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157 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why its important to define communication?
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Diversity of Perspectives
Complexity of phenomena Purpose of defining |
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What does the Palo Alto team say?
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A person cannot “not communicate”
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Issues in defining communication
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Intentional
Successful Effective Correspondence Symbolic actions Cognition, thought, perception Human to Human |
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5 key terms in defining communication
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Social
Process Symbolic Meaning Environment |
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Social
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The notion that people and interactions are part of the communication process
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Process
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Ongoing, dynamic, and unending occurrence
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Symbolic
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Arbitrary label given to a phenomenon
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Meaning
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Symbols and ideas have multiple meanings
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Environment
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Situation or context in which a situation occurs
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Concrete symbols
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Represent objects
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Abstract symbols
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Represent ideas or thoughts
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West and Turners Definition of Communication
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A process in which individuals use symbols to establish and interpret meaning in their environment
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What is ethics?
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The perceived rightness or wrongness of an action. Determining whats right or wrong is influenced by a society with its rules and laws.
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Ethical strategies to consider when reading comm theory
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Remain open to being persuaded by others
Remain willing to try out new ideas Accept multiple perspectives on reality are held by different people Test any held knowledge Live with ambiguity Become less tolerant of contradiction Evaluate claims against personal experience |
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Models of communication
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Linear
Interactional Transactional |
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Linear model of communication
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Sender encodes a message, receiver decodes message
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Interactional model of communication
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Sender encodes and sends, receiver decodes. Receiver encodes feedback, sends, and sender decodes feedback.
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Transactional Model of communication
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Participants constantly send, decode, and respond. Is a mechanistic model
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Types of noise
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Physical (external)
Psychological – thoughts/emotions of receiver Physiological – “im hungry or tired” Semantic – components of message |
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Contexts of communication
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Intrapersonal
Interpersonal Family Small Group Organizational Public/Rhetorical Mass Intercultural Health |
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Intrapersonal Communication
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Role of cognition
Decision Making Attributions about others Attributions about self Persuasion |
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Interpersonal Communication
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Relationship development
Relationship maintenance Relationship dissolution Power and Control Attraction Conflict |
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Family communication
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Marital communication
Parent/child communication Sibling communication Work/home issues Childcare issues Political – caring for aged parents |
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Small Group communication
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Problem solving
Leadership Communication networks Power Norms |
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Organizational communication
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Culture
Power Morale Worker satisfaction Hierarchy Productivity Constitution of organization |
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Public comm: Rhetoric
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Aristotle (Ethos, Pathos, Legos)
Speech and text criticism Communication apprehension |
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Mass communication
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Effects on culture
Ethics Uses and gratifications Diffusion Digital Device |
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Intercultural communication
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Between/among cultures
Co-cultures How culture/comm impact each other Gender Race Class |
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Health Communication
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Interpersonal
Public Health Diffusion Networks |
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What is field of experience?
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Overlap mof sender's and receiver's culture, experience, heredity in communication
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West and Turners definition of theory
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An abstract system of concepts and their relationships that help us to understnad a phenomenon
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Stephen Littlejohns definition of theory
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Any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon
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Mary John Smiths definition of theory
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A set of statments specifying an explanatory relationship between two or more classes of phenomenon
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Two key parts of theory?
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Concepts and relationships
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What are concepts?
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Words or terms for the most important elements in a theory
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What are nominal concepts?
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Those that are not directly observable, such as love
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What are real concepts?
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Those that are observable, such as spacial distance
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What are relationships?
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Specify ways in which the concepts in a theory are combined
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What is a taxonomy?
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A conceptual representation of categories of a phenomenon
Descriptive |
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What is a model?
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A simplified representation of reality
Relationships between concepts Temporal order Descriptive |
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Class definition of theory?
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Any conceptual representation or explanation of a phenomenon
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Knapps Model of relationship development
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Coming together (Initiating, experimenting, intensifying, integrating, bonding)
Coming apart (Differentiating, circumscribing) |
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Goals of theory
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Describe, explain, predict, control
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What is communication theory?
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A way to describe, explain, predict, and/or change human communication behavior
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What is metatheory?
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Body of speculation on the nature of theory and research
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3 Metatheoretical Assumptions?
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Ontological, Epistemological, Axiological
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Metatheoretical questions?
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What comm behaviors should be observed?
How should they be observed? What should be the goals of theory/research? |
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What is ontology?
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Studies the nature of reality
Study of being and non-being Derived from Greek, meaning beings Impossible to philosophize until nature of reality is determined |
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Ontological questions/assumptions
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Do humans make real choices? (sci-no, hum-yes)
Are humans mostly alike or mostly unique? (sci-alike, hum-unique) Is human behavior predictable? (sci-yes, hum-no) |
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What is eplistemology?
