Com Final Terms

Front 1

audience

Back 1

the specific group of people to whom the speech is directed

Front 2

physical setting

Back 2

the location,size of room, seating arrangement, distance between audience and speaker, time of day, room temperature, and lighting

Front 3

cultural setting

Back 3

the values, beliefs, meanings, and social morals of specific groups of people to which your audience members belong

Front 4

psychological setting

Back 4

the feelings, attitudes, and beliefs of individual audience members that affect how your speech message is perceived

Front 5

macrostructure

Back 5

the overall framework you use to organize your speech content

Front 6

microstructure

Back 6

the specific language and style choices you use as you frame your ideas and verbalize them to your audience

Front 7

plagiarism

Back 7

stealing and passing off the ideas, words, or created works of another as one's own without crediting the source

Front 8

self-talk

Back 8

thoughts about success or failure that go through one's mind prior to or during a particular situation

Front 9

audience adaptation

Back 9

the process of tailoring your speech's information to the needs, interests, and expectations of your listeners

Front 10

cognitive restructuring

Back 10

a process designed to help you systematically rebuild your thoughts about public speaking

Front 11

systematic desensitization

Back 11

a method that reduces apprehension by gradually having people visualize increasingly more frightening events

Front 12

visualization

Back 12

a method that reduces apprehension by helping speakers develop a mental picture of themselves giving a masterful speech systematic

Front 13

communication orientation motivation (COM)

Back 13

techniques designed to reduce anxiety by helping the speaker adopt a communication rather than a performance orientation toward the speech

Front 14

understanding

Back 14

the ability to assign accurate meaning to what was said

Front 15

remembering

Back 15

being able to retain and recall information that you have heard

Front 16

critical analysis

Back 16

the process of evaluating what you have heard to determine a speech's completeness, usefulness, and trustworthiness

Front 17

audience analysis

Back 17

the study of the intended audience for your speech

Front 18

subject

Back 18

a broad area of expertise, such as movies, cognitive psychology, computer technology, or the Middle East

Front 19

topic

Back 19

some specific aspect of a subject

Front 20

brainstorming

Back 20

an uncritical, nonevaluative process of generating associated ideas

Front 21

marginalizing

Back 21

ignoring the values, needs, and interests of certain audience members, leaving them feeling excluded from the speaking situation

Front 22

stereotyping

Back 22

assuming all members of a group behave or believe alike simply because they belong to the group

Front 23

common ground

Back 23

the background, knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and philosophies that audience members and the speaker share

Front 24

credibility

Back 24

the confidence that an audience places in the truthfulness of what a speaker says

Front 25

personableness

Back 25

the extent to which you project an agreeable or pleasing personality

Front 26

trustworthiness

Back 26

the extent to which the audience can believe that what you say is accurate, true, and in their best interests

Front 27

learning style

Back 27

a person's preferred way of receiving information

Front 28

skimming

Back 28

a method of rapidly going through a work to determine what is covered and how

Front 29

oral footnote

Back 29

reference to an original source, made at the point in the speech where information from that source is presented

Front 30

anecdotes

Back 30

brief, often amusing stories

Front 31

narratives

Back 31

accounts, personal experiences, tales, or lengthier stories

Front 32

comparison

Back 32

illuminating a point by showing similarities

Front 33

thesis statement

Back 33

a one- or two-sentence summary of the speech that incorporates the general and specific goals and previews the main points

Front 34

time order

Back 34

organizing the main points of the speech in a chronological sequence or by steps in a process

Front 35

narrative order

Back 35

organizing the main points as a story or series of stories

Front 36

topic order

Back 36

organizing the main points of the speech by categories or divisions of a subject

Front 37

signposts

Back 37

words or phrases that connect pieces of supporting material to the main point or subpoint they address

Front 38

startling statement

Back 38

a sentence or two that grabs your listeners' attention by shocking them in some way

Front 39

personal reference

Back 39

a brief story about something that happened to you or a hypothetical situation that listeners can imagine themselves in

