Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Vertebral column
Thoracic cavity (rib cage) Pelvis |
These form the framework of respiration
|
|
- Muscles and other soft tissues responsible for respiratory funtions that attach to bones.
- Compress and expand bony framework to force air in & out of lungs |
Lungs and Tracheobronchial Tree
|
|
- Allows for movement of the neck, thorax and lumbar.
- Protects spinal cord |
Verterbral Column
|
|
Makeup: base of skull to coccyx
|
Vertebral column makeup
|
|
Axial support for body
- supports core - supports balance |
The things that the vertebral column supports
|
|
The number of bones in the vertebral column
|
33 bones
|
|
The 5 segments of the vertbral column
|
5 segments
- 7 cervical - 12 thoracic - 5 lumbar - 5 sacral - 4 coccyx |
|
The 2 sections of the vertebral column that fuse
|
Sacrum and coccyx
|
|
The number of vertebral bones left after sacrum and coccyx fuse
|
26 bones
|
|
The 3 vertebral sections that remain distinct through life
|
- cervical
- thoracic - lumbar |
|
The number of intervertebral discs between vertebrae above sacrum
|
24 discs
|
|
The cartalige that joins the intervertebral discs in the spine
|
Hyaline Cartalige
|
|
The ligaments that extend thru the spinal column and bind the vertebrae bodies together
|
Anterior & Posterior Longitutudinal Ligaments
|
|
These have similar components but shaped differently depending on place
|
Vertebrae
|
|
These compose the anatomy of a vertebrae
|
- body
- pedicles - spinous process - neural arch - vertebral foreman - transverse process |
|
The anterior, large, plate-like portion of the vertebrae
|
Body
|
|
The posterior-lateral sides that join at the midline (pinches)
|
Pedicles
|
|
Extend dorsally & inferiorally to neural arch.
At the meeting point of the 2 pedicles |
Spinous Process
|
|
- Acts as a connector where muscles and ligaments attach
- Protects vertebral column |
2 functions of the spinous processes
|
|
Where the pedicles join at the midline
|
Neural Arch
|
|
Canal created when vertebrae are stacked that provies passage for the spinal cord
|
Vertebral Foreman
|
|
- Projects laterally on the vertebrae
- Long pointy extensions - Muscles & ligaments attach - Ribs articulate (in thoracic vertebrae) |
Transverse Process
|
|
Structure with which the ribs articulate
|
Transverse Processes of the Thoracic Vertebrae
|
|
Attach to bodies and processes of vertebrae to bind them together
|
Anterior and Posterior Longitudinal Ligaments' attachemnt points
|
|
The number of cervical vertebrae
|
The first 7 bones in the vertebral column starting at the base of the skull
|
|
The first cervical vertebrae that supports the weight of the skull
|
Atlas (C1)
|
|
It has no body or spinous process
|
Physical characteristics of Atlas
|
|
It fits into Atlas and allows head turning
|
Axis (C2)
|
|
The axle of the Axis that fits into the Atlas
|
Dens or Odontiod Process
|
|
The ligament that allows for the movement of the Odontiod Process
|
Transverse Ligament
|
|
The anatomical order of the 3 main features of the neck
|
Trachea - anterior
Esophagus - posterior Cervical Vertebrae - posterior to both of these |
|
These vertebrae are all the same but increase in SIZE as they move down the spine
|
Thoracic Vertebrae properties
|
|
The total number of thoracic vertebrae
|
12 Thoracic Vertebrae (T1-T12)
|
|
Articular facets of these vertebrae provide point of attachment for ribs
|
Thoracic Vertebrae attachments
|
|
These are the points of attachment for the ribs
|
- 2 on the body of the rib
- 1 facet on the transverse process of the vertebrae - 2 facets on the body of the vertebrae |
|
There are equal numbers of these vertebrae and ribs
|
Thoracic vertebrae equal and correspond with the number of rib pairs (12)
|
|
The total number of Lumbar Vertebrae
|
5 Lumbar Vertebrae
|
|
Three featrues of lumbar vertebrae
|
- Largest & strongest vertebrae
- Powerful back muscles attach - Bear most of the weight of the body |
|
Two distinct physical features of the lumbar vertebrae
|
- No articular facets on transverse processes or bodies
- Spinous processes run horizonatlly and project posteriorally |
