Com 421 Exam 1

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Cronkhite believes that the study of communication...

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should be the study of "Human symbolic activity"

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Cronkhite --> Symbol

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a type of the more general class of "signs"
Does not stand for its significant by any natural relationship; rather, its relationship is arbitrary, created by its use

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Cronkhite --> Sign

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"stands for" something else, the "something else" being its significante

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Cronkhite --> Signal or Symptom

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type of sign that stands for its significant by virtue of a natural relationship, usually by some relationship of causality, contingency, or resemblance.

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Cronkhite --> Symbol System

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Represents the systems of environmental, social, and cognitive entities and relationships in far more complex ways than direct symbol-referent correspondences (Ex: english language)

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Cronkhite --> Icons

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designate signs that seem to bear resemblances to symptomatic behaviors from which they are presumed to have been derived

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Class --> Signs...

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Symbolic, Indexical, Iconic

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Indexical

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A natural connection implied / or a causal connection implied

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Iconic

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Looks like that of which it represents (ex: a drawing)

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Interpersonal Comm. (Situational conceptualization)

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involves a relatively small number of communicators, occurs in a physically proximal, face-to-face context, permits the use of a maximum number of sensory channels, and allows immediate feedback

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Mass Comm.

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involves many communicators, occurs by means of mediated comm systems under conditions of low physical proximity, permits the use of only one or two sensory channels, and usually does not allow for immediate feedback.

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Situational approach

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Includes catagories: number of communicators, degree of physical proximity, available sensory channels, and immediacy of feedback. (Number of comm. being the KEY dimension b/c it affects everything else)
Problems -> relegates interpersonal com as nondevelopmental, only F2F.
It ignores quantitative and qualitative changes in the nature and outcomes of a comm transaction.

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Impersonal Comm.

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The communicators are relating to one another as social roles, rather than persons, or that they are basing predictions about each other's message responses on cultural and sociological, rather than psychological info.

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Developmental Approach

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It assumes that all initial communicative transactions are, perforce, impersonal or noninterpersonal.
Conceives communication relationships as varying on a continuum from noninterpersonal to interpersonal, depending upon certain qualitative characteristics of the relationship, rather than defining interpersonal communication in terms of the situational context of the transaction.
Process stems from the Descriptive/Predictive level (superficial surface attributes), to the explanatory level (reasons for behaving or believing) to the interpersonal level in which rules govern the structure. In noninterpersonal relationships rules are imposed by social norms /cultural norms.
The greater reliance on mutually negotiated, idiosyncratic rules, the more interpersonal the communicative relationship.
Nutshell: 1) relationship shifts from being extrinsic to intrinsic. 2)As the relationship becomes more interpersonal, you percieve the other as an individual instead of a role occupant.
STRESSES the dynamic, ongoing nature

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The Law-Goverened Approach

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Defines Laws as statements concerning the ways in which specified objects will behave in specified environments.
Failure to specify relevant reciever dimensions of the envornment will mitigate against the scientific utility of my hypothetical law.
Flaw: Communication laws may have to be stated in a more complex form than many of the laws of physical science

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The Rule-Governed Approach

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Defines Rules as: statements which express consensus, shared at varying levels of generality, concerning the structure, procedures, and content of communicative relationships.
One problem: how can intercultural variations in rules be explained using a rule-governed perspective?

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Keesing's definition of culture

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those who see culture as an ADAPTIVE SYSTEM tend to see culture as linking people to the ecological systems in which they live.

IDEATIONAL theories of culture view culture as a cognitive system or a symbolic system.

problems: viewing culture as an adaptive system can lead to cognitive reductionism. Symbolic can lead to seeing the world of cultural symbols as spuriously uniform.

Culture is our theory of the "game being played" in our society

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Emic approach

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focuses on studying cultures from the inside, understanding cultures as the members of the cultures understand them.

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Etic Approach

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focuses on understanding cultures from the outside by comparing cultures using predetermined characteristics.

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Hofstede's dimensions of cultural variability

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1) individualism-collectivism: Individualistic cultures, the needs/values/goals of individual take precedence over the needs/values/goals of the group. Collectivist is vis-versa.
2) Uncertainty avoidance: involves the degree to which members of a culture try to avoid uncertainty.
3) Power distance: refers to the degree to which inequities in power are viewed as natural and inherent in the individuals culture.
4) masculinity-femininity:a function of the sex roles in a culture.

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Triandis's dimensions of social relations

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1) Association-dissociation: associative behaviors include being helpful, supportive, etc... dissociative behaviors involve fighting / avoiding.
2) superordination-subordination: superordinate behaviors include criticizing or giving orders... subordination includes asking for help, obeying, asking.
3) intimacy-formality: intimate behaviors include self-disclosure, expressing emotions, touching.. formal behaviors involve sending written invites to others etc.
4) overt-covert: overt behaviors are visible to others, which covert behaviors are not visible to others.

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Adamopolous and Bontempo

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Note that affiliation and dominance appear to be universal, w/out much change over the past 3000 years.

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Foa and Foa

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argue that resources individuals exchange during interaction can be classified into six groups arranged in a circle: love, services, goods, money, info, and status.

two dimensions:
a) particularism- the importance of the individuals (receiver and giver) identity in the exchange.
b) concreteness- the degree to which the resource has face value vs symbolic value.

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Fiske

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4 elementary forms of human relations: communal sharing, equality matching, authority
ranking, and market pricing.

^ provide basic "grammers" for social relationships, give order.

In collectivistic cultures, members learn to use communal sharing and authority ranking more than equality matching and market pricing.

- Authority ranking can be seen to vary as a function of power distance
- Market Pricing can relate to masculine orientation
- Equality matching is related to feminine orientation

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Gaine's familism definition

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prioritizes the welfare of ones immediate and extended family by biology and marriage.

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According to Gaines, what is the effect of the value, familism, on Hispanic marital relationships? On communication behavior in those relationships? How do they differ from Anglo marital relationships? What is the effect of collectivism on Black marital relationships? On communication behavior in those relationships? How do they differ from Anglo marital relationships

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Familism promotes mutual displays of affection and respect among hispanic spouses. higher levels of internalized familism among individual hispanic husbands and wives should be predictive of higher levels of affection/respect giving. Lower divorce rates, more durable than most anglo relationships

Collectivism was related directly to spouses giving of affection and respect: that is, the greater the individuals internalization of collectivism as a psychocultural value, the more often that individual would display love and esteem toward his or her marriage partner.

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What are the influences of Mexican hisotry and folklore in shaping the concept, 'respeto.' In what ways does the concept of respeto influence the ways in which Hispanics conduct relationships and communication in relationships (focus on the use of tu and usted).

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Mexican history depicts the development of a class system as it's prioritized way of life. Spainards imposed a system in whcih religion, race, and wealth were characteristics of nobility (high class). As a result, indigenous inhabitants of mexico resigned themselves to societal, economic, and ethnic positions of inferiority.
Mexicans still cling to same practices and can be seen through their use of language. They are constantly aware of their class position when communicating with others.
In concerns of folklore, the mexicans transmit culture through interpreting events or myths. It allows for hierarchal structure among the living and dead, elicits hope. Folklore binds historical events/narratives/rituals in a context reflecting specific values.

Respeto: Respect
It implies percieved relational status. (Honor and dignity are incorporated)

Garcia looks at the concept of respect and talks about how words used in conversation can be used to denote respect or take it away. “Usted” or “Tu”
Using “Ust