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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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David Myer
Pursuit of Happiness |
Maslow's Hierarchy met -> additional wealth had not effect on happiness
Most important determinant of happiness= satisfying relationships with friends, family members romantic partners and coworkers |
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Situational Approach
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Two Factors:
2 people Face to face |
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Developmental Approach
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IPC not determined by # of people
Determined by quality of Com |
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Miller and Steinberg (Developmental Approach)
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Com is a prediction making activity. (Saying I love you)
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Cultural Level (Miller/Steinberg)
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Broadest level
Ex. Country you are from More likely to make mistakes Iranian friend invading personal space |
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Sociological Level
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Group Membership (sex, religion, class, major, interests)
Stereotypes Health Club example about NFL |
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Psychological Level
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Deepest, Most Specific level
See the other person as a unique individual Naked hotel story no one else knows |
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Miller and Steinburg's IPC Definition
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IPC occurs when predictions are made at the psychological level of information
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Implications of Miller and Steinburg's Definition
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Initial encounters are rarely interpersonal
Very little communication is IP in our society People vary in their abilities to communicate Difference between IPC and IPRelationship |
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5 Principles of IPC
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IPC conveys both content and relational level information. Content(meaning of words) Relational( indicators of how you each view the bond between you)
IPC can be intentional or unintentional IPC is irreversible IPC is Dynamic (always changing) IPC is intertwined with ethics |
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Self is an evolving combination of: (3 things)
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Self Awareness: The ability to perceive yourself as distinct from the surrounding environment
Self Concept- Your overall perception of who you are (facebook) Self Esteem- Overall evaluation of your self worth |
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Self Discrepancy Theory
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Self esteem is determined by comparing ourselves with Ideal vs. Ought Self
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Ideal Self
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The Characteristics you wish to possess.
How would you make yourself? |
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Ought Self
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The person others wish and expect you to be.
Parents tell student they WILL be a doctor |
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Internal Attribution
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Behavior stems from internal causes. (Personality)
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External Attribution
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Behavior Stems from external causes
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How are you going to do on this exam?
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You're going to fucking ace it
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Types of Attributional Errors
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The fundamental attribution error
Actor observer effect Assumption of consistency |
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Tendency to attribute other's behavior to internal rather than external causes
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Actor Observer Effect
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Tendency to make external attributions regarding our own behavior
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Assumption of Consistency
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Want family members/friends/ partners to always act the same
ex. MSU vs NW job selection |
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Self Serving Bias
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Exception to actor observer effect.
Tendency to make internal attributions regarding large successes and external attributions regarding large failures |
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Gestalt Impression
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General/ Global impression that's either - or +
Hardly ever think someone is neutral |
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Gestalt Characteristics
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Based on a few observed traits from which we generalize
Form rapidly with little effort Useful for casual encounters Significantly bias subsequent perception ( once gestalt is in place everything will filter through it) Influence perception through halo-horn effect. |
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Halo vs Horn Effect
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Halo Tendency to positively interpret nearly anything someone says or does because we have a positive gestalt of them. Opposite for horns
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Pollyanna Effects
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People perceive positive events as more likely to occur than negative ones.
Avg. Self Rating on Intelligence and Attractiveness= 7 |
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Positivity Bias
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People are overwhelmingly slant positive
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Negativity Effect
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Negative info is weighted more heavily than positive.
Political campaigns Outcome of Pollyanna effect. Steve ex-girlfriend scenario |
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When was Facebook created?
How many active users? How many integrated websites? How many average friends/user? How many average pieces of content/ month? % of users outside US? |
2004
500 million active users > 1 million websites 130 friends/user 90 pieces of content/ month 70% users outside US |
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Research Stats
What % of college students check FB at least once/day? What % of college students had FB friends they've never met in person? What % of college students had posted photos of themselves in a state of intox What % of photos of themselves in romantic situations with their partners or someone else |
90% check once/day
29% had 1 unmet friend 55% self post of intox 54% had romantic involve pic |
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Facebook Profiles
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People distort their Self presentations
Photos strategically depict extreme popularity to create social capital |
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Warranting Theory
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When viewing online info we consider its warranting value:
The degree to which it is controlled by only one personally invested source vs supported by outside sources |
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Low Warranting Value
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Info authored and controlled by one person
No support from other sources Info that is self complimentary |
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High Warranting Value
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Info supported by outside sources
Comes from multiple independent sources High value= trusted more |
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Implications of Warranting Theory
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When others' wall posts contradict your profile, people will believe the posts
Wall postings have more of an impact on perceptions of your personality and attractiveness than your personal profile. |
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Interview Test
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Would you print off profile and take it to your interview?
