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194 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Two features of the vocal signature
Pitch & Resonance
The larynx connects to the _____ superioraly and the _____ inferioraly.
Pharynx & Trachea
The larynx is made of these things
- Base cartilages & the cartilages that sit on top
- Covering of muscles and membranes
The structure of the larynx is ______ among people
Consistent
Framework of the Larynx
(H E T C A C C)
- Hyoid Bone
- Epiglottis
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Cricoid Cartliage
- Arytenoids
- Corniculate Cartilages
- Cuneiform Cartilages
- Trachea (inferior connection)
Thyroid make up
Quadrilateral plates (aka: thyriod lamena)
- Lateral edge: superior cornu and inferior cornu
- Thyroid notch: upper central junction of 2 plates
- Thyroid promiance: at the base of the notch. protects anterior larynx (aka: adam's apple)
___ - ____ sit behind the thyroid cartilage
C4-C-6
The _____ ______ of the thryoid cartilage points up toward hyoid bone
Superior Cornu
The ____ ____ of the thyroid cartilage projects inferioraly and articulates with the cricoid cartilage.
Inferior Cornu
The shape and position of the cricoid cartilage
Shape: signet ring: narrow and low in front and thick in the back
Position: between the thyroid cartilage and the trachea
Posterior, thicker part of the cricoid cartliage
Lamina
Anterior, thinner part of the cricoid cartilage
Arch
These rest on top of the cricoid cartilages
Aryteniods
_____ seals the space between the thyroid & cricoid cartilages in the anterior
Cricothyroid ligament
Shape and parts of the Hyoid Bone
- U shaped bone at C3
- Corpus: anterior body
- Greater horns extend posterioraly and horizonally
- Lesser horns: cone shaped superior projections on the corpus
The Hyoid Bone attaches to ___ pairs of muscles
Nine
Also known as the "central station" of the Larynx
Hyoid Bone
This forms the base of the tongue and does not attach to any other bones in the body
Hyoid Bone
The Hyoid Bone has a ___ level of mobility
High
Is the Epiglottis paired?
No
Epiglottis shape
Large, Leaf
The stem of the Epiglottis that attaches to the inner front surface of the thyroid cartilage just inferior to the thyroid notch
Petiolus
_____ keep objects from entering the lungs by contracting the aryepiglottic folds
Epiglottis
The ____ is one of the main infulences on voice resonance
Epiglottis
These sit on the lamina (posterior of the cricoid cartilages)
Arytenoids
The _____ sit superior to the arytenoids
Corniculate Cartliages
The two processes of the arytenoids and their positions
- Muscular processes: lateral projections
- Vocal processes: anterior projections
Connection points of the vocal ligaments
The tip of the vocal processes of the arytenoids to the macula flava anterior & medial fibers of vocal muscles.
Project forward towad the larynx.
Postition of the vocal ligaments in relation to the ventricular ligaments
Medial and Inferior
Position of the ventricular ligaments relative to the vocal ligaments
Lateral and Superior
Connection points of the ventricular ligaments
The muscular processes of the arytenoids to the macula flava anterior.
Project forward towad the larynx.
Position and function of the corniculate cartilages
- superior extensions of the arytenoids
- provide support for the aryepiglottic fold
Shape and position of the cuneiform cartilages
- small, rod-shaped
- embedded in aryepiglottic fold
- anterior to corniculate cartilages
Possible function of cuneiform cartilages
Reinforcement of aryepiglottic folds
(they are often absent)
What is the function of the joints and ligaments of the larynx?
Connect cartilages to one another
Two features of the vocal signature
Pitch & Resonance
The larynx connects to the _____ superioraly and the _____ inferioraly.
Pharynx & Trachea
The larynx is made of these things
- Base cartilages & the cartilages that sit on top
- Covering of muscles and membranes
The structure of the larynx is ______ among people
Consistent
(note: the lecture says this, though the text contradicts it...)