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Studies knowledge
Addresses questions about how we know things and how we go about knowing the things we know |
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What is objectivist epistemology?
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It is possible to explain the world
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What is subjectivist epistemology?
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The social world is relativistic
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Epistemological questions/assumptions
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Is knowledge objective or subjective? (sci-obj, hum-sub)
Can knowledge exist before experience? (sci-yes, hum-no) Can knowledge be certain? (sci-yes, hum-no) By what process does knowledge arise? (sci-disc., hum-creation) |
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What is axiology?
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Studies values
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Axiological questions/assumptions
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Research value free? (sci-yes, hum-no)
Does the practice of inquiry influence that which is studied? (sci-no, hum-yes) Should research attempt to achieve social change? (sci-no, hum-yes) |
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Scientific vs. Humanistic - knowledge?
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Scientific - objective knowledge
Humanistic - some knowledge is subjective |
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Scientific vs. Humanistic - focus?
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Scientific - search for regularity
Humanistic - focus on individuals and how they create meaning |
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Scientific vs. Humanistic - how they research?
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Scientific - systematic observation
Humanistic - non-standardized methods |
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Scientific vs. Humanistic - how is knowledge gained?
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Scientific - through emperical means
Humanistic - introspection/interpretation |
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Scientific vs. Humanistic - Goals?
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Scientific - explanation, prediction, and control
Humanistic - understanding and social change |
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Laws to Rhetoricians?
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Scientific to Humanistic
Laws...systems...rules...rhetoricians |
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Laws approach
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no choice
people comm. the way they do becuase some prior condition caused them to respond that way comm. is governed by forces that are predictable/generalizable Forces are called laws If X, then Y Universal |
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Positivistic Laws
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Deterministic
X causes Y |
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Probabilistic Laws
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Based on probability
If X, then Y under certain condition Z Law-like |
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Rules approach
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choice
People make choices about their actions to achieve goals Goals achieved by following social rules for decisions Context specific |
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Rules theorists want to understand..
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what the rules are
why people follow/not follow rules and effects of that how people create rules |
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Systems approach
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Human behavior part of system
Free will constrained by system in which they operate |
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Properties of systems
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Wholeness
Interdependence Hierarchy Boundaries/Openness Calibration/Feedback Equifinality |
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Rhetoricians & Critics
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Interpretive or Hermeneutic approach
Critial approach Humans act upon world symbolically Actions are meaningful in themselves Interpretation of meaning is necessary for understanding human comm |
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Laws to Rhetoricians?
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Scientific to Humanistic
Laws...systems...rules...rhetoricians |
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Laws approach
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no choice
people comm. the way they do becuase some prior condition caused them to respond that way comm. is governed by forces that are predictable/generalizable Forces are called laws If X, then Y Universal |
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Positivistic Laws
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Deterministic
X causes Y |
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Probabilistic Laws
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Based on probability
If X, then Y under certain condition Z Law-like |
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Rules approach
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choice
People make choices about their actions to achieve goals Goals achieved by following social rules for decisions Context specific |
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Rules theorists want to understand..
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what the rules are
why people follow/not follow rules and effects of that how people create rules |
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Systems approach
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Human behavior part of system
Free will constrained by system in which they operate |
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Properties of systems
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Wholeness
Interdependence Hierarchy Boundaries/Openness Calibration/Feedback Equifinality |
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Rhetoricians & Critics
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Interpretive or Hermeneutic approach
Critial approach Humans act upon world symbolically Actions are meaningful in themselves Interpretation of meaning is necessary for understanding human comm |
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Planning Phase
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Conclusion sentence, 3 steps: support for the conclusion
introduction sentence |
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Presentation Phase
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Introduction sentence, 3 steps:evidence leading up to conclusion, conclusion sentence
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Row argument
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1-3-1
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Chain argument
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1-1-1-1-1
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Dialectual argument
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1-2-1-1
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3 stage model of communication inquiry
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stage 1: observing comm phenomena
stage 2: Discovering theoretical explanations stage 3: test theoretical explanations |
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Building blocks of theory
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concepts
explanations (relationships) |
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Conceptualization
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Group similar concrete events into categories
Label concepts define concepts |
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Explanation
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identifies relationships among concepts
Answers "why?" or "how?" Relies on principle of necessity |
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Principle of necessity
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Designates a logical force among concepts that makes a particular outcome necessary
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3 types of necessity
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Causal, practical, logicalq
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Causal necessity
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explains in terms of cause/effect
Laws theories depend on causal necessity |
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Practical necessity
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explains events in terms of acts and consequences
Behavior seen as intentional action designed to achieve goals Rules theorists depend on practical necessityq |
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Logical necessity
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theories are elaborate explanatory frameworks linked by logic
consistency All theories must have logical necessity |
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How to build theory
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Observe phenomenon, develip explanation for phenomenon, test your explanation, refine & modify & change your theory
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Quantitative approach to test theory
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Conceptualization followed by operationalization
independent and dependent variable (indep. = cause/antecedent, dep. = effect/consequent) |
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Qualitative approach to test theory
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Ethnography-writing culture
Hands on observation Textual analysis |
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Scope
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what does it explain
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Precision
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how precise
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Logical consistency
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is the argument consistent?
