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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is rhetoric?
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ANCEINT CONCEPT, STUDY OH HUMAN COMMUNICATION IN THE WESTERN WORLS
TODAY, REFERS TO PERSUASIVE COMMUNICATION |
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Explain classical rhetoric.
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CREDIBILTY AND RESPECT OF THE SPEAKER WERE PERSUASIVE TO OTHERS
CREDIBILITY WAS A CENTRAL CONCERN EQUIPPED PEOPLE TO EXAMINE/WEIGH THE EVIDENCE PRESENTED IN FAVOR OF/AGAINST PROPOSED IDEAS |
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What were the sophists?
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TEACHERS IN ANCIENT GREECE, NOT MEMBERS OF ATHENS, TRAVELED FROM CITY TO CITY
THEY RECOGNIZED AND RESPONDED TO THE NEED FOR GREEK CITIZENS TO BE ABLE TO SPEAK AND LISTEN EFFECTIVELY IN GROUP SETTINGS |
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What were some of the things sophists did/offered/taught?
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OFFERED TRAINING IN RHETORIC AS THE FOCUS OF THEIR EDUCATIONAL PROGRAMS
NOT INTERESTED IN TEACHING PEOPLE TO CREATE INDIVIDUAL SPEECHES, TOOK PREVIOUS EXAMPLES OF WORK FOR THEM TO MIMIC STRESSED MEMORIZATION SO STUDENTS COULD STRING TOGETHER OLD WORK BY MEMORY WROTE HANDBOOKS ON HOW TO PREPARE/PRESENT PERSUASIVE MESSAGES TRIED TO INCREASE INCOME BY WRITING SPEECHES FOR OTHER PEOPLE DIDN'T COME OUT WITH MAJOR RHETORICAL WORKS, ONLY CONCERNED WITH MAKING MONEY |
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What was Plato's view on rhetoric?
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HE BELIEVED IN THE EXISTENCE OF AN SBSOLUTE TRUTH, ANTI-SOPHIST
FELT TRUTH WAS ULTIMATELY KNOWABLE BY PEOPLE, SOPHIST RHETORIC WAS OBSURING THAT BELIEVED PEOPLE WOULD FOLLOW THE CORRECT COURSE OF ACTION ONCE THEY BECAME AWARE OF IT |
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What was Aristotle's view on rhetoric?
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FOUND A MIDDLE POSITION BETWEEN THE SOPHIST STANDARD AND PLATONIC VIEW
BELIVED SOME CONCEPTS, SCIENCE, WERE SUBJECT TO ABSOLUTE TRUTH WHILE OTHERS, POLITICS, FELL SHORT OF STANDARD OF TRUTH ARUGUED PEOPLE SHOULD FOLLOW WHAT WAS THE MOST LIKELY CORRECT POSITION, NOT JUST WHAT PEOPLE BELIEVED TO BE TRUE BELIEVED PURPOSE OF EDUCATION, AND RHETORIC, WAS TO TEACH PEOPLE TO DISOVER THE MOST PROBABLE CORRECT IDEAS AND ACTIONS |
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What are the three catergories of artistic proofs?
Go into detail about what a proof actually is. |
LOGOS, ETHOS AND PATHOS
CLAIM ACCOMPANIED BY SOME PROOF THAT IS WORTHY OF OUR BELIEF |
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What is the meaning of logos?
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CONTENT, RATHER THAN THE STYLE OF MESSAGE
LOGICAL POWER OR FORCE OF THE MESSAGE CONTENT |
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What is the meaning of ethos?
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PROOF ASSOCIATED WITH THE CHARACTER OF THE SPEAKER
SPEAKERS PRACTIAL WISDOM, TRUSTWORTHINESS AND GODWILL DOE THE AUDIENCE MEMBERS BELIEVE THE SPEAKER HAS SHARED INTERESTS? |
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What is the meaning of pathos?
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COMMON USE OF EMOTIONS AS A TECHNIQUE OF PERSUASION
EMOTIONS IN PAIRS, ANGER:CALMNESS FEAR:CONFIDENCE |
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What are the 5 canons of rhetoric?
