Com 323 Pop Culture Com Final

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Differences between gender and sex-

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sex-a biological categorization, refers to the innate biological characteristics of an individual based on genitalia, chromosomes, and hormones
gender- a behavioral categorization, a psychologically, culturally, and often politically constructed term.

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Theory of Perfomativity

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Judith Butler, gender is not an expression of what someone is, but what someone does, gender is acting

o Constative
o Performative

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Invisible masculinity

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Michael Kimmel, American men have no history...Argues that ways in which the experience of manhood has structured the course and meanings of American men's activities must be examined. Pioneering work of feminist scholars has made us aware of the centrality of gender in shaping social life. It is now necessary to extend these studies to men.

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Waves of feminism

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First wave (late 19th and early 20th centuries)- Promotion of equal contract and property rights for women and opposition of ownership of married women (and their children) to husband

Second wave (1960’s-1970’s)- Civil Rights and Women’s Movement, Focus on rights such as issues of equality and the end of discrimination

Third wave (1990’s-Today)- Seeks to challenge or avoid the essentialist definitions of femininity, which overemphasized the experiences of upper middle-class white women

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Radical Feminism

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women’s oppression the result of patriarchy, a system of domination in which men as a group have power over women as a group.

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Marxist Feminism

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in feminist analysis, the ultimate source of oppression is capitalism, the domination of women by men as a consequence of capital’s domination over labor

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Liberal Feminism

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it tends to see the problem in terms of male prejudice over women, embodied in law or expressed in the exclusion of women from particular areas of life; therefore not a system like the ones before

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Queer theory (significance and as method)

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Homosocial bonding—strong emotional ties between same sex characters can create a homosocial atmosphere that may be subtly or overtly homoerotic.
~same-sex emotional ties
~often devalued, marginalized, or trivialized by the homophobic anxiety of heterosexist culture

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Gaze

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o Gaze from Lacan in psychoanalysis
o Observation of oneself
o The mirror: the subject is brought into questions. “identity as an exterior object/ external
• Becoming self-aware
• Conform to the social norms of society

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Homophobia

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individual’s pathological dread of same-sex marriage

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Heterocentrism

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the assumption that heterosexuality is the universal norm by which everyone’s experience can be understood

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Heteronormativity

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the cultural bias in favor of opposite-sex relationships of a sexual nature, and against same-sex relationships of a sexual nature. The former are viewed as normal and the latter is not

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Historical representations of Alexander the Great

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Alexander the Great historically viewed as strong, macho man on battlefield, past is revived according to modern moral standards

Distortion of classical antiquity
o Past is revived and reinterpreted according to moral standards of the present

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Significance of Oliver Stone’s Alexander the Great

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challanges stereotypes of masculinity, homoerotic within the homosocial, gay yet not “gay enough,” bromance, pederasty, discusses the taboo subject of homosexuality in classical antiquity

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Differences between race and ethnicity

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Race: traditionally associated with biology
Ethnicity: one’s own ethnic membership
1.self-identification
2.knowledge about the ethnic culture
3.Feelings of belonging

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Orientalism

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producing positive national self-definition for Western nations by contrast with Eastern nations

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Whiteness

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normative race privilege, standpoint from which to view society, set of cultural practices

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Significance of 8 Mile

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immobilizes blackness, mythic white masculinity, whiteness dissociated from privelege

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Anti-Racist White Hero

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“Gran Torino” Films about important historical moments in the struggle of African people’s equality, All the film star European and Euro-American actors as the principle characters and protagonists

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Coverage of Saudi women in U.S. press-

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Saudi women are seen as oppressed because of what they wear and their lack of expression through clothing, need to be saved and modernized

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Coverage of U.S. women in Saudi press

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American women are seen as oppressed because of their need to dress provocatively to impress others, not to satisfy themselves

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Postmodernism

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late 50’s and 60’s, a collapse of all meta-narratives with their privileged truth to tell, and to witness instead the increasing sound of plurality of voices from the margins, with their insistence on difference, on cultural diversity, and the claims of heterogeneity over homogeneity-(storey)

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Simulacrum/Simulation

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- simulacrum-a representation of another thing such as a statue or painting, an identical copy without an original
o Witness the exhibition of the copy without the original

- simulation-imitation of some real thing, the distinction between original and copy has itself been destroyed
o Ex. Mechanical reproduction has destroyed the “aura” of the work of art

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Historical representations of pyramids
Significance of pyramids in Las Vega

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people believe the simulation to be the real thing, think las vegas is where the original pyramids were, think that the original pyramids were just like the copy or think the copy is better than the real thing

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Hyperrealism

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the real and the imaginary collapse into each other

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Postmodern music

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Sampling: contemporary music, such as pop music, opposes, celebrates, and promotes the texts it steals from. Ex: Rap music Cornel West (2009) said “rap is unique because it combines the black preacher and the black music tradition, replacing liturgical ecclesiastical setting with the African polyrhythms of the street.”

