Com 160 Final Study Guide

Front 1

Know the theory of convergence
and what it states

Back 1

The process by which the various media industies intersect made by Negroponte

- combining industries economically and technology merged
- media comanies began to resemble each other
a. print and publishing
b. broadcast & motion picture
c. computer industry
- early economic and technological convergence in the media industries is the most important reason for the development of today's digital media

Front 2

Know what the Digital Divide is and who it affects

Back 2

the term used to describe the lack of access to digital technology among low income and rural and minority groups

-the gap between those who have online access and those who do not
-mostly the people over 65 and have less than high school education

Front 3

Know the role of internet in our lives and how it affects other mediums

Back 3

____

Front 4

Know the 30 year rule

Back 4

developed by Paul Saffo, the theory that says it takes about 30 years for a new technology to be completely adopted within a culture

Front 5

Different stages of the 30 year rule:

Back 5

1. lots of excitement & puzzlement, not a lot of penetration
2. Lots of flux, penetration of the product into society is beginning
3. everybody has it

Front 6

Know the general history of the internet

Back 6

____

Front 7

Know about the search engines and how they collect revenue

Back 7

Search engines are the tools used to locate information in a computer database, it makes money through advertising and classified ads and employs more than 8000 people around the world

Front 8

Public Domain:

Back 8

publications, and processes that are not protected by copyright and thus are available free to the public

Front 9

Publishing:

Back 9

placing items on the web

Front 10

Home page:

Back 10

the 1st page of a website that welcomes the user

Front 11

TCP/IP:

Back 11

transmission control protocol + TCP
internet address = IP

Front 12

DNS:

Back 12

domain name serive

Front 13

SMTP

Back 13

simplified mail transfer protocol

Front 14

HTML

Back 14

hypertext markup language

Front 15

POP

Back 15

post office protocol

Front 16

FTP:

Back 16

file transfer protocol

Front 17

HTTP:

Back 17

hypertext transfer protocol

Front 18

URL:

Back 18

uniform resource locator protocol

Front 19

cookies:

Back 19

remember what you like

Front 20

ISP

Back 20

internet service provider

Front 21

How has the marketing of alcohol changed?

Back 21

Before 1996 hard liquor was not allowed to be advertised on TV but seagrams was the first accepted ad on tv because they can get a lot of money from advertising

Front 22

FCC

Back 22

enforces rules that govern the broadcast media, ruled against demonstrations of products that are misleading and tasteless

Front 23

FTC

Back 23

can stop business practices that restrict competition or that deceive or otherwise injure consumers ex: stopping weight loss clinics for their deceptive advertising

Front 24

FDA

Back 24

oversees claims that appear on food labels or packaging if deceptive the agency can require the advertiser to stop distributing products with that label

Front 25

7 myths of drinking

Back 25

1. drinking is a risk free activity
2. you can't survive without drinking
3. problem drinking behaviors are normal
4. alcohol is magic potion that can transform you
5. sports and alcohol go together
6. if these products were truly dangerous the media would tell us
7. alcoholic beverage companies promote drinking in moderation

Front 26

What is a hard sell?

Back 26

brief, straightforward, rational, high pressure

Front 27

What is a soft sell?

Back 27

emotional, creative, entertaining

Front 28

Psychondymanic approach to advertising

Back 28

Assumes that our personal orientations and behaviors are based on INDIVIDUAL PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS (emotional or rational)
- uses reason or emotion/desire/needs as appeals
- arouse some sort of feeling/emotional state
- "learn - feel - do" strategy

Front 29

Socio cultural approach to advertising

Back 29

Assumes that our beliefs and behaviors are shaped by the context of social rules and shared cultural expectations of those around us
- culture dictates action (pressure to conform)
- norms
- ranking
- social controls
- "conform-or-be-punished" strategy

Front 30

Needs appeal:

Back 30

______

Front 31

Basic approach:

Back 31

_____

Front 32

How has advertising changed in the past 50 years?

Back 32

____

Front 33

Who creats advertising today?
What kind of people are they?
What approaches do they use?

Back 33

______

Front 34

What are companies really trying to sell you?

Back 34

______

Front 35

Viral marketing

Back 35

creating an online message that is entertaining enough to get consumers to pass it on over the internet like a virus

Front 36

Database marketing

Back 36

relationship between consumers and brands

Front 37

Ubiquity

Back 37

another effect of our uninhibited efforts to use all the media to get all sorts of information to everybody everywhere

Front 38

CPM

Back 38

cost per thousand, the cost per thousand people reached

Front 39

Diffusion

Back 39

the process by which new ideas, opinions, or products is communicated through certain channels over time throughout a society

Front 40

Golden Age of Television
what happened?
why is it important?