|
This sits between the 2 hip bones (illium)
|
Position of the Sacrum
|
|
The number and feature of the bones of the sacrum
|
4 bones attached by 4 ossified intervertebral discs
|
|
Articulates above with 5th lumbar vertebrae
|
position and movement of the sacrum
|
|
joins together with the illiac bones to form the pelvic girdle
|
position and function of the sacrum
|
|
projection inferior to the sacrum
|
Coccyx
|
|
fused vertebrae (3-4 bones) at the bottom of the spine
|
Position and physical make up of the coccyx
|
|
attaches to the sacrum via small intervertebral disc
|
Coccyx
|
|
Features of a normal spine
|
- straight from anterior to posterior w/slight curve to right:
- cervical: slightly convex or straight - Thoracic: convex - Lumbar: concave - Sacral: convex |
|
Abnormal lateral curve of the spine
|
Scoliosis
|
|
Abnormal thoracic hyperconvexity
|
Kyphosis (Hunchback)
|
|
Abnormal lumbar hyperconcavity
|
Lordosis (Swayback)
|
|
The 4 bony/cartaliginous structures that work together to expand and contract the ribcage for breathing
|
- Thoracic Vertebrae
- Thoracic Spine - Sternum - Costal Cartilages |
|
These attach ribs to sternum
|
Structural function of costal cartilage
|
|
Shape of the rib cage
|
Conical shape - narrow at the top and broader at the bottom
|
|
This sits at the floor of the rib cage
|
Anatomical poisiton of the diaphragm
|
|
These make up the lateral and posterior walls of the thoracic cage
|
Ribs
|
|
These make up the anterior wall of the thoracic cage
|
Sternum and Costal Cartilage
|
|
3 important funtions of the rib cage
|
- protect vital organs
- support bones of shoulder girdle - provide movment important for respiration |
|
The number of rib pairs in the body
|
12 pairs
|
|
Where ribs originate
|
Posteriorally on the thoracic vertebrae
|
|
Breakdown of the 12 ribs
|
- First 7 are true ribs
- Last 5 pairs are false ribs |
|
2 Features of vertebrosternal ribs
|
- 7 in number
- attach to sternum directly or with costal cartilage and to thoracic spine |
|
3 Features of verterbrochondral ribs
|
- 5 in number
- false ribs - Don't attach to sternum or if they do, it's thru costal cartilage - last 2-3 are floating ribs that do not attach to bony structure |
|
2 articulation points of the clavices
|
- Medial: with manubrium
- Lateral: with scapula (to form shoulder girdle) |
|
3 sections of the sternum
|
- Manubrium (superior)
- Body (medial) - Xiphoid Process (inferior) |
|
3 features of the manubrium
|
- Jugular notch at most superior portion
- Articulates with clavicle & 1st rib - creates hinge movement between sternum and ribs |
|
2 features of the body of the sternum
|
- Connects with 6 ribs
- Has the STERNAL ANGLE (the juntion of the manubrium and body) |
|
Point of attachement of the xiphoid process
|
Linea alba's connection point on the sternum
|
|
This creates a tube out of the lungs into the throat
|
Trachea
|
|
Made up of 16-20 c-shaped cartilagenous rings that hold it open
|
Trachea's composition
|
|
Location and function of the trachealis muscle
|
- Posterior wall of the trachea
- Fills in the gap between the rings |
|
Length of the trachea
|
From the larynx to the bronchi (at the 5th T-Vert)
|
|
This lines the trachea
|
Ciliated epithelial mucous membrane
|
|
7 components of the respiratory passage
|
- Nasal cavities
- Oral cavities - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi - Lungs |
|
Location of the pelvic girdle
|
Base of the vertebral column
|
|
Composition of the pelvic girdle
|
Single bone made of 3 bones
- illuim - ischium - pubis |
|
Location and composition of the shoulder girdle
|
- Top of the thoracic cage
- Clavicle and scapula |
|
Anatomical function of the clavicle in relation to scapula
|
Helps scapula remain lateral and posterior to the rib cage
|
|
2 points of articulation of the clavicle
|
- Medially on the Upper Lateral edge of the Manubrium of the sternum
- Laterally on the ACROMION of the scapula |
|
Shape and function of the scapula
|
- Triangular plate
- Allows for attachment & flexibility of neck & back muscles |
|
2 points of attachment of the scapula
|
- To axial skeleton via clavicle