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INVENTION, ARRANGEMENT, STYLE, DELIVERY AND MEMORY
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5 CANON OF RHETORIC
What is invention? |
DISCOVERY OF THE APPROPRIATE IDEAS OR CONTENT FOR PERSUASIVE MESSAGES
WHAT ARE THE BEST THINGS TO SAY TO MY AUDIENCE IN THIS SITUATION |
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5 CANON OF RHETORIC
What is arrangement? |
IDEAS ALONG WEREN'T SUFFICIENT ENOUGH TO PERSUADE AUDIENCE
IDEAS ARE ORGANIZED INTO PATTERN THAT AUDIENCE WILL FIND CLEAR AND COMPELLING |
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5 CANON OF RHETORIC
What is style? |
UNDERDTOOD LANGUAGE AS A POWEFUL PERSUASIVE TOOL
METAPHORS, SIMILES, ANTITHESIS |
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5 CANON OF RHETORIC
What is delivery? |
MESSAGES NEED TO BE PRESENTED IN A PLEASING MANNER
CONCERNS ABOUT VOICE AND BODY MOVEMENT APPROPRICATE VOLUME USE AND HAND GESTURES |
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5 CANON OF RHETORIC
What is memory? |
ABILIT TO FOLLOW AN EXTENDED ARGUMENT EX. IN COURT OR SENATE
RECALL KEY POINTS IN OWN AND OPPOSING MESSAGES |
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What are the 3 main speaking situations according to Aristotle?
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DELIBERATE, FORENSIC AND EPIDEIETIC
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3 SPEAKING STYLES
What is the deliberate style |
DELIBERATION ABOUT APPROPRIATE POLICIES FOR THE STATE, OCCURED IN THE ASSEMBLY
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3 SPEAKING STYLES
What is forensic style? |
COURTROOM SPEECHES, INVOLVED QUESTIONS ABOUT GUILT AND INNOCENCE
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3 SPEAKING STYLES
What is the epideietic style? |
SPEECHES GIVEN ON SPECIAL OCCASIONS, INVOLVED QUESTIONS OF PRAISE OR BLAMES
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Explain the story of classical rhetoric. Who taught and influenced who?
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STARTED WITH SOPHISTS, TEACHERS IN GREECE. NTO INTERESTED IN INDIVIDUAL SPEECHES BUT MEMORIZING OLD WORK TO STRING TOGETHER NEW PEICES. WANTED MAKE PROFIT, NOT MAKE GOOD PERSUASIONS.
PLATO DISAGREED WITH SOPHITSTS. BELIEVED IN ABSOLUTE TRUGTH, TRUTH WAS KNOWABLE TO ALL PEOPLE, SOPHISTS WERE OBSURING THEIR KNOWLEDGE PLATO WAS ARISTOTLE'S TEACHER WHO PROVIDED A MIDDLE GROUND. SOME CONCEPTS SUBJECT TO ABSOLUTE TRUTH, SCIENCE, SOME SUBJECT TO PROBABLITY, POLITICS CICERO IS UNIQUE FIGURE. WROTE ONLY ABOUT RHETORIC, BUT HE WAS AN ORATOR AND THEORIST, GAV HIM A UNIQUE, UN BIAS VIEW. WRITING GEARED TOWRAD WRITING ACTUAL PERSUASIVE MESSAGES |
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Explain the human convergance theory quickly.
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EXPLAINS PROCESS OF HOW PEOPLE COME TO SHARE A COMMON SYMBOLIC REALITY, WHY GROUP CONSCIOUSNESS BEGINS AND IS SUSTAINED
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HUMAN OCNVERGANCE THEORY
What is a fantasy? |
FORMS A NEW CONSIOUSNESS FOR MEMBERS OF THE GROUP
MAKE COMMENTS ABOUT PEOPLE OR EVENTS THAT ARE NOT PHYSICALLY PRESENT IN THE CURRENT GROUP EX. TALK ABOUT SOMONE WHEN THEY LEAVE THE ROOM, GP. ABOUT 4-5 PPL |
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HUMAN CONVERGANCE THEORY
What is a fantasy theme? |
REPRESENTS A LARGER SYMBOLIC REALITY AND IT EXHIBITS:
SUBSTANTIVE QUAL. (CONTENT) STRUCTURAL QUAL. (DETAILS) STYLISTIC QUAL (EMBELLISHMENT) Ex. GROUP OF COLLEGE KIDS TA;KING ABOUT A PROFESSOR/COURSE, ONE SAYD THEY MUST ALL GET TOGETHER AND SET A CERTAIN DATE FOR TESTS, STUDENTS GET EXCITED ABOUT IT AND ADD RELEVEANT INFORMATION AND SIMILAR EXPERIENCES |
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HUMAN CONVERGANCE THEORY
What is a fantasy chain? |
PEOPLE SHARE THE FANTASY, CHAINS OUT, LIKE GOSSIP
FOUND IN THE ABILITY OF PEOPLE TO FANTASY THEMESE AND USE THEM TO STRUCTURE THEIR OWN EXPERIENCES |
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HUMAN CONVERGANCE THEORY
What is a fantasy type? |
STOCK SCENARIO USED TO EXPLAIN NEW EVENTS IN A WAY WE ARE FAMILAR WITH
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HUMAN CONVERGANCE THEORY
What is a symbolic cue? |
REPRESENTS A FANTASY THEME, TYPE OR RHETORICAL VISION
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HUMAN CONVERGANCE THEORY
What is a rheotircal vision? |
SYMBOLICE REALITY IN WHICH LARGE GROUPS OF PEOPLE CAN SHARE
EX.HOLOCAUST BECOME ACTIVELY INVOLVED IN FANTASY AND CONTRIBUTE TO IT, ADD DETAILS, BUILD CONTENT MUTIPLE FANTASY THEMES OME TOGETHER AND FORM A RHETORICAL VISION, LARGE SCALE DRAMA THAT OFFERS PEOPLE A BROAD VIEW OF THINGS |
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Briefly explain what the narrative paradigm/theory was designed to do?
