Comd 3120: Disorders Of Artic And Phono (Chptr 2)

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phonology

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-study of speech sounds, speech sound production, and the rules for combining sounds in meaningful words and sentences

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phonetics

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-study of speech sounds, their production and acoustic properties and the written symbols that represent them
-several branches (historical, experimental, articulatory or physiological, acoustic, perceptual, and clinical or applied)

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historical phonetics

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-study of how sounds change over time
-new sounds emerge and old sounds may disappear due to lack of use

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experimental phonetics

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-study of speech sound production to analyze physiological movements and acoustic properties with the help of lab instruments
-method developed by phonecians of this branch is speech synthesis

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articulatory or physiological phonetics

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-concentrates on how a speaker of a language produces speech sounds.
-vocal tract and related structures are studied extensively

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acoustic phonetics

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-study of the properties of the sound waves as they travel from the speaker to listener

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perceptual phonetics

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-the perception of sounds by the listener is studied in this branch of phonetics
-this study ranges from sound awareness to sound interpretation

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clinical or applied phonetics

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-branch of phonetics dedicated to the practical application of the knowledge derived from experimental, articulatory, acoutisc, and perceptual phonetics
-major concern for the study of speech disorders

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phone

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-In study of speech production, this is a single speech sound

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phoneme

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-a group of phones perceived to fall within the same sound family
-Ex. if you say "tea" alternating from alveolar to dental contact, you will realize the meaning of the word doesn't change. You have only produced two different phones.

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morpheme

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-smallest unit of language carrying meaning

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free morpheme

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-a whole word that cannot be linguistically broken down into smaller units

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bound morphemes

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-word endings (suffixes) or beginnings (prefixes) that attach to a word (free morpheme) to alter the meaning of that word

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minimal pairs

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-morphemes that are similiar except for one phoneme
-ex: bit, sit, kit, and mit

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phonemics

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-the study of sound differences in a language
-ex: /t/ and /d/ are two distinct phonemes in English because they contrast word pairs such as tie-die and ten-den.

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allophones

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-an alternate form of a phoneme within a language.
-do not change the meaning of a word

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allophonic variation

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articulatory or perceptual variations of the same phoneme, often caused by the sound's phonetic environment. These variations do not change the meaning of the word

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interdentally (interdental sound)

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-sound made by lightly placing the tip of the tongue between the upper and lower central incisors
-ex: voiced /ð/ and voiceless /θ/

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International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

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-the symbols used by speech-language pathology to represent the phonemes of English
-used to transcribe speech production

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allographs

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-the different letters and letter combinations that can be used to represent the same phonemes.
-any one of these can represent diff sounds and can also be silent
-ex. letter combination "gh" represents /f/ in "laughter" and the /g/ sound in "ghost," and in the "sight" it is silent

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virgules

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-the slash marks that the idealized or abstract description of a sound (transcribed by IPA) is enclosed between

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The idealized or abstract description of a sound is transcribed according to the IPA and enclosed between slash marks or vigules, as in /t/. This is called ________ ____________ because the variations in actual phoneme production are not depicted.

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phonemic transcription

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The sounds that are actually produced by an individual are transcribed and placed between brackets as in [t]; this is known as __________ ___________.

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phonetic transcription

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Phonetic symbols enclosed by brackets may sometimes be further modified by special symbols called ___________
____________.

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diacritical markers
-ex. A dentalized production of /d/ would be transcribed as [d̪]. The mark under the [d̪] is the IPA symbol indicating the dentalized production of a phoneme.

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narrow phonetic transcription

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-A detailed form of recording a speech sound or utterance using the symbols of IPA and diacritical markers
-This means, an interpreter would know if the sound is voiced/voiceless and so on.

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broad phonetic transcription

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-The act of writing a phoneme into special phonetic symbols enclosed between virgules (slash marks).
-ex. /bot/ for "boat"
-Can only be interpreted by someone familiar with the phonology of the language.

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consonants

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-phonemes produced by some narrowing or closing of the vocal tract.
-closure may be complete as in /b/ and /k/, or partial, as in the /f/ and /l/.

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clusters

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-these are consonants produced in a side-by-side combination
-ex. slip

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prevocalic

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-consonant clusters BEFORE a vowel
-ex. tree, break, and street

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postvocalic

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-consontant clusters AFTER a vowel
-ex. park, best, and help

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vowels

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-these are produced with relatively open vocal tract
-in production of these, tongue doesn't make contact with any specific articulator for closure.
-further divided into simple, pure, and diphthongs

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monophthongs (aka pure vowels)

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-means "single sounds"
-comprise most of the vowel sounds of American English
-These suggest a single articulatory position needed to produce them.

