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163 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Vertebral column
Thoracic cavity (rib cage)
Pelvis
These form the framework of respiration
- Muscles and other soft tissues responsible for respiratory funtions that attach to bones.
- Compress and expand bony framework to force air in & out of lungs
Lungs and Tracheobronchial Tree
- Allows for movement of the neck, thorax and lumbar.
- Protects spinal cord
Verterbral Column
Makeup: base of skull to coccyx
Vertebral column makeup
Axial support for body
- supports core
- supports balance
The things that the vertebral column supports
The number of bones in the vertebral column
33 bones
The 5 segments of the vertbral column
5 segments
- 7 cervical
- 12 thoracic
- 5 lumbar
- 5 sacral
- 4 coccyx
The 2 sections of the vertebral column that fuse
Sacrum and coccyx
The number of vertebral bones left after sacrum and coccyx fuse
26 bones
The 3 vertebral sections that remain distinct through life
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
The number of intervertebral discs between vertebrae above sacrum
24 discs
The cartalige that joins the intervertebral discs in the spine
Hyaline Cartalige
The ligaments that extend thru the spinal column and bind the vertebrae bodies together
Anterior & Posterior Longitutudinal Ligaments
These have similar components but shaped differently depending on place
Vertebrae
These compose the anatomy of a vertebrae
- body
- pedicles
- spinous process
- neural arch
- vertebral foreman
- transverse process
The anterior, large, plate-like portion of the vertebrae
Body
The posterior-lateral sides that join at the midline (pinches)
Pedicles
Extend dorsally & inferiorally to neural arch.
At the meeting point of the 2 pedicles
Spinous Process
- Acts as a connector where muscles and ligaments attach
- Protects vertebral column
2 functions of the spinous processes
Where the pedicles join at the midline
Neural Arch
Canal created when vertebrae are stacked that provies passage for the spinal cord
Vertebral Foreman
- Projects laterally on the vertebrae
- Long pointy extensions
- Muscles & ligaments attach
- Ribs articulate (in thoracic vertebrae)
Transverse Process
Structure with which the ribs articulate
Transverse Processes of the Thoracic Vertebrae
Attach to bodies and processes of vertebrae to bind them together
Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments' attachemnt points
The number of cervical vertebrae
The first 7 bones in the vertebral column starting at the base of the skull
The first cervical vertebrae that supports the weight of the skull
Atlas (C1)
It has no body or spinous process
Physical characteristics of Atlas
It fits into Atlas and allows head turning
Axis (C2)
The axle of the Axis that fits into the Atlas
Dens or Odontiod Process
The ligament that allows for the movement of the Odontiod Process
Transverse Ligament
The anatomical order of the 3 main features of the neck
Trachea - anterior
Esophagus - posterior
Cervical Vertebrae - posterior to both of these
These vertebrae are all the same but increase in SIZE as they move down the spine
Thoracic Vertebrae properties
The total number of thoracic vertebrae
12 Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
Articular facets of these vertebrae provide point of attachment for ribs
Thoracic Vertebrae attachments
These are the points of attachment for the ribs
- 2 on the body of the rib
- 1 facet on the transverse process of the vertebrae
- 2 facets on the body of the vertebrae
There are equal numbers of these vertebrae and ribs
Thoracic vertebrae equal and correspond with the number of rib pairs (12)
The total number of Lumbar Vertebrae
5 Lumbar Vertebrae
Three featrues of lumbar vertebrae
- Largest & strongest vertebrae
- Powerful back muscles attach
- Bear most of the weight of the body
Two distinct physical features of the lumbar vertebrae
- No articular facets on transverse processes or bodies
- Spinous processes run horizonatlly and project posteriorally