Framework of the Larynx
(H E T C A C C)
- Hyoid Bone
- Epiglottis
- Thyroid Cartilage
- Cricoid Cartliage
- Arytenoids
- Corniculate Cartilages
- Cuneiform Cartilages
- Trachea (inferior connection)
Two main joints of the Larynx
- Cricoarytenoid Joint (paired)
- Crocothyroid Joint (paired)
Two ligaments of the Cricoarytenoid Joint
- Posterior Crocoarytenoid Ligament
- Anterior Cricoarytenoid Ligament (often absent)
The cricoarytenoid joint is a ____ joint that allows ___ and ___ motions.
- Saddle
- Rocking & Gliding
Points of contact in the cricoarytenoid joint
- Lateral and superior borders of the cricoid lamena
- Base of the arytenoid
Position and features of the arytenoid articular facet
- Concave base of the arytenoid that sits UNDER the surface of the muscular process.
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Ligament points of attachment and function
- From posterior surface of cricoid lamena to base of the posterior surface of the arytenoid.
- Restricts forward movement of the arytenoids into the front part of the larynx
Anterior Cricoarytenoid Ligament points of attachment and function
- From cricoid cartilage to the anterolateral base of the arytenoid.
- May restrict backward movement of the arytenoid
- OFTEN ABSENT
Cricothyroid Joint points of articulation
- Meeting of the cricoid and thyroid cartilages
- Inferior cornu of thyroid articulates with facets on the LATERAL walls of the cricoid
- Articular facets can be flat, convex or concave
At the cricothyroid joint, the inferior cornu of the thryroid cartilage attaches to the cricoid via ____ and ____.
Membranes & Ligaments
The cricothyroid joint is lined with ____ ____ and bound with _____ ____.
Synovial membrane (which lubricates) &
Capsular ligaments
The movement of the cricothyroid joint can be described as...
a dumping bucket - thyroid cartilage rocks forward (superioraly) and posterior (inferioraly)
This part of the thryoid cartilage does NOT move when the cricothyroid joint articulates
Inferior cornu
These parts of the thryoid cartilage DO move when the cricothyroid joint articulates
- Superior cornu moves forward
- Thyroid notch moves out & down
The cricothyroid joint is joined and enclosed by:
Posterior, lateral and anterior CERATOCRICOID ligaments
The general function of the muscles of the larynx is to
- Control how the framework words
- Funnel air into oral/nasal cavities
- Control valves and sphincters
The 3 valves of the larynx
- Epiglottic valve
- Ventricular fold valve
- Vocal fold valve
The 2 types of muscles in the larynx
Intrinsic and Extrinsic
The 3 groups on intrinsic muscles of the larynx
- Tensor
- Adductor
- Abductor
The 3 types of Tensor (intrinsic) muscles of the larynx<BR>(Ct Ta Te)
ALL PAIRED<BR>- Cricothyroid Muscle<BR>- Thyroarytenoid Muscle<BR>- Thyroepiglottic Muscle
Position and function of intrinsic muscles
- Form walls inside and partially outside larynx
- Control valves
- Control PITCH of speech
The cricothyroid muscle has ____ and _____ sections
Vertical & oblique
Movement of cricoid and thyroid cartilages enabled by cricothyroid muscle:
- Pulls cricoid back & up
- Pulls thyroid lamina forward & down (MAIN FUNTION) and enables cricothyroid joint to function
The cricothyroid muscle is innervated by the _____ ____ ____.
10th Cranial Nerve
Impact of the cricothyroid muscle on the vocal folds
Increases their length and tightens them.
What doesn't function in a case of unilateral vocal fold paralysis
The oblique portion of the cricothyroid muscle does not function.
Intrinsic tensor muscle that connects the thyroid and aryteniod cartilages
Thyroarytenoid muscle(s)
This muscle runs ____ to the glottis and is the primary mass of the ____ _____.
Thyroarytenoid muscle
- parallel
- vocal folds
This muscle attaches to the vocal ligament and inserts on the vocal processes of the arytenoids
Thyroarytenoid muscle
The two parts of the thyroarytenoid muscle are the:
Ventricularis and Vocalis
The ventricularis runs ____ and ____ to the vocalis muscle
Superior
Lateral
Another name for the ventricularis is the
External Thyroarytenoid Muscle (or vestiblular folds or false vocal folds)
Ventricularis
O I A
Origin: lateral border of arytenoids
Inserion: lateral margin of the epiglottis (also attaches to teh ventricular ligament)
Action: affects ventricular folds
The larger segment of the thyroarytenoid muscle consisting of fibers within the ventricular fold
Ventricularis
Another name for the vocalis muscle is
Internal Thyroarytenoid Muslce
The vocalis runs parallel to the ____ ___ and _____.
Vocal Ligament
Glottis
The "true vocal folds"
Vocalis
The vocalis runs ____ and ___ to the ventricularis
Inferior
Medial
Vocalis
O I A
Origin: macula flava anterior
Insetion: vocal processes of the arytenoids
Action: affects vocal folds
5 Layer Description of the covering of the vocalis muscle
(E Lp S I D V)
- Epithelium: mucosa &amp; squmous epithelial tissue
- Lamina Propira
- superficial extracellular geletin matrix
-intermidaite elastin
- deep collegen fibers
- vocalis muscle
3 Layer Description of the covering of the vocalis muscle
(C T B)
- Cover: epithelium &amp; superficial layer of lamina propria
- Transition: intermediat and deep layers of lamina propria
- Body: vocalis muscle
Round protrusion in the posterior part of the aryepiglottic fold
Corniculate tubercle
Round protusion in the posterior of the aryepglottic fold that sits lateral and superior to the other protrusion
Cuneiform tubercle
Intrinsic Tensor Muscle that runs from the deep portion of the lamina of the thyroid cartilage UP to the aryepiglottic fold
Thyroepiglottic Muscle(s)
This is the sphincter muscle of the ADITUS
Thyroepiglottic Muscle
Definition of ADITUS
Opening in the top of the larynx above the vocal folds
The thryoarytenoid muscle attaches to the thyroid cartilage in a deep position ____ to the thyroepiglotticus muscle.
Inferior
This muscle acts as a sphincter, both widening and constricting the inlet into the larynx
Thyroepiglotticus Muscle
Name the 3 Intrinsic Adductor Muscles &amp; their function
(Lca Ta Oa)
- Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscles
- Transverse Arytenoid (NOT paired) Muscle
- Oblique Arytenoid Mucles
Function: bring vocal folds together
Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle
O I A
Origin: lateral borders of the cricoid cartilages
Insertion: muscular processes at the outside corners of each arytenoid
Action: adduct arytenoids & squeeze anterior tips of vocal processes and vocal ligament tightly together
What happens to the muscluar and vocal processes of the arytenoids when the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle contracts?
The muscular processes are pulled FORWARD and the vocal processes are pulled BACKWARD, bringing the vocal folds together &amp; closing the glottis.
Transverse Arytenoid Muscle
O I A
NOT PAIRED
Origin: lateral margin & posterior surface of one arytenoid
Insertion: same location on other arytenoid (runs horizontally)
Action: pull medial edges of arytenoids together from BOTTOM to TOP
What muscle creates a heart/pear shaped opening in the epiglottis?
Oblique Arytenoid Muscle (X)
Oblique Arytenoid Muscle
O I A
Origin: Muscluar process of one arytenoid
Insertion: Apex of the other arytenoid
Action: pull upper tips of the arytenoids together
The function of the posterior cricoaryteniod muscle
Pull apart the vocal folds
The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is an _____ _____ muscle.