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ESTABLISH CONCEPTION OF DRAMA, XPLAIN IT WAS THE MODE OF ALL HUMAN COMMUNICATION
BELIVED WORLD WAS BEST UNDERSTOOD AS SERIES OF STORIES THAT COMPETE FOR OUR ATTENTION PEOPLE ARE PERSUADED BY STORIES OTHERS TELL, WE ARE NARRATIVE BEINGS ALL COMMUNICAITON IS NARRATIVE B/C WE ALL HAVE OUR OWN UNIQUE STORY |
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NARRATVE PARADIGM AND RATIONAL WORLD
Before Fischer. Rational was... Narrative was... |
RATIONAL: PEOPLE ARE RATIONAL BEINGS
NARRATIVE: PEOPLE ARE STORY TELLING BEINGS |
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NARRATVE PARADIGM AND RATIONAL WORLD
Desicion making. Rational ... Narrative... |
RATIONAL: BASED ON LOGIC AND ARGUMENTS
NARRATIVE: BASED ON GOOD REASONS |
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NARRATVE PARADIGM AND RATIONAL WORLD
What determines what when discussing desicion making? |
RATIONAL: SITUATION DETERMINES THE ARGUMENT
NARRATIVE: GOOD REASONS DEPEND ON HISTORY OF THE PERSON, CULTUR, BIOGRAPHY AND CONTEXT |
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NARRATVE PARADIGM AND RATIONAL WORLD
What is good criteria when determining desicion making? |
RATIONAL: RESEARCH, EVIDENCE AND LOGIC
NARRATIVE: COHERENCE AND FIDELITY COHERENCE: DOES THE STORY FIT TOGETHER? FIDELITY: DOES IT RING TRUE TO ME? |
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DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE NARRATVE PARADIGM AND RATIONAL WORLD
What is the world? |
RATIONAL: SET OF LOGICAL CONNECTIONS AND CAUSAL RELATIONS
NARRATIVE: THINK OF AS A SET OF STORIES FROM WHICH WE CHOOSE TO MAKE SENSE |
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FACE SAVING
What is face management described as? |
THE FACE IS CENTRAL TO THE COORDINATED AND CONTINUED FLOW OF INTERATION
FACE IS DEFINED AS OUR PUBLIC SELF IMAGE, IMAGE OF OURSELVES PORTRAYED IN INTERACTIONS IMAGE CAN BE LOST/MAINTAINED/ENHANCED DURING INTERACTION |
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FACE SAVING
What is facework? |
SUPPORTING AND MAINTAING OF OUR OWN, AND OTHER'S, PUBLICLY PRESENTED SELF IMAGE
FACE CAN BE THEREATENED IN INTERACTION PEOPLE USE FACWEORK TO COUNTERACT FACE THREATS |
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FACE SAVING
What is preventative facework? |
TRYING TO AVOID FACE LOSS
WHEN WE HAVE LOSS FACE, WE ENGAGE IN CORRECTIVE FACEWORK TO RESTORE IT MAY INVOLVE CHANGING THE TOPIC OF CONVERSATION TO AVOID A FACE THREATENING SITUATION |
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FACE SAVING
What is a face threateneing act (FTA)? |
OCCUR WHEN IN AN INTERACTION, WE FAIL TO MEET PROSITIV OR NEGATIVE FACE NEEDS AND THEREBY THREATEN EITHER OUR OWN FACE OF THE FACE OF OTHERS
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What is the politeness theory?
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DEALS WITH POLITENESS IN INTARCTIONS AS IT APPLIES TO FACEWORK.
