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72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Goffmans work on Gendered Media |
- one of the 1st to look at gender in advertising -examined poses of women and argued that the images had hidden powerful messages -argued that women are turned into objects that emphasize sexuality and vulnerability |
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Goffman discussed 4 major themes in female advertising |
1. Bashful knee bend: 2. Recumbent figure: position of body that is reclined ( learning back) or semi-reclined typically portray vulnerability 3. ENgaging Gaze: sexually or seductive expression aimed at camera portrays sexual availability 4. psychological withdrawal: day framing gaze or blank look implying incompetence air headedness or disconnect to surroundings |
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why its important to examine gender and media |
-media REFLECT cultural values and ideals about gender ( mirror) - media PRESCRIBE(mold) cultural views of gender ( u should look this way) media are gate keepers ( open or close gate for info they tell you what is important |
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implications of media representations fostering unrealistic and limited gender ideals |
1. influences feelings about self and relationships 2. links between dissatisfaction and emotional problems eating disorders and cosmetic surgery |
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pathologizing the human body |
( ideal body vs. unrealistic ) 1. when normal body parts or their functions are made to seem not normal or undesirable 2. PMS, menopause, body hair, wrinkle, muscles not big enough - creates markets for product |
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normalizing violence against women |
- when violence becomes normal - being to see people as objects rather than human reducing empathic abilities |
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Themes in media( under represented groups |
- minorities - elderly woemsn -LBGTQ community - stereotypical portrays man: as aggressive and active not seen involve din family as caring or nurting ( like Mr. rogers) |
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Top 5 jobs for women 1999 and 2007 |
-1999: secretaries, retail and personal sales, managers and administrators, elementary school teachers, RNs - 2007: secretaries, RN elementary/middle school teachers, cashier in retail sales |
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Media over representations |
- since early 1900s media a over represents women as having completely made it -women have gained professional sexual and financial equality |
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choosing to be sex object |
- because we have equality we can make choice to be sex object - power comes from choice because er have choice and we are equal - stronger and more successful and sexually in control than we actually are "fantasies and not real |
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The reality of media |
- median income for women in 2008 was 36,000 a year 23% less than man - medis sells idea that buying things is the way to empowerment - not just shopping but sexualized shoppong |
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Fantasies of power are a product of 2 components |
1. embedded: built or woven in part of structure 2. enlightened: learned what you need to know |
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embedded feminism |
- women's achievements or desire for achievements are embedded into part of the cultural landscape ( not culture we live but store sin sitcoms and shows - images of women in power and control than what is realistic - |
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enlightened sexism |
- a response to new threw of the gender regime - women have achieved full equality so we can welcome back sexist stereotypes ( now we can seek humor in this) |
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components of enlightened sexism |
1. anxiety: about female achievement ale to much progress people get nervous 2. objectifications: women as object body and faces 3. duality of sexuality: exploitation vs. punishment ( women are freely sexually but are depicted in seal manners) 4.division of women: women put against other women (old vs. young) 5.consumerism- buy more and branding that goes with it 6. irony- act like media has no power over you, you actually are seduced by it , greet with knowing smirk0 |
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Explosion of 3 M |
-men : mining, manufacturing, and military women become more willing to participate in their own objectification - women: make over shows ( we will fix you), match making shows, modeling shows |
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pulled in opposite direction |
girls and women pulled in opposite directions wanting serious support and respect but also wanting acceptance and approval an dlove |
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Governmental erosion of women's rights |
- US has flimsiest support network for mothers and children of any industrialized - in 2005 bush administration weakened standards for title XI |
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Bulimia |
- an addiction to the urge to binge and purge - can purge in multiple ways binge- eating as mush as you can - once entrenched functions like alcohol stress reducers, to relax, and can't avoid drug of choice food |
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Bulimia risk categories |
- women who make a living or have an identity based on being thin - gymnatics, dancers, actresses and models |
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Health risks for Bulimia |
- dental problems: acid from stomach erodes teeth - esophgeal tears - GI problems ( gastro intestinal): try to make stomach accept food electrolytic imbalances that can trigger heart attack |
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Recovery for Bulimia |
-strive to be ordinary -takl therapy -JOurnaling -relaxation techniques -HALT: don't get to hungry, angry, lonely or tired |
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Distinctions between anorexia and bulimia |
-women experience themselves as impulsive and out of control - they are more vulnerable to alcoholism - bulimic women come in all shapes and sizes |
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similarities between anorexia and Bulimia |
- both groups of women can be described as "over socialized" to the feminine role 1. ultimate people pleasers 2. attractive with good social skills 3. often the homecoming queens cheerleaders, straight A students |
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Anorexia |
