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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Communication disorders are the 2nd most common handicapping condition among
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6-21 year olds
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What percentage of clinicians have clients with articulation and phonological disorders?
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92%
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What percentage of preschoolers have artic, phonological and language disorders?
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78-85%
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What percentage of all communication disorders are articulation disorders?
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32%
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The #1 most common handicapping condition among 6-21 years olds is
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learning disability
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What are the six major systems of hearing, speech and language?
CARPRA |
Central Nervous System
Auditory System Respiratory System Phonatory System Resonatory System Articulatory System |
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Parts of the Respiratory System (5)
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Trachea
Intercostals Thoracic Cavity Diaphragm Abdomen |
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The trachea is the starting point for what?
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The lower airway
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How many ribs do we have?
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12
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Vocal folds attach to
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the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages
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The Phonatory Mechanism includes
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Larynx
Hyoid Bone Vocal Folds |
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What are the larynx cartilages?
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Unpaired:
thyroid, cricoid, epiglottis Paired: arytenoids, corniculates, cuneiforms |
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Where do the vocal folds attach?
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Posteriorly:
vocal process of arytenoids Anteriorly: thyroid notch |
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Resonatory Mechanism includes
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Pharyngeal cavity
Oral Cavity Nasal Cavity Velum |
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Articulatory Mechanism includes
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Movable:
tongue, lips, soft palate, and jaw Immovable: teeth, hard palate, and alveolar ridge |
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Auditory Mechanism includes
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Outer, middle, and inner ear
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What are the parts of the outer ear?
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pinna (auricle)
external auditory meatus (ear canal or EAM) |
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What are the parts of the middle ear?
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tympanic membrane (eardrum)
ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes) |
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What are the parts of the inner ear?
COOS |
cochlea
oval window Organ of Corti semicircular canals |
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Where is the Organ of Corti located?
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within the Basilar membrane
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The outer ear ends at
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the eardrum
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The stapes articulates with
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the oval window of the inner ear
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The oval window is part of the
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cochlea
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What part of the inner ear is important for balance?
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the semicircular canals
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Central Nervous System includes
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brain and spinal cord
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Where is the motor cortex located?
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the frontal lobe
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What are the lobes of the brain?
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frontal
parietal temporal occipital |
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The frontal lobe is responsible for what functions?
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motor movements
executive functioning (planning, memory, etc.) speech production (Broca's area) |
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Name the parts of the brain
BBCCT |
Basal Ganglia
Brain Stem Cerebrum Cerebellum Thalamus |
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What are the parts of the cerebrum?
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cerebral cortex
4 lobes |
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What is an important part of the parietal lobe?
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the primary sensory strip
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The temporal lobe is responsible for
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hearing
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What is an important part of the temporal lobe?
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Wernicke's area
(language comprehension) |
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The occipital lobe is responsible for
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vision
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Basal Ganglia lesions manifest as
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movement disorders
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Names four movement disorders due to Basal Ganglia damage
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hypokinetic dysarthria (Parkinson's)
hyper/hypokinesia Huntington's chorea |
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What is the function of the thalamus?
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the brain's relay station
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Damage to the cerebellum can result in
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ataxia
dysdiadochokinesia intention tremor nystagmus |
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What is dysdiadochokinesia?
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the inability to perform rapid alternating muscle movements
occurs with cerebellar damage |
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What is the difference between intention tremor and a tremor at rest?
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intention tremor occurs with cerebellar damage
at rest tremor occurs with Basal Ganglia damage |
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What is nystagmus?
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rapid, oscillating pupil movements
occurs with cerebellar damage |
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What is ataxia?
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uncoordinated motor movements
occurs with cerebellar damage |
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What are the parts of the brain stem?
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midbrain
pons medulla |
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What is the function of the brain stem?
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nerve transfer area
controls life supporting functions |
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Name the connecting fibers of the brain
CAP |
commissural
association projection |
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What direction do projection fibers run?
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vertically
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What do projection fibers do?
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establish connections between the cortex and subcortical structures
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What do association fibers do?
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interconnect areas of the cortex with each hemisphere
can be short (same lobe) and long (between lobes) |
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One of the most important association fiber bundles is
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the arcuate fasciculus
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What does the arcuate fasciculus do?
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connects Wernicke's area (temporal lobe) to Broca's area (frontal lobe)
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What results when the arcuate fasciculus is damaged?
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conduction aphasia
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What is the main commissural fiber bundle called?
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the corpus callosum
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What direction do commissural fibers run?
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horizontally, connecting the two hemispheres
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What comprises the peripheral nervous system?
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cranial and spinal nerves
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How many pairs of cranial nerves?
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12
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How many pairs of spinal nerves?
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31
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What are the speech related cranial nerves?
