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64 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are some syllable structure processes? (7)
CDE FIRU |
Cluster reduction (simplification)
Diminutization Epenthesis Final consonant deletion Initial consonant deletion Reduplication (doubling) Unstressed syllable deletion |
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What is an uncommon syllable structure phonological process?
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Initial consonant deletion
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What is Unstressed Syllable Deletion?
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omission of one or more syllables from a polysyllabic word
banana ⇨ nana |
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What is Reduplication (Doubling)?
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repetition of a syllable of a target word resulting in the creation of a multisyllabic word
total or partial bottle ⇨ baba |
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What is Diminutization?
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addition of the /i/ vowel to the target word
cup ⇨ cuppy |
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What is Epenthesis?
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insertion of an unstressed vowel, usually the schwa, between two consonants
blue ⇨ balue, school ⇨ eschool |
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What is Final Consonant Deletion?
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omission of a final singleton consonant or final consonant cluster in a word
cat ⇨ ca, task ⇨ ta |
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What is Initial Consonant Deletion?
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omission of singleton or cluster consonants in the initial word position
if word should start with a consonant and is changed to start with a vowel, then it's ICD uncommon and should be the first process to correct |
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What is Cluster Reduction or Cluster Simplification?
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deletion or substitution of some or all members of a cluster
total or partial splash ⇨ spash, flag ⇨ ag grass ⇨ gwas or gas |
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What is Stopping?
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stops replace fricatives and affricates
fat ⇨ pat vine ⇨ pine |
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What is Deaffrication?
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stop or fricative replaces an affricate
cheese ⇨ tease job ⇨ dob charm ⇨ karm |
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What is Velar Fronting?
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replacement of the velars /k, g, ng/ with more anterior sounds
cup ⇨ tup go ⇨ do kiss ⇨ diss |
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What is Depalatalization?
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alveolar fricative replaces a palatal fricative
alveolar affricate replaces a palatal affricate |
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What is Backing?
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posterior sounds replace anterior sounds
/t,d/ ⇨ /k,g/ uncommon process |
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What is Liquid Gliding?
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glide replaces a liquid
/r, l/ ⇨ /w, j/ rabbit ⇨ wabbit leaf ⇨ yeaf |
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What is Vocalization (Vowelization)?
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vowel replaces a syllabic liquid
simple ⇨ simpo table ⇨ tabo butter ⇨ butta |
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What are some substitution processes? (7)
BDD LSVV |
Backing
Deaffrication Depalatalization Liquid Gliding Stopping Velar Fronting Vocalization (Vowelization) |
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What's another name for Assimilation Processes?
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Consonant harmony
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What are the types of Assimilation Processes? (6)
ALN PPV |
Alveolar assimilation
Labial assimilation Nasal assimilation Prevocalic voicing Postvocalic devoicing Velar assimilation |
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What are substitution processes?
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one class of sounds is replaces by another class of sounds
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What are three assessment tests for phonological processes?
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Clinical Assessment of Articulation and Phonology
Hodsons Assessment of Phonological Processes Khan-Lewis |
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What are characteristics of phonological therapy? (3)
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Designed for highly unintelligible children
Appropriate for moderate and severe articulation problems Treatment follows a Cycles (Hodson) approach |
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What are Cycles?
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time periods during which all phonological patterns that need remediation are worked on
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What is the difference between Pattern and Process?
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We teach patterns and correct processes
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How do you eliminate processes?
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work on speech patterns
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In the Cycles approach, in each cycle
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all deficient patterns are worked through
each phoneme, 60 minutes per cycle |
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What is the approximate time to intelligibility in the Cycles approach?
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3-6 cycles
30-40 hours @ 40-60 minutes per week |
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How do you group clients in group therapy?
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3-4 individuals not to exceed a three year age difference
working on similar target behaviors can have different target phonemes |
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When do you do group therapy?
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after the child has mastered sound production at the word level
when you have a large case load when you have a number of clients at the same level and age |
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What are characteristics of group therapy?