Back 40

When TV went through 15 minutes but by the 1960' it expanded to half an hour. It begain in 1961 with the JFK inuguration. When TV news grew to become a part of politics not just another chronicler of political events

Front 41

Know about presidential campaigns and their relationship with advertising

Back 41

____

Front 42

Who is Valerie Plame and why is she important?

Back 42

Her husband was an ambassador and she was an undercover CIA officer that's name was leaked in the news. He criticized Bush for that Iraq sought uranium in Niger and they leaked her name for payback

Front 43

What are the characteristics of modern television news coverage

Back 43

____

Front 44

Know everything about embedding soldiers, when it began, etc...

Back 44

- During the Iraq war, a term used to describe journalists who were allowed to cover the war on the front lines
- Supervised by the US military
- 600 embedded reporters with American troops

Front 45

Ernie Pyle

Back 45

- worked for the Scripps Howard news organization
- He focused on men who were fighting the war rather than battles and casualty counts
- reached deep into the emotions of people who were stateside waiting for word from the war front

Front 46

How the internet has affected how we get the news?
Has it affected content?

Back 46

Internet replaces broadcast news
- pay attention to the news only when something important happens
- tv news is dropping
- 33% of people turn to internet for news daily


Internet personalizes the news
- internet nonstop news and information machine
- you can get more specific information from any website
- you can chose waht you want to look at and when

Front 47

Pictures and how they relate to the news

Back 47

Differences in language of pictures from oral/written language cruicial for understanding TV news
- ideas/abstractions can't be talked about w/ only pictures
"Now" can't be identified w/ pictures
Language gives pictures a specific meaning

Front 48

Know what the news does and its relationship with the audience

Back 48

creates a reality for us

Front 49

Know the info on news coverage of political campaigns and how it affects these campaigns

Back 49

- voters often unable to identify positions on issues
- focus on character issues
- focus on campaign strategy
- coverage reads more like reviews than news
- more opinion in journalism

Front 50

consensus journalism

Back 50

the tendency among many journalists covering the same event to report similar conclusion about the vent

Front 51

Agenda setting theory

Back 51

the belief that journalists don't tell you what to think but do tell you what and whom to think about

Front 52

Shield laws

Back 52

a law that protects journalists from being required to reveal confidential sources in a legal proceeding

Front 53

magic bullet theory

Back 53

the assertion the media messages directyly and measurably affect peoples behaviors

Front 54

Ethnocentrism

Back 54

the attitude that some culture and social values are superior

Front 55

Two-Step flow:

Back 55

the transmission of information and ideas from mass media to opinion leaders than to friends

Front 56

Relationship between voting, politics and the media
how does it affect voting behavior? What do the studies conclude?

Back 56

Political advertising on TV has little affect on most people
But some people are affected so this could swing voters

Front 57

Children:
viewing habits
& relationship w/ each other

Back 57

- children spend more time in front of the TV than at school
- use TV as a way to fantasize, instruction, and diversion
- children only become aggressive if they already were and only in some environments
- pay more attention than older children

Front 58

What is media effects research?

Back 58

An attempt to analyze how people use the information they recieve from the media

Front 59

What is media content analysis?

Back 59

An attempt to analyze how what the media present influences behavior

Front 60

Know who the War Advertising Council was
What they did
Why are they important?

Back 60

_____

Front 61

What is the Spiral of Silence?
What does the theory suggest?

Back 61

- the belief that people with divergent views may be reluctant to challenge the consensus of opinion offered by the media
- the implication for future research will be to ask whether the media neutralize dissent and create a pattern of social and cultural conformity

Front 62

What is a para-social?
Why is it formed?
How is it formed?

Back 62

feeling of intimacy developed by audience members for celebrities or personae through continuous consumptions of media
-Audience assumes an appropriate complementary role to the personae.
- Expected to benefit from wisdom, forgive mistakes, buy products they recommend, support their endeavors
-Causes audience empathy toward a persons personae

Front 63

In order to occur, para-social relationship must meet certain criteria:

Back 63

1) Personae "being there" for audience
- Appearance of personae is a dependable and regular event that can be planned for and integrated into our lives
2) Sharing expiriences between personae and fan
- Inside jokes, allusions to prior episodes
- The fan "knows" the character and their values and motives

Front 64

What is the Captain America Complex?
What does it say?
Why is it important?

Back 64

- Robert Jewet, 1973
2 major factors:
- Zealous nationalism
- Prophetic realism

Front 65

Zealous nationalism

Back 65

belief that the righteous people must redeem the world through the destruction of the wicked
- this and prophetic realism lie at the core of U.S. policy decisions

Front 66

Prophetic realism

Back 66

The desire to redeem the world for coexistence through impartial justice
- this and zealous nationalism lie at the core of U.S. policy decisions

Front 67

The relationship between superheroes and the Cold War

Back 67

- By 1949, most superheroes are out
Korean War
- not as black and white as WWII
- No clear victories
- Jingosim present in WWII comics doesn't work
- Uses drugs to account for poor performance
- War comics=more realistic
- The fifties = a time of fear

Front 68

Who is the Yellow Kid?
Why is he important?