- To humerous via GLENOID FOSSA |
|
5 physical features of the lung
|
- Light, porous & spongy
- Elastic - Passive (dependant of surrounding muscles for expansion & contraction) - Apex points up (bound by sternum, ribs & vertebrae) - Base is concave & rides on diaphragm |
|
The space that separates the lungs
|
Mediastinum
|
|
5 items that rest in the mediastinum
|
- Heart
- Large vessels - Esophagus - Nerves - Branching tubes to lungs |
|
The surface of the lung that sits next to the mediastinum
|
Mediastinal surface
|
|
The convex surface that sits next to the ribs and has fissures (grooves) that divide lungs into lobes
|
Costal Surface
|
|
3 features of the right lung
|
- Larger, broader & shorter (due to the LIVER in the right abdominal cavity)
- 3 lobes - Both transverse (across) and oblique (up & out away from the middle) fissures |
|
2 features of the left lung
|
- 2 lobes
- only oblique fissure (up & out away from middle) |
|
The 2 coverings for the lungs and the internal organs
|
- Parietal (Costal) plura
- Pulmonary (Visceral) plura |
|
Closed membranous sac that surrounds the heart
|
Pericardium
|
|
The indentation that allows the heart to sit between the lungs
|
Cardiac impression
|
|
2 features of parietal/costal plura
|
- airtight, thin membrane of thoracic cavity
- serous membrane (secretes fluid) |
|
2 areas covered by parietal/costal plura
|
- thoracic surface of the diaphragm
- mediastinum (open space between lungs) |
|
2 features of the pulmonary/visceral plura
|
- covers lungs and pericardium
- adheres firmly to lung |
|
The potential space between the pleural linings
|
Pleural Cavity
|
|
Purpose of serous feature of parietal/costal plura
|
lubricant between 2 layers of plurae
|
|
Features of Pluerisy
|
- secretions become gluey
- plurae stick to eachother making breathing diffiult |
|
The puncture of the lung's pleural lining that results in collapse
|
Pneumothorax
|
|
The collapse of all or part of a lung
|
Atelectasis
|
|
6 parts of the Bronchial Tree
|
- Trachea (trunk)
- Primary bronchi (2) - Secondary bronchi - Tertiary bronchi - Bronchioles - Terminal bronchiloes |
|
Features and make-up of Primary Bronchi
|
- 2 priimary divisions at inferior end of trachea
- walls made of 16-20 c-shaped hyaline cartilage rings |
|
Features of the Right Primary Bronchus
|
Larger, straighter and shorter than left
|
|
Features of the Left Primary Bronchus
|
2x as long and thinner than right
|
|
Features of the Secondary Bronchi
|
- Right lung: 3 secondary bronchi to 3 lobes
- Left lung: 2 secondary bronchi to 2 lobes |
|
Placement of Tertiary Bronchi in Bronchial Tree
|
Smaller passages between secondary bronchi and bronchiolds
|
|
The final division of the bronchial tree with a diamater of 1mm or less
|
Bronchioles
|
|
The place where the bronchial tree ends and connects with the respiratory bronchioles
|
Terminal Bronchioles
|
|
Two physical attributes of Respiratory Bronchioles
|
- No cartilage
- Increase in bronchial muscle tissue |
|
3 components of Respiratory Bronchioles
|
- Alveolar ducts
- Alveoloar (air) sacs - Alveoli (depressions in sacs where O2/C02 exchange occurrs - 1000 miles of capillaries) |
|
This happens when the bronchioles swell & airflow resistance is increased
|
Asthma
|
|
This occurrs when the alveolar septa (partitions) break down
|
Emphysema
|
|
This is a secondary function of the respiratory tract that is the coordination of respiration and phonation
|
Vocalization
|
|
This creates the suction that fills lungs with air
|
Negative pressure
|
|
How lungs expand during inhalation
|
Due to connection with visceral and costal plurae (that are moved by thoracic muscles). Lungs are passive.
|
|
When do lungs contract?
|
When internal and atmospheric pressure are equal
|
|
5 features of the Abdominal Aponeurosis
|
- Framework for abdominal muslces
- Cables for muscle support - Tendoneous network or flat, broad tnedons located in abdominal wall - Link muscles together - Fills gap between XIPHOID PROCESS and PUBIS |
|
3 main components of the Abdominal Aponeurosis
|
- Linea Alba
- Linea Semilunaris - Inguinal Ligament |
|
2 features of the Linea Alba
|
PART OF AB. AP.