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members listen and evaluate each other
each member models and rewards other members constant interaction between group members clinician monitors group and pulls out individuals for help as needed clinician teaches group members to act as the clinician |
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What are characteristics of therapy in a group?
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clinician is working with one client at a time
clinician makes all judgments of accuracy clients hopefully listen and wait their turns valuable time is wasted |
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What are the advantages of group therapy?
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can see more clients in a shorter period of time
group members monitor, reward and punish each other more natural group interactions for conversation |
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What are the disadvantages of group therapy?
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difficult to involve all members all the time
more time needed for prep must deal with behavior control |
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What are two set-ups for group therapy?
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traditional
20/20/20 split |
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What is the 20/20/20 split?
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First 20 minutes- treat one client
Second 20 minutes - another client comes in and have group therapy Third 20 minutes - second client stays and the first leaves |
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What are the advantages to the 20/20/20 split?
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you have individual time for uncommon goals so as not to waste the other client's time
individual goals are practiced and generalized in group |
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What are the disadvantages to the 20/20/20 split?
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time is short
time is wasted transitioning between modes prep time needed |
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What are the reasons for data collection?
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assessment
accountability motivation |
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Drilling is particularly effective with what type of disorder?
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developmental apraxia of speech
helps to reinforce motor sequencing |
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What are other names for tongue thrust?
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reverse swallow
immature swallow |
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Most children change to a normal swallow pattern by age
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6
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What are symptoms of tongue thrust?
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difficulty with speech; /s/ and /z/ sounds
facial grimace or lip pursing when swallowing mouth breathing due to allergies or enlarged tonsils and adenoids open bite condition of the teeth open mouth posture with a forward tongue position during rest |
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What are indicators of tongue thrust?
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difficulty making certain sounds
irregular teeth positioning lip puckering/licking prior to swallow |
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What are three cardinal rules for behavior modification?
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wait for students' attention
know what students are doing praise in public/reprove in private |
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What is a powerful social reward?
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attention
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The key to behavior management is
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to be prepared
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What is the Rule of Immediacy?
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reward immediately following a child's correct response
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What is the Rule of Attention?
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provide attention the way you would use a reward following a correct response
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What is the Rule of Paring Rewards?
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anything paired or associated with a reward also acquires rewarding properties (secondary reinforcer)
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What is the Rule of Continuous Reward?
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begin with rewarding each correct response then as the child improves begin to vary the reinforcement so the child has to keep working to get a reward
(variable ratio schedule of reinforcement) |
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What is the Rule of Selective Reward?
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give a reward following the responses that are most important for the child to learn
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What is the Rule of Small Steps?
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use small steps to establish complex behavior
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What is the Rule of Chaining?
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one behavior leads to another in a chain leading to a complex behavior
reward at the end of the chain |
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What is the Rule of Getting the Child's Attention?
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have the child's attention when giving directions
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What is the Rule of Imitation?
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modeling desired behavior is an important method of instruction
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What is the Rule of Relevant Cues?
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use relevant cues when instructing children
provides preparation to help them respond |
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What is generalization?
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the intermediate target of therapy
either a temporary production of a recently learned response in different contexts or the production of untrained responses based on recent learning |
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Generalizations must be
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reinforced
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What are types of generalization?
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Across word positions
Across linguistic levels Across sound classes Across situations Within sound classes Untaught stimulus items |
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When can you discharge a client?
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when client can produce targeted sounds ⤵
in conversational speech 85-90% of the time in a lengthy conversation with clinician outside of therapy room with clinician while engaged in a motor activity |
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What is Maintenance?
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production of target objectives in the client's natural environment over time
post-discharge |
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What are five components to include when creating maintenance situations?
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across language activities
across conversational settings across conversational partners across associated activities across time |
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Who is responsible for maintenance?
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parents
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When a child is on a maintenance program, when do you check in with him?
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post-discharge:
1 month 3 months 6 months |