This sits between the 2 hip bones (illium)
Position of the Sacrum
The number and feature of the bones of the sacrum
4 bones attached by 4 ossified intervertebral discs
Articulates above with 5th lumbar vertebrae
position and movement of the sacrum
joins together with the illiac bones to form the pelvic girdle
position and function of the sacrum
projection inferior to the sacrum
Coccyx
fused vertebrae (3-4 bones) at the bottom of the spine
Position and physical make up of the coccyx
attaches to the sacrum via small intervertebral disc
Coccyx
Features of a normal spine
- straight from anterior to posterior w/slight curve to right:
- cervical: slightly convex or straight
- Thoracic: convex
- Lumbar: concave
- Sacral: convex
Abnormal lateral curve of the spine
Scoliosis
Abnormal thoracic hyperconvexity
Kyphosis (Hunchback)
Abnormal lumbar hyperconcavity
Lordosis (Swayback)
The 4 bony/cartaliginous structures that work together to expand and contract the ribcage for breathing
- Thoracic Vertebrae
- Thoracic Spine
- Sternum
- Costal Cartilages
These attach ribs to sternum
Structural function of costal cartilage
Shape of the rib cage
Conical shape - narrow at the top and broader at the bottom
This sits at the floor of the rib cage
Anatomical poisiton of the diaphragm
These make up the lateral and posterior walls of the thoracic cage
Ribs
These make up the anterior wall of the thoracic cage
Sternum and Costal Cartilage
3 important funtions of the rib cage
- protect vital organs
- support bones of shoulder girdle
- provide movment important for respiration
The number of rib pairs in the body
12 pairs
Where ribs originate
Posteriorally on the thoracic vertebrae
Breakdown of the 12 ribs
- First 7 are true ribs
- Last 5 pairs are false ribs
2 Features of vertebrosternal ribs
- 7 in number
- attach to sternum directly or with costal cartilage and to thoracic spine
3 Features of verterbrochondral ribs
- 5 in number
- false ribs
- Don't attach to sternum or if they do, it's thru costal cartilage
- last 2-3 are floating ribs that do not attach to bony structure
2 articulation points of the clavices
- Medial: with manubrium
- Lateral: with scapula (to form shoulder girdle)
3 sections of the sternum
- Manubrium (superior)
- Body (medial)
- Xiphoid Process (inferior)
3 features of the manubrium
- Jugular notch at most superior portion
- Articulates with clavicle & 1st rib
- creates hinge movement between sternum and ribs
2 features of the body of the sternum
- Connects with 6 ribs
- Has the STERNAL ANGLE (the juntion of the manubrium and body)
Point of attachement of the xiphoid process
Linea alba's connection point on the sternum
This creates a tube out of the lungs into the throat
Trachea
Made up of 16-20 c-shaped cartilagenous rings that hold it open
Trachea's composition
Location and function of the trachealis muscle
- Posterior wall of the trachea
- Fills in the gap between the rings
Length of the trachea
From the larynx to the bronchi (at the 5th T-Vert)
This lines the trachea
Ciliated epithelial mucous membrane
7 components of the respiratory passage
- Nasal cavities
- Oral cavities
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi
- Lungs
Location of the pelvic girdle
Base of the vertebral column
Composition of the pelvic girdle
Single bone made of 3 bones
- illuim
- ischium
- pubis
Location and composition of the shoulder girdle
- Top of the thoracic cage
- Clavicle and scapula
Anatomical function of the clavicle in relation to scapula
Helps scapula remain lateral and posterior to the rib cage
2 points of articulation of the clavicle
- Medially on the Upper Lateral edge of the Manubrium of the sternum
- Laterally on the ACROMION of the scapula
Shape and function of the scapula
- Triangular plate
- Allows for attachment & flexibility of neck & back muscles
2 points of attachment of the scapula
- To axial skeleton via clavicle
- To humerous via GLENOID FOSSA
5 physical features of the lung
- Light, porous & spongy
- Elastic
- Passive (dependant of surrounding muscles for expansion & contraction)
