Com 200 Final Exam

Front 1

Information Systems Approach to Organizations

Back 1

Karl Weick

Hint 1

Organizations are constituted by the information they process. They are ever changing so we speak of the "process of organizations" rather than merely "an organization".

Front 2

Dramatism

Back 2

Kenneth Burke

Hint 2

Uses the pentad: Act, Scene, Agent, Agency and Purpose, to discover a speaker's motives.

Front 3

The Cybernetic Tradition

Back 3

Shannon and Weaver

Hint 3

A model of communication that focuses on the isolated elements such as source, message, transmitter, signal, noise, message and destination.

Front 4

Cultural Approach to Organizations

Back 4

Geertz and Pcanowsky

Hint 4

An organization is a culture.

Front 5

Dialogic Ethics

Back 5

Martin Buber

Hint 5

Ethical position that makes relationships more important than code of conduct and calls on people to avoid egotism and selfless martyrdom.

Front 6

Narrative Paradigm

Back 6

Walter Fisher

Hint 6

Almost all forms of human communication are fundamentally stories.

Front 7

Amusing Ourselves To Death

Back 7

Neil Postman

Hint 7

A new technology sometimes creates more than it destroys, sometimes destroys more than it creates, and we must make moral choices about that.

Front 8

Constructivism

Back 8

Jesse Delia

Hint 8

Individuals who are more cognitively complex in their perceptions of others have the mental capacity to construct sophisticated message plans that pursue multiple goals. They then have the ability to deliver person-centered messages that achieve the outcomes they desire.

Front 9

The Rhetoric

Back 9

Aristotle

Hint 9

The art of discovering the available means of persuasion.

Front 10

The Interactional View

Back 10

Paul Watzlawick

Hint 10

Relationships within a family system are interconnected and highly resistant to change.

Front 11

Elaboration Likelihood Model

Back 11

Petty and Cacioppo

Hint 11

Processing a message on the central route is more likely to produce an attitude change in a listener.

Front 12

Social Exchange Theory

Back 12

Thibaut and Kelley

Hint 12

People try to predict the outcome of an interaction before it occurs using an economic model of anticipated and present cost and reward.

Front 13

Relational Dialectics

Back 13

Baxter and Montgomery

Hint 13

Social life is a dynamic knot of contradictions.

Front 14

Coordinated Management of Meaning

Back 14

Pearce and Cronen

Hint 14

Persons-in-conversation co-construct their own social realities and are simultaneously shaped by the worlds they co-create.

Front 15

Communication Privacy Management Theory

Back 15

Sandra Petronio

Hint 15

People have personal boundary rules that guide whether or not they will disclose private information to someone else and whether they will share someone else's private information with someone outside the group.

Front 16

Social Penetration Theory

Back 16

Altman and Taylor

Hint 16

Interpersonal closeness proceeds in a gradual and orderly fashion from superficial to intimate.

Front 17

Media Ecology

Back 17

Marshall McLuhan

Hint 17

Changes in communication technology alter the symbolic environment. The tools we create to enhance communication shape our perceptions in turn.

Front 18

Cognitive Dissonance

Back 18

Leon Festinger

Hint 18

People have an aversive drive to avoid opposing viewpoints, seek reassurance after making tough decisions, and change private beliefs to match public behavior to avoid dissonance.

Front 19

Socio-Cultural Tradition

Back 19

Sapir and Whorf

Hint 19

A tradition based on the notion that language produces and reproduces culture, that language shapes culture and culture shapes language.

Front 20

Social Judgement Theory

Back 20

Muzafer Sherif

Hint 20

The larger the discrepancy between a speaker's position and a listener's point of view, the greater the change in attitude--as long as the message is within the hearer's latitude of acceptance.

Front 21

Phenomenological Tradition

Back 21

Carl Rogers

Hint 21

A tradition that suggest the importance of unconditional positive regard, congruence and authenticity, dialog, and affirming the validity of another person's experience in communication.

Front 22

Socio-Psychological Tradition

Back 22

Carl Hovland

Hint 22

A tradition that focuses on the influence/persuasion and works within a framework that begins, "who says what to whom, how, and with what effect."

Front 23

Ethics of Significant Choice

Back 23

Thomas Nilsen

Hint 23

An ethical position that maintains that persuasion is ethical to the extent that it maximizes people's ability to exercise free choice.

Front 24

Critical Tradition

Back 24

Frankfurt School

Hint 24

Communication can create unjust power imbalances and the unjust distribution of suffering.

Front 25

Symbolic Interactionism

Back 25

George Herbert Mead

Hint 25

Humans act toward people, things, and events on the basis of meanings they assign to them. Without language there would be no thought; no sense of self, and no socializing presence of society within the individual.

Front 26

Semiotics

Back 26

Roland Barthes

Hint 26

The significant visual signs of a culture affirm the cultural status quo, with the aid of the media.

Front 27

Cultural Studies

Back 27

Stuart Hall

Hint 27

Corporately controlled media provide the dominant discourse of the day that frames interpretation of events.

Front 28

Epistemology

Back 28

Deals with the question "what counts for knowledge".

Front 29

Cultivation Theory

Back 29

George Gerbner

Hint 29

Heavy television viewers see a lot of violence, which cultivates an exaggerated belief in a mean and scary world.

Front 30

Agenda Setting

Back 30

McCombs and Shaw

Hint 30

The media tell us what to think about, and how to think about it.

Front 31

Spiral of Silence

Back 31

Elisabeth Noelle-Nuemann

Hint 31

People live in fear of isolating themselves and carefully monitor public opinion to see which views are acceptable. When their opinions appear out of favor, they keep silent.

Front 32

Face Negotiation Theory

Back 32

Stella Ting-Toomey

Hint 32

People from collectivistic cultures with an interdependent self-image adopt a conflict avoiding style. People from individualistic cultures with an independent self-image adopt a dominating style of conflict.

Front 33

Speech Codes Theory

Back 33

Gerry Philipsen

Hint 33

All cultures have multiple speech codes that involve a distinctive psychology, sociology, and rhetoric. Artful use of the code can explain, predict, and control talk about talk.

Front 34

Ethical Reflections (Media)

Back 34

Clifford Christians

Hint 34

Doubts the value of absolute free expression; Rejects "continue the conversation", wants to discover the truth; Media should work towards social justice.

Front 35

Uses and Gratifications Theory (Media Effects)

Back 35

Katz, Blumler, Gurevitch

Hint 35

People are not passive tools of media, they are active in choosing what kinds of programming suit and gratify specific needs. Media have uses for people, and people have uses for media.

Front 36

Cultural Dimensions (Intercultural Communication)

Back 36

Geert Hofstede

Hint 36

Studying cultures in 4 dimensions: power distance, masculinity, uncertainty avoidance, and individualism/collectivism.

Front 37

Cutural Context (Intercultural Communication)

Back 37

Edward Hall

Hint 37

High context: meaning relies in the context and the group you are part of (non-western)
Low context: meaning is in the message (western)

Front 38

3 parts (Intercultural Communication)

Back 38

Triandis

Hint 38

Self: how you define yourself
Goals: what i'm gonna accomplsh vs what we're gonna
Duty: duty to self vs group

Front 39

Determinism

Back 39

Human behavior is primarily influenced by heredity and environment (predetermined).

Front 40

Social Scientist (Objectivist/Empiricist)

Back 40

Explain and predict human behavior. Use graphs, numbers, tables, etc...Validation through testing. Quantitative data. Single truth.

Front 41

Humanist (Subjectivist/Interpretivist)

Back 41

Ethnography (studying through experience, learning from observing from the inside). Analysis, meaning and criticism. Qualitative data. Truth is understood by the individual.

Front 42

Parsimony

Back 42

Emphasizes simplicity and brief expression.