Com 250 Exam 3- Sound Recording

Front 1

Recording is the_____ media industry in terms of the size of its work force.

Back 1

smallest

Front 2

The recording industry is comprised of businesses that exist for the purpose of ________

Back 2

increasing owner equity.

Front 3

The recording industry shares attributes with the ______industries in that it_______

Back 3

book publishing and motion picture lacks product continuity.
rely on marketing and promotional efforts to produce hits (e.g., hit recordings, best-seller books, blockbuster movies).

Front 4

The earliest experimental devices originated in _______

Back 4

the U.S. and France.

Front 5

The first recordings were _____ and _____

Back 5

acoustical, and required no electricity.

Front 6

Acoustical recordings

Back 6

1857 and 1923.
Phonograph (Thomas Edison, foil cylinder later replaced with wax)
Graphophone (Bell labs, wax cylinder)

Front 7

Edison’s Standard Phonograph

Back 7

wax cylinder
Each recording was an original; the cylinders could not be duplicated.

Front 8

Emile Berliner

Back 8

developed the first acoustical device for duplicable recordings in 1887.
developed gramophone & Victrola

Front 9

Gramophone

Back 9

emile berliner
etched groves in spinning zinc disks that later could be pressed on a soft medium (like making a waffle).

Front 10

Victrola

Back 10

Emile Berliner
a wind-up record player.

Front 11

Impact of the Gramophone and Victrola

Back 11

By 1912 the cylinder was obsolete.
dance-music craze around WW2 helped record sales soar.
1914: $ 27M
1919: $107M

Front 12

1924-1929

Back 12

Consumers preferred live music on radio to “canned” music on record.
Displacement by radio continued after 1925, the year better-sounding electrical analogue recordings (using microphones rather than horns) began to replace acoustical recordings.

Front 13

1930s

Back 13

Record sales dropped
1930: $46M
1933: $6M
The jukebox craze helped record sales increase to about $28M by 1939.

Front 14

1940s

Back 14

Union musicians refused to make recordings for about two years for fear that recordings would limit their jobs

The recording industry developed a symbiotic relationship with radio broadcasters by sending copies of records to radio stations free of charge.

Front 15

1950s trends that effected the recording industry

Back 15

high birth rate (1946-1964)
decreasing median age
post WWII economic boom (1946-1973)

Front 16

Improvements in technology in 1950s

Back 16

audio tape after WWII
hi-fidelity recordings in ‘54
stereo recordings in ‘58

Front 17

Ramifications for the recording industry:

Back 17

record companies increased from 6 to almost 2,000.

Front 18

payola

Back 18

-“pay” and “Victrola”
-Prior to 1960, financial incentives to disc jockeys in return for airplay were largely undisclosed.
-A federal probe in late 1959 resulted in legislation proscribing payola.

Front 19

The 1960s

Back 19

Early: clean up image of rock ‘n’ roll after payola and artist scandals.
Middle: British invasion,cassette tape
Late: embraced counterculture while making money via the status quo.

Front 20

The 1970s

Back 20

records were pressed on vinyl plastic, a petroleum product
The recording industry slumped as family size shrank.
Digital recording began in 1978.

Front 21

The 1980s

Back 21

Music videos and MTV gave the industry a boost.
Consumer hardware and software for digital playback (CDs) emerged.

Front 22

The 1990s

Back 22

return to oligopoly
sales of CDs peaked in 1999 after the emergence of
portable MP3 players

Front 23

Four principal divisions

Back 23

1. Talent- demos, a&r scouts
2. Promotion-recordings&talent, publicity and reps
3. Distribution-iTunes largest online music seller. Mass marketers dominate CD sales. Wal-Mart largest music seller
4. Retail-revenues from music sales continue to slide, dropped 11%,

Front 24

Most musicians make more money _____than selling downloads and CDs.

Back 24

touring

Front 25

______stores have been the most adversely affected by disintermediation as recording companies increasingly sell songs directly to consumers online

Back 25

Traditional brick-and-mortar retail record

Front 26

In 2009, four companies share ____of the market for recorded music.

Back 26

85%

Front 27

Of roughly 27,000 new recordings released each year, about_____ percent become profitable.

Back 27

10%

Front 28

The sale of prerecorded CDs peaked in _____, just before peer-to-peer file swapping became popular in _____

Back 28

1999
2000

Front 29

Sales of _____ CDs exceeded the sale of ______ CDs in 2002.

Back 29

blank
prerecorded

Front 30

audience

Back 30

-90% of American households have the hardware to play a CD or download a song.
-By 2006, 30 demographic was 55% of sales or prerecorded CDs
-Sales to those age 19 and younger dropped to 21% by 2006.
-Even split between men and women consumers

Front 31

BI

Back 31

Before Internet

Front 32

The recording industry has been the ____ effected by the music industry

Back 32

most

Front 33

How berliner was right and wrong

Back 33

Right- Predicted prominent singers and performers would collect royalties from the sale of his disks
Wrong- He though that musicians who were unable to appear at concerts would be replaced by disks

Front 34

Berry Gordy

Back 34

discovered smokey robinson
opened motown records
jackson 5, stevie wonder, diana ross, marvin gaay
"the sound of young america"

Front 35

the beatles have

Back 35

more gold albums-47- than any other group in recording sound history

Front 36

Morbid Rock

Back 36

1960's
teen angel, last kiss

Front 37

RIAA

Back 37

Recording industry association of america
target by mail
$3000-4000

Front 38

Reasons why people don't find downloading music ethically wrong

Back 38

1. they are overcharged for cds
2. the internet should be free
3. they wouldn't buy the cd so they aren't ripping anyone off really

Front 39

dvd album

Back 39

warner
music tracks, ring tones, album art, videos, photos, & digital tracks

Front 40

japanese firm had cd made from ____

Back 40

corn

Front 41

rack jobbers

Back 41

service the tape and cd raks in large department stores

Front 42

one stops

Back 42

purchase records from record companies and resell them to retail stores... small independent stores or jukeboxes

Front 43

6 main outlets for music distribution

Back 43

direct retail, rack jobbers, one stops, direct consumer sales, online sales, direct downloads

Front 44

iTunes home page spots

Back 44

Splashes- boxes that advertise a new album, movie, or apple product that change every few seconds
Swooshes- 8 albums tied together click through arrows
bricks- 6 static slots showcases for playlists or tv shows

Front 45

4 top recording companies

Back 45

universal music group- motown, geffen
warner music-atlantic, warner bros
song BMG-arista, epic, jive
EMI- virgin, capitol, blue note