Intrinsic
Abductor
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle
O I A
Origin: back wall of the cricoid
Insertion: muscular process of the arytenoid
Action: pull vocal folds apart by pulling muscular process back by rocking & gliding arytenoids apart
Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle
O I A
Origin: back wall of the cricoid
Insertion: muscular process of the arytenoid
Action: pull vocal folds apart by pulling muscular process back by rocking & gliding arytenoids apart
When a membrane thickens, it is refere to as a ______.
Ligament
Membranes make up the ____ and ____ surfaces of the larynx.
Inner (Intrinsic)
Outer (Extrinsic)
List the Extrinsic Membranes/Ligaments of the larynx.
Ht He Ct
- Hyothyroid Membrane (and Ligament)
- Hyoepiglottic ligament (UNPAIRED)
- Cricotracheal Membrane
What fills the space between the hyoid bone and the superior border of the thyroid?
Hyothyroid Membrane (and Ligaments)
Which two ligaments are part of the Hyothyroid Membrane &amp; where are they situated?
- Median Hyothyroid Ligament: where membrane thickens medially
- Lateral Hyothyroid Ligament: between the superior cornu of the thyroid cartilage and the greater horns of the hyoid bone
____ ____ are embedded in the lateral hyothyroid ligaments
Triticial Cartilages
The only UNPAIRED extrinsic ligament (that is not part of the hyothyroid membrane)
Hyoepiglottic Ligament
The Hyoepiglottic Ligament extends from the anterior surface of the epglottis at the ____ to the ___ ___ of the body of the hyoid bone.
Midline<BR>Upper Border
This extrinsic membrane fills the space between the cricoid cartilage and the trachea
Criotracheal Membrane
The Cricotracheal Membrane connects the __ ____ of the cricoid cartilage with the ___ ___ of the ____ tracheal ring.
Lower Border
Upper Border
1st
The Intrinsic Membrane of the Larynx is broken down into 2 parts:
Conus Elasticus/Cricovocal Membrane (lower)
Quadrangular Membrane (upper)
The Conus Elasticus runs from the ____ to the ____ ____.
Cricoid Cartilage
Vocal Folds
As the Conus Elastics moves toward the midline and thickens, it becomes the
Medial Cricothyroid ligament
This intrinsic membrane creates the V shaped opening of the glottis
Conus Elasticus
The Conus Elasticus connects the ___, ____ and ____ cartilages to one another
Thyroid
Cricoid
Arytenoid
The two sections of the conus elasticus/cricovocal membrane are
Median (anterior) Cricothyroid Ligament
Lateral Crocothyroid Membranes (2)
The Median Cricothyroid Ligament is a ____ band of ____ ___.
Yellow
Elastic Tissue
The Median Cricothyroid ligament attaches the superior border of the cricoid at the ____ to the inferior border of of the thyroid cartilage at the ____.
Arch
Angle
There are ____ lateral cricothyroid membranes on each side of the cricothyroid ligament
Two
The lateral cricothyroid membranes originate from the ___ ___ of the cricoid cartilage
Superior Border
These thicken to become the vocal ligaments
The Lateral Cricothyroid Membranes
The vocal ligament runs from the ____ ____ of the arytenoids to the ____ of the ____ cartilage.
Vocal Processes
Angle
Thyroid Cartilage
Full trajectory of the conus elasticus:
superio border of arch & lamina of cricoid to the upper limits of the vocal folds (as the vocal ligament)
The upper part of the the intrinsic membrane of the larynx is
The Quadrangular Membrane
The Quadrangular Membrane sits above the __ and ____ ligaments
Vocal
Ventricular
The Quadragular membrane arises from the lateral margins of the ____ and adjacent _____ cartilage near the ____.
Epiglottis
Thyroid
Angle
The Quadrangular membrane attaches in the anterior to the lateral margins of the _____ and the _____ ____ near the angle. It runs posterioraly downward to attach to the ____ and _____ cartilages.
Epiglottis<BR>
Thyroid Cartliage<BR>Corniculate<BR>Arytenoids
The Quadrangular membrane becomes the _____ ___ inferiorally.