- Apex points up (bound by sternum, ribs & vertebrae)
- Base is concave & rides on diaphragm
The space that separates the lungs
Mediastinum
5 items that rest in the mediastinum
- Heart
- Large vessels
- Esophagus
- Nerves
- Branching tubes to lungs
The surface of the lung that sits next to the mediastinum
Mediastinal surface
The convex surface that sits next to the ribs and has fissures (grooves) that divide lungs into lobes
Costal Surface
3 features of the right lung
- Larger, broader & shorter (due to the LIVER in the right abdominal cavity)
- 3 lobes
- Both transverse (across) and oblique (up & out away from the middle) fissures
2 features of the left lung
- 2 lobes
- only oblique fissure (up & out away from middle)
The 2 coverings for the lungs and the internal organs
- Parietal (Costal) plura
- Pulmonary (Visceral) plura
Closed membranous sac that surrounds the heart
Pericardium
The indentation that allows the heart to sit between the lungs
Cardiac impression
2 features of parietal/costal plura
- airtight, thin membrane of thoracic cavity
- serous membrane (secretes fluid)
2 areas covered by parietal/costal plura
- thoracic surface of the diaphragm
- mediastinum (open space between lungs)
2 features of the pulmonary/visceral plura
- covers lungs and pericardium
- adheres firmly to lung
The potential space between the pleural linings
Pleural Cavity
Purpose of serous feature of parietal/costal plura
lubricant between 2 layers of plurae
Features of Pluerisy
- secretions become gluey
- plurae stick to eachother making breathing diffiult
The puncture of the lung's pleural lining that results in collapse
Pneumothorax
The collapse of all or part of a lung
Atelectasis
6 parts of the Bronchial Tree
- Trachea (trunk)
- Primary bronchi (2)
- Secondary bronchi
- Tertiary bronchi
- Bronchioles
- Terminal bronchiloes
Features and make-up of Primary Bronchi
- 2 priimary divisions at inferior end of trachea
- walls made of 16-20 c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings
Features of the Right Primary Bronchus
Larger, straighter and shorter than left
Features of the Left Primary Bronchus
2x as long and thinner than right
Features of the Secondary Bronchi
- Right lung: 3 secondary bronchi to 3 lobes
- Left lung: 2 secondary bronchi to 2 lobes
Placement of Tertiary Bronchi in Bronchial Tree
Smaller passages between secondary bronchi and bronchiolds
The final division of the bronchial tree with a diamater of 1mm or less
Bronchioles
The place where the bronchial tree ends and connects with the respiratory bronchioles
Terminal Bronchioles
Two physical attributes of Respiratory Bronchioles
- No cartilage
- Increase in bronchial muscle tissue
3 components of Respiratory Bronchioles
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoloar (air) sacs
- Alveoli (depressions in sacs where O2/C02 exchange occurrs - 1000 miles of capillaries)
This happens when the bronchioles swell & airflow resistance is increased
Asthma
This occurrs when the alveolar septa (partitions) break down
Emphysema
This is a secondary function of the respiratory tract that is the coordination of respiration and phonation
Vocalization
This creates the suction that fills lungs with air
Negative pressure
How lungs expand during inhalation
Due to connection with visceral and costal plurae (that are moved by thoracic muscles). Lungs are passive.
When do lungs contract?
When internal and atmospheric pressure are equal
5 features of the Abdominal Aponeurosis
- Framework for abdominal muslces
- Cables for muscle support
- Tendoneous network or flat, broad tnedons located in abdominal wall
- Link muscles together
- Fills gap between XIPHOID PROCESS and PUBIS
3 main components of the Abdominal Aponeurosis
- Linea Alba
- Linea Semilunaris
- Inguinal Ligament
2 features of the Linea Alba
PART OF AB. AP.
- rests at midline
- runs from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis
What does the abdominal apenreurosis do at the linea alba?
Splits into 2 layers superior and inferior to the rectus abdominus to create a muscle sheath.
