Comd 3120 Glossary

Front 1

abducted

Back 1

Open, drawn apart; as in abducted vocal folds

Front 2

accessory nerve XI

Back 2

classified as a cranial nerve, it is both a cranial and a spinal nerve that supplies the muscles of the pharynx, soft palate, head, and shoulders

Front 3

acoustic

Back 3

pertaining to sound

Front 4

acoustics

Back 4

a branch of phonetics, which pertains to the study of the science of sound; it includes the study of the origin, transmission, modification and effects of sound vibrations

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acoustic phonetics

Back 5

branch of phonetics dedicated to the study of the science of the sound

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acoustic reflex

Back 6

reflexive contraction of the tensor tympani and the stapedius msucles triggered by loud sounds and noises

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Adam's apple

Back 7

the lay term for the tyroid notch in the larynx

Front 8

adaptation

Back 8

in articulation, the process by which sounds are affected by or take on the properties of other surrounding sounds; the perceptual property of the sound may be unaffected

Front 9

addition

Back 9

a form of artiulation error; a superfluous sound that does not belong in word (e.g., "biga" for big)

Front 10

adduction

Back 10

closed or nearly closed; as in adducted vocal folds

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advanced word forms

Back 11

words used by a young child that have an advanced pronunciation in comparison to the rest of the child's phonological system the use of such form may disappear as the child's phonological system matures; progressive idioms

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afferent

Back 12

the flow of information toward the cell body

Front 13

affricates

Back 13

a group of consonants with the characteristics of stops and fricatives

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age of customary production

Back 14

the age at which approximately 50% of children produce a particular singleton sound

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age of mastery

Back 15

the age at which approximately 90% of children produce a particular singleton sound

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air conduction

Back 16

sound traveling through the medium of the air; air-conducted sound reaches the cochlea through the outer and middle ear

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allographs

Back 17

different letters (alphabetic symbols) and letter combinations that can be used to represent the same sound (phoneme) in a specific language

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allophones

Back 18

variations of a phoneme

Front 19

allophonic variations

Back 19

articulatory or perceptual variations of the same phoneme, often caused by the sound's phonetic environment; such variations do not change the meaning of a word

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alternating motion rates

Back 20

alternating repetitive movements of the tongue; part of the diadochokinetic testing by successive repetition of the same syllable sequence

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alveolar process

Back 21

the outer edges of the maxillary bone (upper jaw) that house the molar, bicuspid, and cuspid teeth

Front 22

alveolar ridge

Back 22

a ridge on the maxilla that overlies the roots of the teeth, most often located behind the upper anterior teeth in most people i serves as the point of articulation for the English sounds /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/

Front 23

alveolar sounds

Back 23

consonant sounds /s/, /z/, /t/, /d/, /n/, /l/ made by placing the tongue against the alveolar ridge

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amplitude

Back 24

magnitude or range of movement of sound waves, the greater the amplitude, the louder the sound is perceived

Front 25

anatomy

Back 25

structure of an organism; the science pertaining to the structure of organisms

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aneurysm

Back 26

circumscribed dilation of an artery; formed by a stretching of its walls; can be suggestive of a condition in which the weakened blood vessel may burst

Front 27

ankyloglossia

Back 27

limited movemnt of the tongue tip due to an abnormally short lingual frenulum; also known as tongue-tie

Front 28

anoxia

Back 28

lack of or deficiency of oxygen; a potential cause of brain damage

Front 29

antecedent event

Back 29

a stimulus presented before a target response is produced or attempted

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anterior feature

Back 30

distinctive feature characterstic of sounds made in the front region of the mouth, gernally at the alveolar ridge or forward

Front 31

anticipatory substitution

Back 31

sound substitution created by the coarticulation effects of a sound that follows the target sound

Front 32

aperiodic

Back 32

sound vibrations (or other events) that do not repeat themselves at regular intervals; aperiodic sound is perceived noise

Front 33

aphasia

Back 33

an acquired language disorder due to brain damage or disease; a variety of difficulties in formulating, expressing, and understanding language

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aphonia

Back 34

loss of voice

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applied phonetics

Back 35

a branch of phonetics dedicated to the practical application of the knowledge gained from experimental, articulatory, acoustic and perceptual phonetics

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apraxia

Back 36

a disorder of sequenced movements of body parts int he absence of muscle weakness, incoordination, or paralysis; an acquired motor programming disorder

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apraxia of speech

Back 37

a sensorimotor disorder of speech, characterized by impaired ability to position the speech muscles and sequence the muscle movements (respiratory, laryngeal, and oral) necessary for volitional production for sounds and words

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approximants

Back 38

sounds produced by an "approximating" contact between the two articulators that form them; includes liquids and glides

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aprosody

Back 39

loss of the melody of speech (prosody); a less severe form is referred to as dysprosody (disordered prosody)

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arresting sound

Back 40

a consonant that closes a syllable

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articulation

Back 41

in speech, movement of the speech mechanism to produce the sound of speech; one of the four basic processes involved in speech production

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articulation disorders

Back 42

problems in producing speech sounds

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articulation-bound features

Back 43

sound features produced by the action of a single articulator

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articulation-free features

Back 44

sound features produced by the actions of multiple articulators

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articulators

Back 45

organs of speech production mechanism; help produce meaningful sound by interrupting the flow of exhaled air or by narrowing the speace for its passage; the articulators include the lips, tongue, velum, jaw, hard palate, alveolar ridge, and teeth

Front 46

articulatory models

Back 46

a model of speech production that seeks to explain only the articulatory speech movements

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articulatory phonetics

Back 47

a branch of phonetics that focuses on how a speaker of a language makes pseech sounds; also termed physiologic phonetics

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arytenoid cartilages

Back 48

two small, pyramid-shaped cartilages capable of various kinds of movements; the vocal folds move accordingly becaue of their attachment to the arytenoids

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assessment

Back 49

in articulation, the process that is followed and the procedures that are used to identify the presence or absence of an articulation or phonological disorder

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assimilation

Back 50

the effect one speech sound has on another when produced in close sequence, such that the sounds become more like each other; the effect can be so extensive that it can be perceptually identified

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association fibers

Back 51

neural fibers that connect different parts of the brains within the 2 hemispheres

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ataxia

Back 52

disturbed balance and abnormal gait caused by damage to the cerebellum

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ataxic dysarthria

Back 53

a motor speech disorder associated with atxia

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athetosis

Back 54

a neurological disorder chracterized by slow, involuntary, writhing and "wormlike" movements

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atrophy

Back 55

degeneration or wasting away of musle, tissues, or organs; muscular atrophy often occurs in paralysis

Front 56

audible nasal emission

Back 56

noise that can be heard of the air escaping through the noise