles of linguistic-based approaches?

Back 91

1 - Child's rule system is different from adult's and the child must learn the adults. (focus on group of sounds associated with a rule)

2- The function of the phonological system is to support communication and end goal needs to be improved communication

Front 92

What are the two major groups of the linguistic-based approaches?

Back 92

1- Distinctive feature approach
2 - Phonological process approach

Front 93

What are the 2 disadvantages of the distinctive feature approach?

Back 93

1. Time required to complete analysis
2. Questionable articulatory validity of many feature systems.

Front 94

The phonological process approach is based on these 3 assumptions.

Back 94

1 - Treatment will result in more efficient therapy
2 - Assumes the problem is one of rule learning so treatment should entail discovery of those rules.
3 - Problem is proposed to be phonemic and not phonetic.

Front 95

Explain the difference between phonemic and phonetic.

Back 95

Phonemic has to do with language and the production of words

Phonetic has to do with looking at individual speech sounds (phonemes)

Front 96

What are the 3 guiding principles for selection of phonological processes for remediation?

Back 96

1. Select processes that interfere most with intelligibility.
2. Select less stable processes. They are more amenable to change.
3. Select processes that are most common in young children.

Front 97

Why do you need to know so many approaches to therapy?

Back 97

So that you can select the best features from all of the models and create you own eclectic approach.