Front 40

listener relevance link

Back 40

a statement of how and why your speech relates to or might affect your listeners

Front 41

story

Back 41

an account of something that has happened (actual) or could happen (hypothetical)

Front 42

clincher

Back 42

a one- or two sentence statement in a conclusion that provides a sense of closure by driving home the importance of your speech in a memorable way

Front 43

oral style

Back 43

the manner in which one conveys messages through the spoken word

Front 44

accurate language

Back 44

words that convey your meaning precisely

Front 45

denotation

Back 45

the explicit meaning a language community formally gives a word

Front 46

connotation

Back 46

the feelings or evaluations we associate with a word

Front 47

concrete words

Back 47

words that appeal to the senses or conjure up a picture

Front 48

precise words

Back 48

words that narrow a larger category

Front 49

slang

Back 49

informal, nonstandard vocabulary and nonstandard definitions assigned to words by a social group or subculture

Front 50

jargon

Back 50

unique technical terminology of a trade or profession that is not generally understood by outsiders

Front 51

hate speech

Back 51

the use of words and phrases to demean another person or group and to express the speaker's hatred and prejudice toward that person or group

Front 52

pitch

Back 52

the scaled highness or lowness of the sound a voice makes

Front 53

volume

Back 53

the degree of loudness of the tone you make

Front 54

rate

Back 54

the speed at which you talk

Front 55

quality

Back 55

the tone, timbre, or sound of your voice

Front 56

vocal expressiveness

Back 56

variety you create in your voice through changing pitch, volume, and rate, as well as stressing certain words and using pauses

Front 57

motivated movement

Back 57

movement with a purpose

Front 58

posture

Back 58

the position or bearing of the body

Front 59

productive thinking

Back 59

to think about something from a variety of perspectives

Front 60

creativity

Back 60

the ability to produce original ideas and insights

Front 61

ethos

Back 61

speaker credibility

Front 62

logos

Back 62

logical appeals

Front 63

pathos

Back 63

emotional appeals

Front 64

reasons

Back 64

main point statements that summarize several related pieces of evidence and show why you should believe or do something

Front 65

claim

Back 65

the proposition or conclusion to be proven

Front 66

arguments

Back 66

the process of proving conclusions you have drawn from reasons and evidence

Front 67

empathy

Back 67

the ability to see the world through the eyes of someone else

Front 68

initial credibility

Back 68

perception of credibility created before you begin to speak

Front 69

terminal credibility

Back 69

perception of credibility listeners have at the end of the speech

Front 70

costs

Back 70

expenditures that we incur when we act; may be physical, psychological, or social

Front 71

incentive

Back 71

a reward that is promised if a particular action is taken or goal is reached

Front 72

commencement address

Back 72

a speech of tribute praising graduating students and inspiring them to reach for their goals

Front 73

commemorative address

Back 73

a speech of tribute that celebrates national holidays or anniversaries of important events

Front 74

keynote address

Back 74

a ceremonial speech that both sets the tone and generates enthusiasm for the topic of a conference or convention

Front 75

speech to entertain

Back 75

a humorous speech that makes a serious point

Front 76

dedication

Back 76

a speech of tribute that honors a worthy person or group by naming a structure, monument, or park after them

Front 77

farewell

Back 77

a speech of tribute honoring someone who is leaving an organization

Front 78

brainstorming

Back 78

an uncritical, nonevaluative process of generating alternatives by being creative, suspending judgment, and combining or adapting the ideas of others

Front 79

symposium

Back 79

a discussion in which a limited number of participants present individual speeches of approximately the same length dealing with the same subject and then discuss their reactions to what others have said and answer questions from the audience

Front 80

panel discussion

Back 80

a problemsolving discussion in front of an audience

Front 81

town hall meeting

Back 81

an even in which a large number of people who are interested in a topic convene to discuss, and at times to decide, an issue

Front 82

group dynamics

Back 82

how individuals work together as a team toward a common goal