TFAGVAH |
5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12
Trigeminal (V) Facial (VII) Auditory (VIII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X) Accessory (XI) Hypoglossal (XII) |
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What's another name for the pyramidal system?
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Direct Motor Activation Pathway
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What is the main function of the pyramidal system?
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facilitates voluntary movement
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What are the two tracts of the pyramidal system?
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corticospinal
corticobulbar |
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What is the path of the corticospinal tract?
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Motor cortex through
internal capsule decussates at the medulla resulting in contralateral motor control descends to the spinal nerves |
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Where does the corticobulbar tract terminate?
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the cranial nerves
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What does the corticobulbar tract do?
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controls all voluntary movement for speech production
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What comprises the extrapyramidal system?
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basal ganglia
red nucleus substantia nigra subthalamus |
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What is the extrapyramidal system also known as?
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the indirect activation system
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What are the functions of the extrapyramidal system?
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helps regulate movement
assists in posture and tone |
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Involuntary movement disorders are a result of damage to the
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extrapyramidal system
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What does the cerebellar system do?
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regulator of movement
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The corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts are divided into
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lower and upper motor neurons
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The upper motor neurons do not exit the
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neuraxis
they stay in the CNS |
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Upper motor neurons include both the
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pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems
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Lower motor neurons communicate with the
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peripheral nerves to generate muscular movements
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Damage to the pyramidal tracts causes
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general weakness and slowness of movements
(dysarthria) |
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What are two aspects of speech?
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highly complex motor skill
primary channel for human language |
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Speech disorders may arise from
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speech motor control (articulation)
language knowledge (phonological) |
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Articulation errors generally do not change
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the meaning of words due to the phonetic error
sounds errors that don't have a common relation among them |
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Phonological errors can result in
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the meaning of words being changed
usually involves a category of sounds like stops or fricatives |
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What are the four sets of language rules?
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pragmatics
syntax semantics phonology |
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What are pragmatics?
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the rules that govern the use of language in social situations
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What is syntax?
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grammar rules of language
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What is semantics?
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the meaning of language
includes vocabulary |
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What is phonology?
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study of speech sounds and patterns
the rules that govern how the sounds come together to make words |
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What is phonetics?
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the study of speech sounds
their production and acoustic properties and the written symbols used to represent them |
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What is the definition of articulation?
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actions of the organs producing speech
OR movement of the speech mechanism to produce speech sounds |
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What is a phoneme?
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the smallest unit of sound that affects the meaning
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How many phonemes in English?
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46
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What is an allophone?
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a recognizable variation of a phoneme
does not change the meaning of a word |
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What are phonological rules?
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they describe a sound system and dictate how sounds can be combined
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What is a phonological process?
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a technique used by children to simplify speech when attempting to produce adult sounds
developmental |
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What is place of articulation?
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point in the vocal tract where articulators obstruct outgoing breath stream
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Where are the different places of articulation?
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labial
dental alveolar palatal velar glottal Vowels: front, central, back |
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What is manner?
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the degree of constriction of the vocal tract and direction of air flow
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What are the stop consonants?
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/p, b, t, d, k, g/
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What are the nasal consonants?
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/m, n, ŋ/
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How are nasals produced?
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formed from the coupling of the oral and nasal cavities
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How are fricatives produced?
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air is forced through a narrow channel formed by the articulators
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What are the fricative consonants?
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/f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/
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How are affricates produced?
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first a stop action then a fricative action to release the air
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What are the affricates?
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/ʧ ʤ/
(ch, j) |
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How are liquids produced?
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a large aperture between the tongue and the roof of the mouth
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What are the liquid consonants?
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/l,r/
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How are glides produced?
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articulators move from one position to another
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What are the glide consonants?
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/w, j/
(wh, ya) |
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How are vowels produced?
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vocal tract is open and they are voiced
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What are the types of simplification processes?
VASO |
vowel reduction
assimilation syllable reduction omission |
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What are the major systems of hearing, speech, and language?
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CNS
Auditory Respiratory Phonatory Resonatory Articulatory |
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What sounds are effected by cleft lip?
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/p, b, m/
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A high vaulted palate may effect
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resonance
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What is a good phoneme to use to check for a short frenulum?
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/θ/
OR /t/ or /d/ to see if they reach the alveolar ridge |
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What is the term for a short lingual frenum?
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ankyloglossia
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What are genetic factors for articulation disorders
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Down Syndrome
other syndromes mental retardation |
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What are the environmental factors for articulation disorders?
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abuse/neglect
inaccurate speech model socioeconomic status |
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What are neurological injuries that can cause articulation disorders?
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Cerebral Palsy
CVA trauma at birth or in Utero TBI Diminished oral motor skill |
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What is CVA?
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cerebral vascular accident (stroke)
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What can result from CVA or TBI?
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dysarthria or apraxia
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