- rests at midline - runs from xiphoid process to pubic symphysis |
|
What does the abdominal apenreurosis do at the linea alba?
|
Splits into 2 layers superior and inferior to the rectus abdominus to create a muscle sheath.
|
|
2 features of the Linea Semilunaris
|
- 2 layers form rectus sheath join
- forms 2 verticle lines on either side of the linea alba |
|
This creates the 6 pack
|
- 3 layers of abdominal apeneurosis - superficial to deep
- extend laterally on each side to the lineas semilunaris - attach to abdominal muscles |
|
This is a thickened strand of aponeurosis that extens form anterior-superior iliac spine to pubic synthesis
|
Inguinal Ligament
|
|
4 features of Lumbar Fascia
|
- tendenous sheet in lower back that divides into 2 layers
- attaches to spinous and transverse processes of the lubar vertebrae - attaches to the posterior part of the lilac crest - several muscles attach |
|
Muscles of Quiet Inspiration
(D, Eim) |
Diaphragm and External Intercostal Muscles
|
|
Diaphragm Features
|
- Muscle & tendon
- 2nd most important organ next to heart - Inverted bowl shape |
|
Diaphragm
O, I, A |
Origin (springs): xiphoid process, lower 6 ribs, lumbar vertebrae, crus (L& R pillars)
Insertion (trampoline pad): central tendon Action: when fibers contract, central tendon is pulled down & thoracic cage expands |
|
External Intercostal Muscles O, I, A
|
Origin: rib above
Insertion: rib below Action: ribs pull together & up, elevating rib cage |
|
MAJOR Muscles of Forced Inspiration (S, S)
|
Scalenes
Sternocleidomastoid |
|
Scalenes
O, I, A |
3 SETS: ANTERIOR, MEDIAL, POSTERIOR TO C-VERT
- Origin: C2-C6 - Insertion: Ribs 1 &2 - Action: elevates ribs 1 & 2 and expands thoracic cage |
|
Sternocleidomastoid
O, I, A |
MAJOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- Origin: sternum & clavicle - Insertion: mastoid process in skull near ear - Action: with head fixed, rasises sternum and elevates rib cage |
|
MINOR Muscles of Forced Inspiration (S P P C S S L T)
|
- Subclavius
- Pectoralis Major - Pectoralis Minor - Costal Elevators - Serratus Posterior Superior - Serratus Anterior - Latissimus Dorsi - Trapezius |
|
Sublavius
O, I, A |
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- Origin: 1st rib - Insertion: Clavicle - Action: with clavicle fixed, rasises 1st rib |
|
Pectoralis Major
O, I, A |
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- Origin: medial half of clavicle, sternum & costal cartilage (Fan) - Insertion: humerus - Action: with arm fixed, pulls up sternum and ribs to expand thoracic cage |
|
Pectoralis Minor
O, I, A |
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION that lies under Pec Major
- Origin: ribs 2-5 (fingers) - Insertion: scapula - Action: with shoulder fixed, pulls ribs up & elevates rib cage |
|
Costal Elevators
O, I, A |
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- 12 pairs - Like external intercostals - Origin: C7-T11 - Insertion: rib just below vertebrae of origin - Action: raises ribs |
|
Serratus Posterior Superior
O, I, A |
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- back of body near shoulders - Origin: C7-T3 - Insertion: ribs 2-5 - Action: raises POSTERIOR part of ribs |
|
Serratus Anterior
O, I, A |
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- inferior to pectoralis & runs toward back of body - Origin: first 8 ribs - Insertion: scapula - Action: with shoulder fixed, raises ribs up & back |
|
Latissimus Dorsi
O, I, A |
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- Primary function: move arm & pull shoulder - Origin: iliac crest, T6-T12, lumbar fascia, lower 3-4 ribs - Insertion: humerus - Action: with arm fixed, elevates lower rib cage in BACK |
|
Trapezius
O, I, A |
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED INSPIRATION
- Fan-shaped - Origin: superior nuchal line (at base of skull), ligamentum nuchae (from base of skull to vertebrae), C7-T12 - Insertion: scapula & clavicle - Action: with head & shoulder fixed, allows other muscles of inspiration fo move rib cage (stabilizing function) |
|
Quiet Expiration
|
Elastic reciol of quiet muscles of inspiration (diaphragm and external intercostals) and elastic lung tissue
|
|
Muscles of Forced Expiration<BR>(R E I T Q S L I T S)
|