- progressive starvation and constant hunger - weight becomes their all defining attribute ( life is reduced to the issue of weight - they think the is life is out of control so they take control by dieting) - difficult disorders to treat - has highest fatality rate out of all psychiatric illnesses - less prevalent than bulimia and compulsive eating |
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Rick categories for anorexia |
- begins in early adolescence or junior high dieting and teasing triggers it - perfectionist with a high degree of control - occurs in over achieving good girls |
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compulsive eating description |
- frequent binges without purging - accompanied by intense feelings of guilt, shame and disgust - begins in late adolescence or early 20's |
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characteristics of compulsive eating |
- mouth hungry eaters as opposed to stomach hungry eaters - food used as drug -to comfort and nurture - dulling their emotions of pain |
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risk categories of compulsive eating |
-women who are caretakers and nurtures (nurses) - good at caring for others ; trouble takin care of own needs - hard working people pleasers ( identifying their needs - not limited to middle clas - sexual abuse as trigger ( soft armor) |
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EDNOS |
- eating disorders not otherwise specified -do not have all the symptoms or anorexia or bulimia - more people suffer from ednos than anorexia and bulimia combined |
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MIller- Day Family communication pattern research |
1. link in fathers communication pattern linked to maladaptive eating disorders 2. conformity orientation positively related ( endearment that child must conform to parents beliefs, correlation one thing fgoes up the other goes up)( mor eyou think ,you should think what I think, more likely to eating disorder) 3. conversation orientation negatively related ( we talk about everything( one goes up the other goes down more you talk less eating disorder |
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Definition of Adonis complex |
an array or variety of body image concerns for boys and men - concerns are secret unrevealed to others - can range from manageable dissatisfaction to full blown psychiatric body image disorder |
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prevalence of adonis complex |
- similar to bulimia you won't recognize boys who suffer from this due to outward appearance - affects all men - affects gay or straight men |
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Double bind
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- on 1 hand surrounded by body images in media of masculine perfection and messages from the body image industry ( food and diet supplements, fitness programs, hair growth remedies - same time men are restricted by social taboo against expressing their feelings of inadequacy - how men are socialized in terms of masculinity |
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Other facts about Adonis |
-les prevalent in older men who grew in different time period in terms of media and technology -discrepancy between what women want and what men think women want women want 15-20 pounds less of muscle |
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sources of obsession ( 3) |
-Gentics- biologically based component inherited chemical predisposition to develop obsessive compulsive sys tomes - psychological component- ones experiences like growing up and being teased - media messages in society about male body image ( real men have big muscles |
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Messner sports: gender identity |
-describes it as a process not a fixed thing that people have ( happens over time you discover it over time) - people are not passively shaped by environment - people participate actively and unconsciously in their social construction |
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methodology of sports study |
- interview with 30 male athletes - had played major sports ( football basketball, baseball and track) - all had at dome point based identities largely on their roles as athletes - 2 comparison groups low vs. high socioeconomic status |
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description of boyhood |
- "all boys love baseball" not true but all boys are judged off athletic ability - sandlot disassociation between smarts and sports - sports as natal instinct collective practice of family peers and community ( role of society) ( see all people come together to help) |
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description of fathers |
- introduction to sport often made by fathers - description of pressure to excel in male world - provided an emotional connection to absent or emotionally distant fathers - feelings of inadequacy as well as source of approval and value |
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intimate ambivalence ( mixed emotions about intimacy) and elective affinity |
-ambivalance -mixed a motions you want but your afraid of it - boys seek out yet fear intimate attachments ti other males - elective affinity allows boys to fulfill need of attachment sports provides safe place to seek non-intimate attachment due to the context by the rules ( sports) |
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conditional self worth |
- the idea that acceptance by others is based on being a winner - therefore boys must continually succeed in order to feel worthy they believe success is winning |
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status similarities |
- both groups indicate the importance of fathers an older brothers in terms of introduction to sports - both describe attention acceptance and commitment of hours of investment in practice time |
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differences in status |
- men form lower status developed more commitment to sports careers - lower stays men described the importance of the community - higher status men have wide range of options and more secure environment - lower status describes sports as the place to be - higher status a place to be |
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conclusion about sports |
- organized sports is both a gendering institution ( structures values reflect idea about masculinity and femininity - as well as gendering institution ( teaches boys and men how to masculine |
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shedding and retaining felinity |
- while women are shedding feminine roles they are retaining femininity by attending to beauty - women spend more money than ever before on beauty products |
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defining beauty ( 4) |
- transient- eve loves over time and varies by culture - amorphous-difficult to measure can't be quantified - ideal- very few people can meet the standard - for it to be of value it must content to be exclusive ( move goal post) make it difficult to achieve |