2 features of the Linea Semilunaris
- 2 layers form rectus sheath join
- forms 2 verticle lines on either side of the linea alba
This creates the 6 pack
- 3 layers of abdominal apeneurosis - superficial to deep
- extend laterally on each side to the lineas semilunaris
- attach to abdominal muscles
This is a thickened strand of aponeurosis that extens form anterior-superior iliac spine to pubic synthesis
Inguinal Ligament
4 features of Lumbar Fascia
- tendenous sheet in lower back that divides into 2 layers
- attaches to spinous and transverse processes of the lubar vertebrae
- attaches to the posterior part of the lilac crest
- several muscles attach
Muscles of Quiet Inspiration
(D, Eim)
Diaphragm and External Intercostal Muscles
Diaphragm Features
- Muscle & tendon
- 2nd most important organ next to heart
- Inverted bowl shape
Diaphragm
O, I, A
Origin (springs): xiphoid process, lower 6 ribs, lumbar vertebrae, crus (L& R pillars)
Insertion (trampoline pad): central tendon
Action: when fibers contract, central tendon is pulled down & thoracic cage expands
External Intercostal Muscles O, I, A
Origin: rib above
Insertion: rib below
Action: ribs pull together & up, elevating rib cage
MAJOR Muscles of Forced Inspiration (S, S)
Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes
O, I, A
3 SETS: ANTERIOR, MEDIAL, POSTERIOR TO C-VERT
- Origin: C2-C6
- Insertion: Ribs 1 &2
- Action: elevates ribs 1 & 2 and expands thoracic cage
Sternocleidomastoid
O, I, A
MAJOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- Origin: sternum & clavicle
- Insertion: mastoid process in skull near ear
- Action: with head fixed, rasises sternum and elevates rib cage
MINOR Muscles of Forced Inspiration (S P P C S S L T)
- Subclavius
- Pectoralis Major
- Pectoralis Minor
- Costal Elevators
- Serratus Posterior Superior
- Serratus Anterior
- Latissimus Dorsi
- Trapezius
Sublavius
O, I, A
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- Origin: 1st rib
- Insertion: Clavicle
- Action: with clavicle fixed, rasises 1st rib
Pectoralis Major
O, I, A
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- Origin: medial half of clavicle, sternum & costal cartilage (Fan)
- Insertion: humerus
- Action: with arm fixed, pulls up sternum and ribs to expand thoracic cage
Pectoralis Minor
O, I, A
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION that lies under Pec Major
- Origin: ribs 2-5 (fingers)
- Insertion: scapula
- Action: with shoulder fixed, pulls ribs up & elevates rib cage
Costal Elevators
O, I, A
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- 12 pairs
- Like external intercostals
- Origin: C7-T11
- Insertion: rib just below vertebrae of origin
- Action: raises ribs
Serratus Posterior Superior
O, I, A
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- back of body near shoulders
- Origin: C7-T3
- Insertion: ribs 2-5
- Action: raises POSTERIOR part of ribs
Serratus Anterior
O, I, A
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- inferior to pectoralis & runs toward back of body
- Origin: first 8 ribs
- Insertion: scapula
- Action: with shoulder fixed, raises ribs up & back
Latissimus Dorsi
O, I, A
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- Primary function: move arm & pull shoulder
- Origin: iliac crest, T6-T12, lumbar fascia, lower 3-4 ribs
- Insertion: humerus
- Action: with arm fixed, elevates lower rib cage in BACK
Trapezius
O, I, A
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- Fan-shaped
- Origin: superior nuchal line (at base of skull), ligamentum nuchae (from base of skull to vertebrae), C7-T12
- Insertion: scapula & clavicle
- Action: with head & shoulder fixed, allows other muscles of inspiration fo move rib cage (stabilizing function)
Quiet Expiration
Elastic reciol of quiet muscles of inspiration (diaphragm and external intercostals) and elastic lung tissue
Muscles of Forced Expiration<BR>(R E I T Q S L I T S)
ALL FORCED MINOR MUSCLES<BR>- Rectus abdominus<BR>- External abdominal oblique<BR>- Internal abdominal oblique<BR>- Transverse abdominus<BR>- Quadratus lumborum<BR>- Subcostals<BR>- Latissimus dorsi<BR>- Serratus posterior inferor<BR>- Internal Intercostals <BR>- Transversus Thoracis