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diphthongs

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-These mean "two sounds".
-These are made by the quick gliding of two simple vowels so that they cannot be perceptually separated, as in the words "toy" and "bye."
-Production of these needs two articulatory positions.
-These make up a smaller set of sounds in American English

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Because of their syllable forming status, vowels are also termed __________.

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syllabics
*A few English consonants can take on a syllabic nature, meaning they can also form the nucleus for a syllable. These include: /m/, /n/, /l/, and /r/.
*ex. syllabic property of /m/ is /prizm̩/

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open syllable

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-a syllable that ends in a vowel or diphthong
-ex. my, key, and blue

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closed syllable

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-a syllable that ends in a consonant
-ex. stop, make, took

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intervocalic

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-consonants that occur between vowels

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Three words that are used to describe the position of a sound are _______, ________, and _________.

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initial, medial, and final
-ex. In word "de-tec-tive," the first /t/ is in the "medial" position of the word but in the "initial" position of the second syllable.

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initial

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-refers to a sound that is located at the beginning of a word.

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medial

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-refers to a sound that is located in the middle of a word

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final

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-refers to a sound that is located at the end of a word

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releasing sounds

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-sounds in syllable-initial position

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arresting sounds

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-sounds in the syllable-final position

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syllable

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-This has a nucleus (typically a vowel)
-It also has an onset and a coda

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Nucleus and coda (in a syllable) are collectively known as _________.

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rhyme

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Place of articulation

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-indicates WHERE along the vocal tract the consonant is formed

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Manner of articulation

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-indicates HOW the consonant is formed

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Voice

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-indicates WHETHER the vocal folds are vibrating during consonant production

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stop sounds

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-these consonants are formed by complete closure of the vocal tract. The air pressure is released and may produce a short burst of noise.
-aka stop plosives
-These include: /p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, and /g/
-Movements in producing these are rapid and their duration is the shortest

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fricative sounds

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-these sounds have a hissing or turbulent quality that results from the continuous forcing of air through a narrow constriction
-These include: /s/, /z/, /f/, /v/, /θ/, /ð/,/ʃ/, /tʃ/, /ʒ/, and /dʒ/
-During production of these, the velopharyngeal port is closed

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affricate sounds

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-These have a stop and fricative component
-These sounds begin as stops, they are released as fricatives.
-They include: /tʃ/ and /dʒ/
-During production of these, the velopharyngeal port is closed
-These begin with an obstructed airstream and end with a quick release.

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nasal sounds

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-Produced by a closed oral tract and an open velopharyngeal port.
-These are produced like stops.
* When the velopharyngeal port is open, nasal resonance is possible even if the oral closure is inadequate.
-These sounds include: /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/
*In connected speech, oral sounds may become nasalized if surround by nasal sounds. ex. say "cat" and "man". "Man" is nasalized.

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glides

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-aka semivowels
-produced by a gliding motion of the articulators with closed velopharngeal port .
-During production of these, the oral cavity is constricted by more open that during the production of consonants
-These are produced more like diphthongs.
-These include: /w/ and /j/
-ex. say "went" and "yam" and you will notice gradual sliding property as progress from glide consonant to the vowel.

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liquids

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-These include: /l/ and /r/.
-similiar to glides and are often described as semivowels.
-When these are produced there is a closed velopharynx and sustainable oral articulatory posture.
-During production of these, though constricted, the oral passage is wider than it is during the production of other consonants.

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billabials

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-mutual contact of the upper and lower lips
-the stops /b/, /p/, and nasal /m/ make up these.
-/w/ is frequently categorized under this and velar.

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labiodentals

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-placement of the upper front teeth over the lower lip; light contact forming narrow point of constriction.
-Only /f/ and /v/ are made with this type of contact (and they are both fricatives)

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linguadentals or interdentals

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-placement of the tongue tip between the upper and lower front teeth. This forms narrow constriction with point of contact between teeth and tongue, light.
-These include: /ð/ and /θ/

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lingua-alveolars or alveolars

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-contact of the tongue tip against the alveolar ridge.
-These include: /t/, /d/, /s/, /l/, /z/, and /n/.
-The type of contact between tongue and alveolar ridge varies according to sound's manner of articulation

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-linguapalatal or palatal

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-point of contact of the tongue blade against the hard palate (typically just posterior to the alveolar ridge)
-These include: fricatives /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, the affricates /dʒ/ and /tʃ/, the liquid /r/, and the glide /j/. The difference between these sounds is their manner of articulation.

