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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Advising
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A listening response in which the receiver offers suggestions about how the speaker should deal with a problem.
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Ambushing
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A style in which the receiver listens carefully in order to gather information to use in an attack on the speaker.
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Analyzing
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A listening response in which the listener offers an interpretation of a speaker's message.
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Attending
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A phase of the listening process in which the communicator focuses on a message, excluding other messages.
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Closed Questions
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Questions that limit the range of possible responses, such as questions that seek a yes or no answer.
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counterfeit questions
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Questions that are disguised attempts to send a message rather than elicit information.
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defensive listening
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A response style in which the receiver perceives a speaker's comments as an attack.
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empathizing
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A listening response that conveys identification with a speaker's perceptions and emotions.
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Evaluating
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A listening response that appraises a sender's thoughts or behaviors and implies that the person evaluating is qualified to pass judgment on the other.
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filing in the gaps
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A listening habit that involves adding details never mentioned by a speaker to complete a message.
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hearing
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The first stage in the listening process, in which sound waves are received by a communicator.
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insulated listening
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A style in which the receiver ignores undesirable information
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Listening
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The process of hearing, attending, understanding, remembering, and responding to messages.
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listening fidelity
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The degree of congruence between what a listener understands and what the message-sender was attempting to communicate.
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mindful listening
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Careful and thoughtful attention and responses to others' messages.
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mindless listening
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Reacting to others' messages automatically and routinely, without much mental involvement.
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open questions
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Questions that allow for a variety of extended responses.
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paraphrasing
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Restating a speaker's thoughts and feelings in the listener's own words
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pseudolistening
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An imitation of true listening in which the receiver's mind is elsewhere.
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questioning
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A listening response in which the receiver seeks additional information from the sender.
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remembering
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A phase of the listening process in which a message is recalled.
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responding
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A phase of the listening process in which feedback occurs, offering evidence that the message has been received.
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selective listening
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A listening style in which the receiver responds only to messages that interest her or him
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silent listening
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Staying attentive and nonverbally responsive without offering verbal feedback.
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sincere questions
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Genuine attempts to elicit information from others.
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stage hogging
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A listening style in which the receiver is more concerned with making his or her own point than in understanding the speaker.
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supporting
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A listening response in which the receiver reveals her or his solidarity with the speaker's situation.
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understanding
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A stage in the listening process in which the receiver attaches meaning to a message.
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communication apprehension
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Feelings of anxiety that plague some people at the prospect of communicating in an unfamiliar or difficult context.
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debilitative emotions
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Emotions of high intensity and long duration that prevent a person from functioning effectively
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emotional contagion
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The process by which emotions are transferred from one person to another.
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facilitative emotions
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Emotions that contribute to effective functioning.
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fallacy of approval
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The irrational belief that it is vital to win the approval of virtually every person with whom a communicator interacts.
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fallacy of catastrophic expectations
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The irrational belief that the worst possible outcome will probably occur.
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fallacy of causation
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The irrational belief that emotions are caused by others and not by the person who has them.
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fallacy of helplessness
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The irrational belief that satisfaction in life is determined by forces beyond one's control.
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fallacy of overgeneralization
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Irrational beliefs in which (1) conclusions (usually negative) are based on limited evidence, or (2) communicators exaggerate their shortcomings.
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fallacy of perfection
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The irrational belief that a worthwhile communicator should be able to handle every situation with complete confidence and skill.
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fallacy of should
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The irrational belief that people should behave in the most desirable way.
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rumination
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Recurrent thoughts not demanded by the immediate environment.
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self-talk
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The nonvocal, internal monologue that is our process of thinking.
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avoiding
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A relational stage immediately prior to terminating in which the partners minimize contact with one another.
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bonding
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A stage of relational development in which the partners make symbolic public gestures to show that their relationship exists.
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circumscribing
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A relational stage in which partners begin to reduce the scope of their contact and commitment to one another.
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comparison level (CL)
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The minimum standard of what behavior is acceptable from a relationship partner.
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comparison level of alternatives (CL)
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A comparison between the rewards one is receiving in a present situation and those one could expect to receive in others.
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connection-autonomy dialectic
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The tension between the need for integration and the need for independence in a relationship.
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conventionality-uniqueness dialectic
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The tension between the need to behave in ways that conform to others' expectations, and the need to assert one's individuality by behaving in ways that violate others' expectations.