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Testable
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Can you measure those concepts?
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Heuristic value
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does it make me more curious?
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Organizing value
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does it help us understand previous theories?
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Validity
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Utility - find this useful?
Correspondence of Fit - does it correspond with initial observation? |
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Parsimony
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Is it simple enough to be elegant?
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Applied research
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research to solve a problem or create a policy
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code
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converting raw data to a catagory system
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content analysis
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a technique for textual analysis involving coding units into finite categories
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control
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the researchers abiliuty to direct the important concepts in the research process
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critical approach
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an approach stressing the researchers responsibility to change the inequities in the status quo
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depth interviews
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semistructured or instructured interviews lasting at least one hour aimed at collecting rich descriptions from respondents
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ethnography
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a specific research method where researchers immerse themselves in participants lives, aiming to describe people's culturally distinct patterns of communication
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Grounded theory
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theory induced from data collection and analysis in a study
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inductive logic
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moving from the specific to the general
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interpretive (hermenuetic) approach
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an approach viewing truth as subjective and stressing the participation of the researcher in the research process
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operationalize
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making an abstract concept measurable and observable
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positivistic (empirical) approach
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an approach assuming the existence of objective reality and value-neutral research
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Pure research
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research to generate knowledge
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survey research
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a specific research method asking participants to respond to written questionnaires
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triangulation
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an approach to research involving multiple methods
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Unit of analysis
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the specific object of study, may be an individual, a family, an organization, and so forth
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validity
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the truth value of an observation
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calibration
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property of systems theory that stataes systems periodically check the scale of allowable behaviors and reset the system
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equifinality
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property of systems theory stating that systems can achieve the same goals through different means
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grand theory
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theory that attempts to explain all of a phenomenon such as communication
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habitual rules
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rules that are set by an authority and are nonnegotiable
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heurism
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a criterion for evaluating theories, refers to the amount of research and new thinking stimulated by the theory
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homeostatic
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a term for stable systems
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interdependence
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a property of systems theory stating that the elements of a system are interrelated
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mid-range theory
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theory that attempts to explain a specified aspect of a phenomenon such as communication
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morphogenic
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a term for changing systems
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narrow theory
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theory that attempts to explain a very limited aspect of a phenomenon such as communication
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openness
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acknowledgment that within all human systems the boundaries constructed are more or less permeable
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parametric rules
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rules that are set by an authority but are negotiable
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parsimony
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a criterion for evaluating theories, refers to the simplicity of the explanation provided by the theory
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scope
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a criterion for evaluating theories, refers to the breadth of communication behaviors covered in the theory
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subsystems
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lower levels of a system
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suprasystems
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higher levels of a system
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tactical rules
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unstated rules used to achieve a personal or interpersonal objective
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test of time
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a criterion for evaluating theories, refers to the theory's durability over time
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utility
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a criterion for evaluating theories, refers to the theory's usefulness or practical value
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wholeness
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a fundamental property of systems theory stating that systems are more than the sum of their individual parts
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co-cultures
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cultural groups that are part of the larger (national) culture
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cohesive
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sense of togetherness in a group
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communication apprehension
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fear of speaking before an audience
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Hawthorne experiments
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research studies that found workplace productivity increased when changes in environment occurred
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lifespace
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group member's psychological environment
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mass communication
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communication to a large audience via mass media
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mass media
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channels or delivery modes for mass messages
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new media
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electrinic media such as the internet, e-mail, and digital cable
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organizational communication
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communication within and among large, extended environments
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public communication
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dissemination of information from one person to a large group
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roles
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positions of group members and their relationship to the group
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self-esteem
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the positive orientation a person has of himself or herself
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situational contexts
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environments limited by a number of issues, including people, space, and feedback
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synergy
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process that allows for multiple perspectives to be given on issues or events
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Field of experience
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overlap of senders and receivers culture, experiences, and heredity of communication
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Process
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ongoing, dynamic, and unending occurrence
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Social
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the notion that people and interactions are part of the communication process
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