Back 68

- created as a result of color printing press
- Richard F. Outcast- 1895
- Named after his YELLO nightshirt
- focused on tenement and slum life
- Satirical content that poked fun at the upper class politicians
- hugely SUCCESSFUL
- By 1896 appeared every Sunday

Front 69

Who was Joseph McCarthy

Back 69

McCarthy: fueld by the bomb and red scare; Claims 205 communists in state dept.
- Used bullying and harsh tactics
- Called Truman a "SOB"

Front 70

Who was Edward R. Murrow?

Back 70

- Famous for WWII radio reports
- "see it now" and "person to person"
- Milo Radulavich
March 9, 1954 - "A report of Senator McCarthy"
April 6th - McCArthy fires back
- Coincides with Army-McCarthy hearings
- Leads to public abandoning or McCarthy & Senate censuring him

Front 71

Know why images of enemies (& minorities) in propaganda are important.
What is Burkes Program of Action?

Back 71

Enemy image: the commonly held, stereotyped, dehumanized image of the out-group
Six archetypes of enemy image:
- enemy as aggressor
- faceless enemy
- enemy as enemy of god
- enemy as barbarian
- enemy as tortuer
- enemy as beast

Front 72

What is propaganda?
Who is credited with creating it?

Back 72

Occurs when pop culture texts utilize techniques and messages from official public discourse, and vice versa

Front 73

How do you prove something is libelous?

Back 73

A public official must show that the defendant published information with knowledge of its falsity or out of reckless disregard for whether it was true or false

Front 74

Libel

Back 74

A false statement that damages a person's character or reputation by exposing that person to public ridicule or contempt

Front 75

Defenses for libel:

Back 75

- the statement was communicated to a third party
- people who read or saw the statement would be able to identify ther person, even if that person was not actually named
- the statement injured someone's reputation or income or caused mental anguish
- the journalist or the print or broadcast organization is at fault

Front 76

How is invasion of privacy defined?

Back 76

1. by intruding on a person's physical or mental solitude
2. by publishing or disclosing embarassing personal facts
3. by giving someone publicity that places the person in a false light
4. by using someone's name or likeness for commercial benefit

Front 77

How does the media "invade" someone's privacy?

Back 77

____

Front 78

What is the right of publicity?
What famous court case set a precedent for this idea?
What did the courts conclude?

Back 78

- Covers person's picture on a poster or name in advertisement
- Carson vs. Here's Johny Portable Toilets
- Violated right of publicity

Front 79

What is the V-Chip? Why is it important?

Back 79

- Microchip device is required to be included with all new tv sets
- Allows parents to program the tv set to eliminate shows the parents find objectionable

Front 80

Know about the governments actions towards censoring the media.
What are they censoring? Why?

Back 80

___

Front 81

4 different types of ethical issues and the situations they occur in.

Back 81

1. Truthfulness:
Someone is paid to tell about a new law and promote it to others if he does not tell he was paid to promote the new law, is he being truthful or just because he got paid?
2. Fairness:
A Journalist doesn't want an author to come on the news because his book will expose things about her she doesn't want to be exposed, is this an unfair use of her influence?
3. Privacy
Someone exposing someone has iads is this a serious public hazard or was he infringing privacy?
4. Responsibility:
A stars car gets rammed by a photojournalist to get a picture. Is this unfair that he provoked an even to occur?

Front 82

Know the 5 philosophical principles governing journalistic ethics

Back 82

1. Aristotles golden mean
2. Kant's categorical imperative:
3. Mill's principle of utility
4. Rawl's veil of ignorance
5. Juedo Christian view of persons as ends in themselves

Front 83

Aristotles golden mean

Back 83

moderation and compromise, fairness

Front 84

Kant's categorical imperative

Back 84

what if everyone else acted this way?

Front 85

Mills principle of utility

Back 85

greatest happiness with greatest number

Front 86

Rawl's veil of ignorance

Back 86

everyone work with respect for everyone

Front 87

Jeudo Christian view of persons as ends themselves

Back 87

trust in people and they will trust in you

Front 88

Ombudsperson:

Back 88

a go between at a newspaper who responds to complaints from the public and regularly publishes answers to criticism in the newspaper

Front 89

Checkpoint journalism:

Back 89

the term used to describe a news organization that pays for an interview

Front 90

Disinformation:

Back 90

the intentional planting of false information by government sources