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dialectical tensions
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Relational tensions that arise when two opposing or incompatible forces exist simultaneously.
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differentiating
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A relational stage in which the partners reestablish their individual identities after having bonded.
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experimenting
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An early stage in relational development, consisting of a search for common ground. If the experimentation is successful, the relationship progresses to intensifying. If not, it may go no further.
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expression-privacy dialectic
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The tension between the desire to be open and disclosive, and the desire to be closed and private.
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inclusion-seclusion dialectic
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The tension between a couple's desire for involvement with the 'outside world' and their desire to live their own lives, free of what can feel like interference from others.
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initiating
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The first stage in relational development, in which the interactants express interest in one another.
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integrating
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A relational stage in which the interactants begin to take on a single identity.
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integration-separation dialectic
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The tension between the desire for connection with others and the desire for independence.
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intensifying
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A relational stage following experimenting, in which the interactants move toward integration by increasing their amount of contact and the breadth and depth of their self-disclosure.
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intimacy
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A state achieved by intellectual, emotional, and/or physical closeness, as well as shared activities.
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metacommunication
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Messages (usually relational) that refer to other messages: communication about communication.
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openness-closedness dialectic
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The tension between the desire to be honest and open and the desire for privacy.
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predictability-novelty dialectic
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Within a relationship, the tension between the need for a predictable relational partner and one who is more spontaneous and less predictable.
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relational commitment
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A promise, explicit or implied, to remain in a relationship, and to make that relationship successful.
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relational maintenance
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Communication aimed at keeping relationships operating smoothly and satisfactorily (e.g., behaving in a positive way, being open, and assuring your partner that you're committed to the relationship).
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revelation-concealment dialectic
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The tension between a couple's desire to be open and honest with the 'outside world' and the desire to keep things to themselves.
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stability-change dialectic
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The tension between the desire to keep a relationship predictable and stable, and the desire for novelty and change.
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stagnating
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A relational stage characterized by declining enthusiasm and standardized forms of behavior.
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terminating
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The conclusion of a relationship, characterized by the acknowledgment of one or both partners that the relationship is over.
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aggressiveness
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Verbal attacks that demean others' self-concepts and inflict psychological pain.
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ambiguous response
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A response with more than one meaning, leaving the other person unsure of the responder's position.
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argumentativeness
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Presenting and defending positions on issues while attacking positions taken by others.
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certainty
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Dogmatically stating or implying that one's position is correct and others' ideas are not worth considering. Likely to arouse defensiveness, according to Gibb
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communication climate
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The emotional tone of a relationship between two or more individuals.
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complaining
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A disagreeing message that directly or indirectly communicates dissatisfaction with another person.
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confirming communication
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A message that expresses caring or respect for another person; the person is valued by the speaker.
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controlling communication
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According to Gibb, messages that attempt to impose some sort of outcome on another person, resulting in a defensive response.
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defensiveness
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The attempt to protect a presenting image a person believes is being attacked.
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description
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Messages that describe a speaker's position without evaluating others.
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disagreeing messages
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A message that essentially communicates to another person, 'You are wrong,' and includes argumentativeness, complaining, and aggressiveness.
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disconfirming communication
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A message that expresses a lack of caring or respect for another person; the person is not valued by the speaker.
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empathy
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The ability to project oneself into another person's point of view in an attempt to experience the other's thoughts and feelings.
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equality
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A type of supportive communication described by Gibb, which suggests that the sender regards the receiver with respect.
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evaluation
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A message in which a sender judges a receiver in some way, usually resulting in a defensive response.
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face
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The image an individual wants to project to the world. See presenting self.
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face-threatening acts
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Behavior by another that is perceived as attacking an individual's presenting image, or face.
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impersonal response
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A disconfirming response that is superficial or trite.
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impervious response
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A disconfirming response that ignores another person's attempt to communicate.
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incongruous response
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A disconfirming response in which two messages, one of which is usually nonverbal, contradict one another.
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interrupting response
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A disconfirming response in which one communicator interrupts another.
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irrelevant response
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A disconfirming response in which one communicator's comments bear no relationship to the previous speaker's ideas.
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neutrality
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A defense-arousing behavior described by Gibb in which the sender expresses indifference toward a receiver
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presenting self
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The image a person presents to others. It may be identical with or different from the perceived and desired selves.