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Uncertainty Reduction Theory
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First interpersonal Com theory
Berger and Calabrese 1975 Focus on initial interactions |
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Uncertainty Reduction Theory-Basic Assumption
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When people meet and communicate, their primary concern is reducing uncertainty; increasing predictability and explainability of their own/partner's behavior
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Two kinds of uncertainty
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Proactive- Anticipate or predict another's future behavior
Retroactive- Generate plausible explanations for why someone behaved the way s/he did. After the fact |
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Axioms of URT
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As verbal COM between people increases UC decreases
High levels of UC increase info seeking High Levels of UC cause decreases in the intimacy level of COM content Perceived similarity will decrease UC As US increases, liking decreases |
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Five COM Features
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Process
Message Context Channel Media |
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COM models (Book)
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Linear COM Model
Interactive COM Model Transaction COM Model |
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Linear COM Model
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COM is an activity in which info flows in one direction, from starting point to end point
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Interactive COM model
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Process that involves both sender and receiver.
Influenced by feedback and experience |
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Transaction COM model
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Suggests that COM is fundamentally multi-directional
Each person equally influences the COM behavior of others participants |
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IPC Definition (Book)
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Dynamic form of COM between two ore more people in which the messages exchanged significantly influence their thoughts emotions behaviors and relationships.
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IPC Communication is: (Book)
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Dynamic
Transactional Dyadic Creates impact Contrasts with impersonal COM |
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I- Thou vs I- IT
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I-Thou- Makes distance seem thinner through out COM
Embrace similarities and build a coherent relationship I-It- We regard other people as objects we observe. Focusing on differences, thickening the distance between inds. Relationships deteriorate |
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IPC across cultures outside US
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Not studied across the world because many cultures believe that IPC is something that is taught by the family. Not a school.
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Social Comparison
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Observing and assigning meaning to others' behavior and then comparing their behavior against ours
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Sources of Self
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Gender and Self
Family and Self Culture and Self |
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Gender and Self
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Most profound outside force shaping sense of self
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Family and Self
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Attachment Anxiety
Attachment Avoidance Secure Attachment Preoccupied Attachment Dismissive Attachment Fearful attachment |
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Attachment Anxiety
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Degree to which a person fears rejection by relationship partners
Perceive self as unlovable and unworthy Abused or ignored during your |
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Attachment Avoidance
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Degree to which someone desires close interpersonal ties
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Secure Attachment
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Low on Anx and Avoid
Comfortable with intimacy and seeks close ties with others We Can work this out |
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Preoccupied Attachment
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High Anx, Low Avoid
Desire closeness but fear rejection I know you don't love me Drive partners away |
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Dismissive Attachment
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Low Anx, High Avoid
Close relationships unimportant I don't need this hassle Sex without love is + |
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Fearful Attachment
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High Anx/ Avoid
Fear rejection, shun relationships Chronic lack of faith in self |
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Individualistic Culture
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Individual goals are more important than group or societal goals
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Collectivistic Culture
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Groups goals and needs are emphasized over those of individuals
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Face
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When communicating with others, present a public self that you want others to see and know
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Mask
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Public self designed to strategically veil your private self.
Ex. Calm parent in front of injured child. |
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Social Penetration Theory
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Peripheral Layer
Intermediate Layer Central Layer |
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Breadth
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Number of different aspects of self each partner reveals at each layer
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Depth
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Involves how deeply into one another's self the partners have penetrated
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Public Area
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Aspects of yourself that you and others are aware of
ex. everything you openly disclose |
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Blind Area
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Facets of yourself that are readily apparent to others but not to yourself
ex. strengths you don't see in yourself that others do |
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Hidden Area
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Parts of yourself that you're aware of but that you hide from others.
Ex. Destructive thoughts, disturbing life experiences |
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Unknown area
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Aspects that you and others aren't aware of.
Ex. Motives and impulses |
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Self Disclosure
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Revealing private info about yourself to others
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How does media shape your self esteem?
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Internalizing Media standards:
Despise our own bodies Low self esteem depression self destructive behaviors. |
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Perception
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Select info to focus attention on
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Selection
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Focusing attention on senses in our environment
Ex. Angry roommate yelling at you to pick your phone while you have headphones on. |
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Salience
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Degree to which particular people or aspects of their COM attract our attention.
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More salient if:
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Behaves both visually and audibly
Goals or expectations lead us to view it as important COM that deviates from our expectations. |
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Organizing Information
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Once you've selected something as the focus of attention, you take info and structure it into a coherent pattern inside your mind
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Punctuation
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Structuring the info you've selected into a chronological sequence that matches how you experienced the order of events
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Personality
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Individuals characteristic way of thinking and feeling and acting based on the traits he or she possesses
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Big Five Traits
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Extraversion
Agreeableness/ Friendliness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness |