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chinese foot binding |
-binding the feet of 5 year olds so that they can become twisted under arches - more petite foot more attractive - prerequisite for marriage |
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Effects of high heels( 4) |
-hips and spine out of alinement excessive force on inside of knee - shortened calf muscles - increased likelihood of morons neurma, bunions, and hammertoes - increased pressure on forefoot ( 3 inch heels- 76% more pressure) |
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description of 6th century women and beauty |
- whale bone corsets made it impossible to bend at the waist sit, and difficult to breathe -1950s- girdle |
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17th and 19th century |
- - waist was still laced but breast hips and but where stylish - popularity with white pallor - 19th century tight corset led to internal organ damage fainting and vapors |
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20th century- 1920a Flappers 1950/1960 1960 1970 1980 |
- slender hips and legs - small breasts - bobbed hair -1950s and 50s hour glass pin up girls - 1960s twiggy: thin lean long straight hair -1970- sun tan 1980- slim, big breast, toned, big hair |
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value o beauty depends on high costs of achieving it (4) |
- physical:pain associated with beauty - temporal- time associated with beauty rituals - economic money spent psychological- mental and emotional cost unhappy, insecure |
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John Grays credentials |
- his PHD is a mail order degree from a diploma mill institution that was shut down - HIS MA and BA from unaccredited institution - been divorced multiple times - conducted consoling seminars for 20 years book based ff 7 years of research book sold over 40 million copies |
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how men cope with stress and 2 reasons why they might talk about problems |
- men go to their caves( go into their thoughts and problem) - dont want to burden others with their problems - cope with stress through distractions or solving others -men only talk about problems for 2 reasons ( blaming someone or wanting advice) |
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how women cope with stress |
- by sharing feelings of being overwhelmed - not logically need to shop ( sterotypes) |
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the demand withdrawal pattern |
- describes an approach to conflict where women pursued discussion of relational problems man avoid it - actual research on this is mixed and doesn't support this - research suggests person who wants to maintain status quo avoids discussions |
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Research by canary and house studies on sex differences in communication |
- meta analysis of sex differences ( summaries previous research topics - topics where: persuadability, aggression, verbal abilities, self disclosure comforting an leadership - found overall small effect size for sex |
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Fein and Schneiders "the rules credentials and examples |
- credentials: they were married -ex: be creatures unlike anyone else - end call 1st - for saturday night date he must ask you out by certain date |
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assumption of rules |
- based on premise that men are biologically are aggressors and love a challenge (hunt their prey) - assumes men don't want commitment ( men are more likely to date for love than women |
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supporting research contradict rules ( romantic beliefs 4)( loving and leaving |
romantic beliefs 1. only 1 true love 2. love at 1st sight 3. idealization of love object ( your perfect) 4. love can over come any obstacle loving and leaving 1. man fall in love quicker 2women fall out of love quicker 3. women are logical and rational about love |
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social exchange theory ( agree with rules |
-principal of least interest person who is least interested in relationship has most power ( playing hard to get works) |
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Carothers and Reis Research |
- examined 22 different characteristics from 13,301 individuals - looking to see if their is sex difference ( mare vs. venus or sex similarities - finding s support gender similarities hypothesis |
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findings |
- little overlap between women and men is strength stronger throw faster - extensive overlap in psychological traits in 4 general areas |
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4 general areas |
1. sex attitudes and behaviors, mate selectivity ( scores clustering) 2. interpersonal orientation- how much you need the person 3. gender related disposition( big 5 personality core orientation communion connection and inclination 4. intamacy in both friendships and intimate relationships ( how close you feel to partne no sex differences |
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Big 5 personality traits |
OCEAN: openness, Conscientiousness,extraversion, agreeableness and neurtotcism |
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conclusions |
- contraty to mars and venus and the rules it is untrue that man and women think about relationships in different ways gender stereotypes hinder people from looking at their parter as an individual - gay and lesbian have the same problems |
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are women and men different |
- dindia argues they are similar like neighboring states ( north dakota south dakota) - north americans are raised in the same culture and culture tells them they are different but they turn out similar |
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findings that there are small differences in communication variables, nonverbal and social psychological variables |
-communication variables: small - nonverbal: small to moderate - social psychologicla variables: amll (at least 85% overlap) |
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degree vs. kind |
- women and men different in degree if they have the same trait or display the same behavior but one displays more of it. - they differ in the kind if they behave in ways or possess characteristics that |
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reasone for polarization |
- polarization total opposite - stereotyping scholars popular press - gender stereotypes are more pervasive in this culture than racial and ethnic ones sex differences sells |
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value of studying sex differences |
- nees ro understand similarities and differences in order to predict and explain them - to reduce the perpetuation of stereotypes to disseminate accurate information |