ALL FORCED MINOR MUSCLES<BR>- Rectus abdominus<BR>- External abdominal oblique<BR>- Internal abdominal oblique<BR>- Transverse abdominus<BR>- Quadratus lumborum<BR>- Subcostals<BR>- Latissimus dorsi<BR>- Serratus posterior inferor<BR>- Internal Intercostals <BR>- Transversus Thoracis
|
|
Rectus Abdominus
O, I, A |
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- 2 belt like muscles on the sides of the linea alba & tendenous insertions of 3 bans that run into the linea semilunaris on lateral sides - Origin: xiphoid process and 5-7 costal cartilages - Insertion: pubic crest & pubic symphysis - Action: compress abdominal wall, forcing diaphragm up or flex vertebral column to compress thoracic cavity |
|
External Abdominal Oblique
O, I, A |
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- Broad, flat muscle that covers lateral & anterior portion of abdomen - Origin: lower 8 ribs - Insertion: xiphoid process, liinea alba, pubic crest & iliac crest - Action: compresses abdominal wall, forcing diaphragm up |
|
Internal Abdominal Oblique
O, I, A |
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- Between external and transverse oblique - Origin: ingiunal ligament, lumbar fascia, iliac crest - Insertion: lowest 3-4 costal cartilage, linea alba Action: compresses abdominal wall, forcing diaphragm up |
|
Transverse Abdominus
O, I, A |
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- Origin: inguinal ligament, iliac crest, lumabr fascia, lowest 6 costal cartilages - Insertion: xiphoid process, linea alba, pubic symphysis - Action: compresses abdominal wall, forcing diaphragm up |
|
Quadratus Lumborum
O, I, A |
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- posterior muscle of abdomen - Origin: iliolumbar ligament (ligament from ilium to lumbar spine), iliac crest Insertion: 12th rib, L1-L4 Action: pulls last rib down & fixes rib cage inferiorally so that other muscles can force air out of lungs |
|
Subcostals
O, I, A |
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- vary in number - Origin: near angles (sharp turns) on the innder surface of ribs - Insertion: 2-3 ribs below origin Action: pull ribs down to reduce size of thoracic cage |
|
Latissimus Dorsi
O, I, A (for Expiration) |
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- broad triangular posterior muscle - Origin: iliac crest, T6-12, lumbar fascia, lower 3-4 ribs - Insertion: humerus - Action: with arm fixed and WHOLE MUSCLE acting as a unit, constricts lower part of rib cage |
|
Serratus Posterior Inferior
O, I, A |
FORCED MINOR MUSCLE OF EXPIRATION
- Origin: T12-L2 - Insertion: last 4 ribs - Action: pulls down last 4 ribs |
|
Transversus Thoracis
O, I, A |
MINOR MUSCLE OF FORCED EXPIRATION
- anterior lateral - Origin: lower 3rd of sternum at inner surface - Insertion: costarl cartilage of ribs 2-6 - Action: pulls ribs down & perhaps in |
|
The ridgelike structure present at the bifurcation of the trachea into the bronchi
|
Carina
|
|
Modified epithelia cell that releases mucus
|
Goblet Cell
|
|
Another name for secondary bronchi
|
Lobar Bronchi (feed the lobes of the lungs)
|
|
Another name for tertiary bronchi
|
Segmental Bronchi
|
|
Point at which the bronchi enter the lung
|
Hilium
|
|
Number of tertiary bronchi on each secondary bronchi of the right lung
|
Ten Tertiary Bronchi
|
|
Number of tertiary bronchi on each secondary bronchi on the left lung
|
Eight Tertiary Bronchi
|
|
These 2 must be balanced for proper respiratory function
|
Surface Tension and Pulmonary Surfactant
|
|
Creation of ____ Pressure in the lungs allows inspiration
|
Negative
|
|
The 3 sections of the diaphragm
|
Sternal
Costal Vertebral |
|
Features of the sternal portion of the diaphragm
|
- more tendenous than muscular
- attaches to lower boarder of xiphoid process - shortest fibers in diaphragm |
|
Features of the costal portion of the diaphragm
|
- fleshy slips
- attaches to the inner sufaces of the costal cartilages of ribs 7-12 - interdigiitate with transverse abdominus |
|
Features of the vertebral portion of the diaphragm
|
- origin in upper lumbar vertebrae via crua
- Right crus thicker and longer than the left |
|
Function of the intercostal muscles
|
- to control the degree of space between the ribs
- to couple the ribs so that they move as a unit |