Ventricular Ligament
The superior edge of the Quadrangular membrane becomes the _____ ___.
Aryepiglottic Folds
The Aryepiglottic Folds run superioraly from the _____ to the _____.
Arytenoids
Epiglottis
_____ ____ line the intrinsic membranes of the larynx from the trachea-up.
Mucous Membranes
The cells of the mucous membranes of the larynx are ___ in shape and have ____ that beat upward toward the ____ EXCEPT at the margins of the ____ ____.
Columnar
Cilia
Pharynx
Vocal Folds
At the level of the vocal folds, mucous membranes are replaced by ___ ____ ___.
Squamous Epithelial Tissue
Vocal fold tissue is ____ in color.
White (due to lack of blood supply)
Vocal fold tissue is ____ and ____ bound
Multilayered
Tightly
Ventricular folds are ___ in color and ____.
Pink
Plump
Ventricular folds are made of ___ folds of ___ ____.
Thick
Mucous Membrane
The 3 divisions of the Laryngeal Cavity
- Laryngeal Vestibule
- Larygeal Ventricle
- Inferior Laryngeal Ventricle
Inferior and Superior limits of the laryngeal vestibule
Inferior: Ventricular Folds
Superior: ADITUS (opening to the oral/nasal cavities)
Anterior, Lateral and Posterior limits of the laryngeal vestibule
Anterior: Epiglottis
Lateral: Aryepiglottic Folds
Posterior: Upper portion of the arytenoids
Superior and Inferior borders of the Laryngeal Ventricle
Superior: Ventricle Folds
Inferior: Vocal Folds
Lateral and Posterior borders of the Laryngeal Ventricle
Lateral: inner wall of the thyroarytenoid muscle
Posterior: arytenoids
Anterior: no border
Superior and Inferior borders of the Inferior Laryngeal Ventricle
Superior: Vocal Folds
Inferior: Trachea
The 3 sphinceters of the larynx from superior to inferior
Aryepiglottic Sphincter
Ventricular Sphincter
True Vocal Fold Sphincter
This sphincter of the larynx can operate independently of the other two
True Vocal Fold Sphincter
This sphincter is the 1st line of defense against foreign objects
Aryepiglottic Sphincter
This is also known as the upper sphincter of the larynx
Aryepiglottic Sphincter
The ____ ____ closes during swallowing and vomiting.
Aryepiglottic Sphincter
The ___ ____ sits between the laryngeal vestibule and laryngeal ventricle.
Ventricular Sphincter
The ventricular folds remain in an ____ ____ ___ during normal phonation
Open Quiet Position
When ventricular muscles contract, they meet at the ____ and seal the ____ ____.
Midline
Ventricular Sphincter
Closing the ventricular sphincter increases subglottic ___ ___.
Air Pressure
The ___ ___ ___ always adduct before the ventricular sphincter closes.
True Vocal Folds
"The 3rd line of defense"
The True Vocal Fold Sphincter
This spincter is ineffective in preventing outflow of air during effort closure
True Vocal Fold Sphincter
The ___ ___ ___ Sphincter opens & closes rapidly as we phonate.
True Vocal Fold Sphincter
These must close during swallowing
All 3 sphincters - aryepiglottic, ventricular & true vocal fold
The two types of Extrinsic Muscles of the Larynx are
Elevators
Depressors
The Extrinsic Elevators of the Larynx are broken up into 2 groups:
Principle
Supplemental
The 4 pairs of Priciple Elevators of the Larynx<BR>(D Mh Gh Sh)
Digrasticus<BR>Mylohyoideus<BR>Genihyoideus<BR>Stylohyoideus
Digastricus connection points and shape.
From mandible in the anterior to the mastoid process in the posterior, connecting the the hyoid in the middle.
"V" shaped
Digastricus connects to the Hyoid Bone via the ____ ___.