Rectus Abdominus
O, I, A
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- 2 belt like muscles on the sides of the linea alba &amp; tendenous insertions of 3 bans that run into the linea semilunaris on lateral sides
- Origin: xiphoid process and 5-7 costal cartilages
- Insertion: pubic crest &amp; pubic symphysis
- Action: compress abdominal wall, forcing diaphragm up or flex vertebral column to compress thoracic cavity
External Abdominal Oblique
O, I, A
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- Broad, flat muscle that covers lateral &amp; anterior portion of abdomen
- Origin: lower 8 ribs
- Insertion: xiphoid process, liinea alba, pubic crest &amp; iliac crest
- Action: compresses abdominal wall, forcing diaphragm up
Internal Abdominal Oblique
O, I, A
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- Between external and transverse oblique
- Origin: ingiunal ligament, lumbar fascia, iliac crest
- Insertion: lowest 3-4 costal cartilage, linea alba
Action: compresses abdominal wall, forcing diaphragm up
Transverse Abdominus
O, I, A
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- Origin: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, lumabr fascia, lowest 6 costal cartilages
- Insertion: xiphoid process, linea alba, pubic symphysis
- Action: compresses abdominal wall, forcing diaphragm up
Quadratus Lumborum
O, I, A
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- posterior muscle of abdomen
- Origin: iliolumbar ligament (ligament from ilium to lumbar spine), iliac crest
Insertion: 12th rib, L1-L4
Action: pulls last rib down & fixes rib cage inferiorally so that other muscles can force air out of lungs
Subcostals
O, I, A
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- vary in number
- Origin: near angles (sharp turns) on the innder surface of ribs
- Insertion: 2-3 ribs below origin
Action: pull ribs down to reduce size of thoracic cage
Latissimus Dorsi
O, I, A (for Expiration)
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- broad triangular posterior muscle
- Origin: iliac crest, T6-12, lumbar fascia, lower 3-4 ribs
- Insertion: humerus
- Action: with arm fixed and WHOLE MUSCLE acting as a unit, constricts lower part of rib cage
Serratus Posterior Inferior
O, I, A
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- Origin: T12-L2
- Insertion: last 4 ribs
- Action: pulls down last 4 ribs
Transversus Thoracis
O, I, A
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED EXPIRATION
- anterior lateral
- Origin: lower 3rd of sternum at inner surface
- Insertion: costarl cartilage of ribs 2-6
- Action: pulls ribs down &amp; perhaps in
The ridgelike structure present at the bifurcation of the trachea into the bronchi
Carina
Modified epithelia cell that releases mucus
Goblet Cell
Another name for secondary bronchi
Lobar Bronchi (feed the lobes of the lungs)
Another name for tertiary bronchi
Segmental Bronchi
Point at which the bronchi enter the lung
Hilium
Number of tertiary bronchi on each secondary bronchi of the right lung
Ten Tertiary Bronchi
Number of tertiary bronchi on each secondary bronchi on the left lung
Eight Tertiary Bronchi
These 2 must be balanced for proper respiratory function
Surface Tension and Pulmonary Surfactant
Creation of ____ Pressure in the lungs allows inspiration
Negative
The 3 sections of the diaphragm
Sternal
Costal
Vertebral
Features of the sternal portion of the diaphragm
- more tendenous than muscular
- attaches to lower boarder of xiphoid process
- shortest fibers in diaphragm
Features of the costal portion of the diaphragm
- fleshy slips
- attaches to the inner sufaces of the costal cartilages of ribs 7-12
- interdigiitate with transverse abdominus
Features of the vertebral portion of the diaphragm
- origin in upper lumbar vertebrae via crua
- Right crus thicker and longer than the left
Function of the intercostal muscles
- to control the degree of space between the ribs
- to couple the ribs so that they move as a unit