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problem oriented
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A supportive style of communication described by Gibb in which the communicators focus on working together to solve their problems instead of trying to impose their own solutions on one another.
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provisionalism
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A supportive style of communication described by Gibb in which a sender expresses open-mindedness to others' ideas and opinions.
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sandwich method
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Embedding an expression of concern between two positive comments
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spiral
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A reciprocal communication pattern in which messages reinforce one another. See escalatory spiral; de-escalatory spiral.
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spontaneity
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A supportive communication behavior described by Gibb in which the sender expresses a message without any attempt to manipulate the receiver.
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strategy
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A defense-arousing style of communication described by Gibb in which a sender tries to manipulate or deceive a receiver.
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superiority
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A defense-arousing style of communication described by Gibb in which the sender states or implies that the receiver is not worthy of respect.
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tangential response
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A disconfirming response that uses the speaker's remark as a starting point for a shift to a new topic.
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accommodations
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A lose-win conflict style in which one person defers to the other.
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avoidance
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A lose-lose conflict style in which people nonassertively ignore or stay away from conflict.
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collaboration
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A win-win conflict style in which both people get what they want.
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competition
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A win-lose conflict style in which one person wins at the other person's expense.
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complementary conflict style
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When partners in a conflict use different but mutually reinforcing behaviors.
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compromise
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A conflict style in which both people get only part of what they want because they sacrifice some of their goals
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conflict
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An expressed struggle between at least two interdependent people who perceive incompatible goals, scarce rewards, and interference from the other person in achieving her or his goals.
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conflict ritual
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Repeating pattern of interlocking conflict behaviors.
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de-escalatory spiral
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A reciprocal communication pattern in which one person's nonthreatening behavior leads to reduced hostility by the other, with the level of hostility steadily decreasing. Opposite of escalatory spiral.
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direct aggression
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An expression of the sender's thoughts and/or feelings that attacks the position and dignity of the receiver.
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dysfunctional conflict
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Harmful conflict characterized by communication that is coercive, uncooperative, and unfocused, which often results in a win-lose outcome and a damaged relationship.
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escalatory spiral
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A reciprocal communication pattern in which one person's attack leads to a counterattack by the other, with the level of hostility steadily increasing. Opposite of de-escalatory spiral.
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functional conflict
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Beneficial conflict characterized by communication that is respectful, cooperative, and focused, which results in the resolution of a problem and the strengthening of a relationship.
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parallel conflict style
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Partners in a conflict shift from complementary to symmetrical patterns from one conflict issue to another.
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passive aggression
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An indirect expression of aggression, delivered in a way that allows the sender to maintain a facade of kindness.
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relationship conflict style
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A pattern of managing disagreements that repeats itself over time.
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symmetrical conflict style
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Partners in a conflict use the same tactics.
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win-win problem solving
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An approach to conflict resolution in which people work together to satisfy all their goals.
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boundaries
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Limits a family sets on its members' actions, such as what topics are permissable to discuss, how to discuss certain topics, whom family members may interact with outside the family.
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chaotic family
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A family that has erratic leadership or no leadership at all, dramatic shifts in roles, unclear roles, and impulsive decision making.
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conformity orientation
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The degree to which family communication stresses uniformity of attitudes, values, and beliefs.
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conversation orientation
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The degree to which families favor an open climate of discussion of a wide array of topics.
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disengaged family
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Families with too little cohesion, in which members have limited attachment or commitment to one another.
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enmeshed family
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Families with too much consensus, too little independence, and a very high demand for loyalty.
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family
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A system with two or more interdependent people who have a common past history, a present reality, and who expect to influence each other in the future.
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family of origin
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The family in which a person grows up.
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rigid family
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Families with authoritarian leadership, strict discipline, roles that are inflexible, and unchanging rules.
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system
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A group, such as a family, whose members interact with one another to form a whole.
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downward communication
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Communication from managers to subordinates.
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formal communication
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Interaction that follows officially established channels in an organization.
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horizontal communication
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Communication between people who do not have direct supervisor-subordinate relationships.
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informal communication
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Communication based on friendship, shared personal or career interests, and proximity.
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networking
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The process of deliberately meeting people and maintaining contacts to get career information, advice, and leads.
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power
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A source of influence, such as expert power.
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upward communication
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Communication from subordinates to their bosses.
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virtual teams
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Teams whose membership transcends the boundaries of location and time.
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