Intermediate Tendon
The 2 "bellies" of the Digastricus muscle are
Anterior
Posterior
The anterior belly of the digastricus muscle pulls the hyoid ___ and _____.
Up & Forward
The posterior belly of the digastricus muscle pulls the hyoid ___ and ___.
Up & Backward
Working together, the 2 bellies of the digastricus muscle pull the hyoid bone ___ ___.
Straight Up
The _____ makes up the floor of the oral cavity
Mylohyoideus
The mylohyoideus raises the ___ __ and _____ or pulls the mandible ____.
hyoid bone
tongue
down
____ ____ is the tendenous midline strip that connects the muscle pair and supports the tongue
Mylohyoid raphe
This extrinsic elevator muscle is innervated by the 5th crainial nerve
Mylohyoideus
This extrinsic elevator muscle runs from the inferior mental spine of the mandible to the upper 1/2 of the hyoid bone
Genihyoideus
The Genihyoideus pulls the hyoid __ and __ and pulls tongue ___ to elevate larynx
Forward
Up
Forward
The Stylohyoideus is ___ and ____ to the posteior belly of the digastricus.
Superior
Ventral (in front)
The extrinsic elevators raise the ___ ___ which raises the ____.
Hyoid Bone
Larynx
The 3 supplemental extrinsic elevator muscles of the larynx are: (Th Hg Gg)
Thyrohyoideus<BR>Hyoglosis<BR>Genioglossis
The Thyrohyoideus is a secondary extrinsic elevator muscle that connects the ___ ___ to the ___ ___ of the hyoid.
Thyroid Cartilage
Greater Horn
The Thyrohyoideus muscle shortens the distance between the ___ and the _____
Hyoid
Larynx
This is a large muscle aka "THE muscle of the tongue"
Hyoglossus
The Hyoglossus runs from the ___ ___ of the hyoid to the ____ ___.
Greater Horn
Tongue Tip and other tongue muscles
This muscle forms most of the CORE of the tongue.
Genioglossus
Another name for the "V" Shape of of digastricus
The Digastric Triangle
The 3 pairs of Extrinsic Depressor Muscles of the Larynx
(St Sh Oh)
Sternothyroideus
Sternohyoideus
Omohyoideus
Another name for the Extrinsic Depressor Muscles
Strap Muscles
The Sternothyroideus runs from the medial posterior of the _____ to the ____ of the thyroid cartilage
Manubrium
Lamina
The Sternothyroideus muscle ____ the larynx
Depresses
Vocal functions of the sternothyroideus muscle include producing ___ and ___ pitches and making ____ vocal adjustments
High
Low
Fine
Sternohyodius runs from the ____ ___ of the manubrium to the ____ border of the hyoid bone
Lateral Posterior
Inferior
When the sternohyoidus contracts, it draws the hyoid ___ to ____ the larynx
Down
Depress
The 2 bellies of the Omohyoideus are
Anterior
Posterior
The posterior belly of the Omohyoideus attaches to the ____ and the anterior belly attaches to the ____ ____ of the hyoid.
Scapula
Lower Body
The Omohyoideus muscle runs BEHIND the
Sternocleidomastoid
The function of the Omohyoideus muscle is to
Depress the Larynx
The function of the Suspensory System is to
Suspend the larynx in the throat anterior to the vertebrae
The main ligament of the suspensory system is the
Stylohyoid Ligament
The Stylohyoid Ligaments suspend the _____ ___ to the ____ of the ____.
Hyoid Bone
Base of the Skull
Other ligaments and membranes suspend the
Hyoid to _____
______ to cricoid
Cricoid to ___ ___ ___.
Thyroid
Thyroid
Upper tracheal ring
Order of Attachement from superior to inferior on thyroid lamena
( E V V Te Ta)
- Epiglottis
- False Vocal Cord (ventricular ligament)
- True Vocal Cord (vocalis ligament)
- Thyroepiglotticus
- Thyroaryentoideus