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-linguavelars or velars

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-contact of the tongue dorsum against the velum (soft palate).
-The /k/, /g/, and /ŋ/. /w/ is sometimes considered to be one of these.
-These sounds vary by their manner of production (/k/ and /g/ are stops, /ŋ/ is a nasal, and /w/ is a glide)

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glottal

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-vibration of air at the level of the vocal cords
-/h/ is the only one of these for American English. Although, /ʔ/ may occur as one too (as an allophone not a phoneme because it doesn't change the meaning)

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voicing

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-refers to the movement of the vocal folds in production of sounds.
-sounds can be referred to as voiced or voiceless.
-voiced: /b/, /d/, /g/, /z/, /v/, /ð/, /ʒ/, /dʒ/, /m/, /n/, /ŋ/, /l/, /r/, /w/, and /j/
-voiceless: /p/, /t/, /k/, /s/, /f/, /θ/, /ʃ/, /tʃ/, and /h/

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cognate pairs

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-sounds identical in manner of production and place of articulation, but differ in voicing.
-These include: /p-b/, /t-d/, /k-g/, /s-z/, /f-v/, /θ-ð/, /ʃ-ʒ/, and /tʃ-dʒ/

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distinctive feature

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-an articulatory or acoustic parameter that helps define a phoneme.
-ex. binary system: given a (+) value if feature is present and a (-) value if it is not.

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16 sets of binary features

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vocalic, consonantal, high, back, low, anterior, coronal, round, tense, continuant, nasal, strident, sonorant, interrupted, lateral, voice

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vocalic

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-sound w/out marked constriction in vocal tract.
-All vowels are this, but only the /l/ and /r/ consonants have this feature

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consonantal

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-sounds that have marked constriction along midline region of vocal tract.
-f, v, θ, ð, t, d, s, z, n, l, ʃ, ʒ, r, tʃ, dʒ, k, g, ŋ, p, b, m

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high

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-sounds made with tongue elevated above the neutral position for production of /ɘ/. The (+) high are: ʃ, ʒ, j, tʃ, dʒ, k, g, and ŋ

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low

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-sounds made with tongue lowered for position of /ɘ/.
-Only /h/.

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anterior

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-sounds that are (+) made with a point constriction located farther than /ʃ/. Consonants with this feature include: w, f, v, θ, ð, t, d, s, z, n, l, ʃ, ʒ, r, tʃ, and dʒ

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coronal

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-sounds made with tongue balde raised above neutral position required for /ɘ/. The (+) of these include: θ, ð, t, d, s, z, n, l, ʃ, ʒ, r, tʃ, and dʒ

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round

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-sounds made with lips rounded
-/r/ and /w/

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tense

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-sounds made with relatively greater degree of muscle tension at root of the tongue
-The (+) ones are: p, t, k, tʃ, dʒ, f, θ, s, ʃ, and l.
-All of these are (-) voice consonants except for dʒ and l.

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continuant

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-sounds made with an incomplete point of constriction. Flow of air is not stopped at any point.
-These include: w, f, v, θ, ð, s, z, l, ʃ, ʒ, j, r, and h

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nasal

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-sounds that are resonated in the nasal cavity. Velum is lowered
-These include: /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/

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strident

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-sounds made by forcing the airstream through a small opening (intense noise).
-These include: f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, and affricates tʃ and dʒ

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sonorant

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-sounds that allow airstream to pass relatively unimpeded through the oral or nasal cavity
-These include: glides w and j, liquids l and r, and nasals n, m, and ŋ

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interrrupted

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-sounds that are interrupted with complete blockage of airstream at point of constriction
-these include: stops t, d, k, g, p, b and affricates tʃ and dʒ are (+) interrupted.

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lateral

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-sounds made by placing the front of tongue against alveolar ridge (midline closure) and lateral opening
-One l is (+) this type of sound.

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obstruents

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-consonants made with complete closure or narrow constriction in oral cavity so airstream is stopped or fricative noise produced.

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sibilant sounds

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-high frequency sounds with strident quality and longer duration than most other consonants
-includes: s,z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, and dʒ

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rhotic

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-sound with /r/ coloring
-this term may be used for /r/ consonants and its various allophonic variations

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A ______ ________ defines the four extreme points of vowel production

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high, low, front, and back
-this is used to categorize the production of all vowels according to tongue position

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coarticulation

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-refers to influence sounds have on one another when linked together to make words, phrases and sentences.
-may be subclassified as adaptation or assimilation

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phonetic adaptations

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-articulatory movement variations and changes in configuration of vocal tract in production of a sound according to the sounds that precede or follow it.
-ex. think of /t/ in "tin" and "took". Perceived as same sound but varying point of constriction.

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phonetic assimilations

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-The effect one speech sound has on another when produced in close sequence.
-Sounds become more like one another.
-So strong, it can be perceptually identified.
-ex. devoicing of /z/ in "Yeah, it's a fat zebra."

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allophonic variations

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-subtle phonetic modifications that are not extensive enough to create a difference in meaning in words that contain them.

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phonological processes

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-simplifications of adult sound productions that affect entire classes of sounds.

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reduplication (aka) doubling

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-the total or partial repetition of a syllable of a target word. Results in creation of a multisyllable word form
-ex. /baba/ for "bottle"