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Debates of Globalization & popular culture

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popular in the 1980’s; increased movement of people, knowledge and ideas, goods and money across national borders that has led to increased interconnectedness among the world’s populations

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Cultural imperialism

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the hegemonic reach of Western, “alien” culture and the potential global homogenization of values and cultural taste, Reciprocal cultural exchange: the cultural relationship between the U.S. and the world over the past 100 years have never been one-sided

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Women's Relation to Pop Culture

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- Different from men
- Important that women gain control over there own identities
- Change their social methodlogies and relations

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Postcolonial theory

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two different things: subject matter (analyzes text of cultures that developed in response to colonial domination) and theoretical framework, orientalism, eurocentrisim
hybridity-a dynamic, constantly evolving mixture of colonial culture and native culture

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Political Economy

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• Relationship between corporations, politics, and countries
• To consider issues of the nature and effects of the system of production of media and information
• In the U.S based political economy of communication tends to focus on ownership, corporation, and consumption
• In Britain, spotlight on the political dimension, with emphasis on public service broadcasting, the importance of state-supported and regulated communications, and the politics of broadcasting

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Western texts and thinness

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lelwica, hoglund, & mcnallie article, modernization of patriarchal power, feminist framework illuminates “interlocking structures of domination, Glamorization of thinness and enticement to eat are rooted in dynamics of commercially driven, globalized economy, defines women’s worth through physical appearance

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Masculinity Studies

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• As a response to feminism
• Masculinity is invisible – the idea that men are always

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Masculinity & Power

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• Masculinities are constructed in a field of power
o The power of men over women
o The power of men over other men

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Normative Structure

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a version of white, middle class, heterosexual masculinity emerged as normative the standard against which both men and women were measured, and through which success and failure were evaluated

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Hyper-masculinity

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• Limp Bizkit, Eminem, Kid Rock
Monster Garage and American Chopper
• Men seek to return to traditional masculine identities
• Cut up cars and build choppers
Nostalgia
o Return to a time when men were men
o Camaraderie/brotherhood only in the garage

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Hysteria

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derives from the Greek word for womb (hystera) and refers to the psychological disorders deemed pecliar to women and characterized by overemotional, extremel irrational behavior

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Patriarchy

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sexist; it promotes the belief that women are innately inferior to men

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Biological Excentrialism

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belief in the inferiority of women because it is based on biological differences between the sexes

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Feminism and Popular Culture

Lana Rakow (2009) – feminists have two major assumptions about popular culture

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o Women have a particular relationship to popular culture that is different from men’s
o Understanding how popular culture functions is important if women are to gain control over their own identities and change both social mythologies and relations
• A role in patriarchal society and that theoretical analysis of this role warrants a major position in ongoing discussions

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Women & Advertising

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• 1950s, women were innocent, weak, and quiet individuals
• Women should be seen and not heard
• Women are displayed in fashion
that appeals to men

Advertising Today
• Men need to protect women
• Ideal female body

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Gerhard (2005) Sex and the City

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• Post feminist
• Women’s sexual equality
• Wanting to look sexy is playful and stylish
• “Like men” but also attractive women

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Carrie Bradshaw’s Queer Post-feminism

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1. Female Friendships
2. Female sexuality
• Sex in the City solution to this historic problem of sexuality for women simultaneously reaches backward to 19th century bonds of womanhood and forward to female independence based on those same bonds

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Gay or lesbian “signs”

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“feminine” male characters or “masculine” female characters; coded signs created by gay or male subculture itself

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Same-sex “doubles”

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function as some sort “mirror image” each other can; also function as gay or lesbian signs.

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Transgressive sexuality

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Transgressive heterosexuality (such as extramarital romance) throws into question the rules of traditional heterosexuality

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Discourse

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- Language code to discuss/understand