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What are two types of face feeds when referring to the politeness theory?
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POSITIVE FACE FEED: DESIRE TO BE VAULED, INCLLDED BY OTHERS WHOM WE CARE ABOUT AS WELL AS THE NEED TO APPEAR COMPETENT
NEGATIVE FACE FEED: DESIRE TO BE FREE FROM IMPOSITION, CONSTRAINT OR INTRUSTION |
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Briefly explain the general idea of the social penetration theory.
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USES THE COST/BENEIFT ANALOGY TO PREDICE WHEN AND HOE WE MIGHT SELF DISCLOSE AND MOVE ON TO NEXT STEP IN THEORY
DISCOLSURE ITESLE PROVIDES THE INTIMACY |
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SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY
What is the orientation stage? |
GETTING TO KNOW YOU
IMPLICIT RULES, GUIDED, CAUTIONED COMMUNICATION SUPERFICIAL INFO: WHERE ARE YOU FROM? WHAT MUSIC DO YOU LIKE? |
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SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY
What is the exploratory effectve exchange stage? |
RELAXED COMMUNICATION, FIND OUT HOW WE FEEL AOUT EACH OTHER AND OUR PERSONALITIES
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SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY
What is the full effective exchange theory? |
CLOSE FRIENDSHIPS/ROMANTIC RELATIONSHIPS
FREE AND OPEN EXCHANGE, NO ROLE OR ETHNICITY DIFFERENCES SHARE HOPES AND FEARS, GOALS AND BELIEFS |
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SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY
What is the stable exchange theory? |
MARRIAGE AND BEST FRIENDS
INVOLVES BOTH VERBAL AND NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION IT'S RARE FULL DISCOLSURE OF ONE'S CORE PERSONALITY, HIGHLY INTIMIATE AND PREDICATABLE COMMUNICATION |
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SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY
How is self-disclosure measured? |
DEPTH:
THE DEGREE OF INTIMACY OF THE DISCLOSURE BREADTH: VARIETY OF THE TOPICS DISCUSSED |
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SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY
What is the reiprocity norm? |
ISSUE OF REWARDS AND COSTS
RECIPRICATE = SELF-DISCLOSE I'LL SELF-DISCLOSE SOMETHING AS LONG AS YOU DO, TOO |
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SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY
What are the 4 layers of a personality>? |
OUTSIDE- SUPERFICIAL
MIDDLE- POLITICAL, SOCIAL ATTITUDES INTERIOR- DEEP BELIEFS, VALUES INNER CORE- SELF CONCEPT, VERY PERSONAL |
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What are some premises of the social penetration theory?
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RELATIONSHIPS GROW ON THE BASIS OF SELF DISCOLSURE, THE MORE OUT RELATIONSHIP GORWS, THE MORE COMFORTABLE I AM WITH YOU
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Explain the general idea of the Uncertainty Reduction Theory.
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THIS EXPLAINS THE INITIAL COMMUNICATION B/T STRANGERS
THIS MAY OR MAY NOT LEAS TO A RELATIONSHIP INITIAL ENCOUNTERS CAN LEAD TO UNEXPECTED THINGS, THIS THEORY CEASES TO DECREASE THE UNCERTAINITY B/C IT'S UNCOMFORTABLE |
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UNCERTAINTY REDUCTION THEORY
What are the 3 strategies for reducing uncertainty? |
PASSIVE STRATEGY
OBSERVE THE PERSON FROM AFAR ACTIVE MANIPULATE THE ENVIRONMENT TO SEE HOW PERSON REACTS, SEEK INFO INTERACTIVE ENGAGE IN FACE TO FACE INTERATION WITH PERSON TO GET INFO |
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What is the general idea of the Social Exchange theory?
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A RELATIONSHIP CAN BE BULT WHEN ONE PARTY PRIVDES SOMETHING TO THE OTHER PARTY IN EXCHANGE FOR SOMETHING ELSE
COST-BENEFIT RELATIONSHIP ALL ABOUT COSTS AND REWARDS, INCLUDING THOSE THAT AREN'T COMMUNICATIVE |
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SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
How do we measure relationship satisfaction and stability? |
CL- COMPARISON LEVEL
STANDARD OF WHAT WE EXPECT IN A RELATIONSHIP, MEASURES THE PERSONAL SATISFACTION CL alt- COMPARISON LEVEL OF ALTERNATIVES MESAURES STABILITY, STABILITY BASED ON COMPARIONS |
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SOCIAL EXCHANGE THEORY
What are the 5 assumptions of this theory? |
1- WE ARE RATIONAL BEINGS, WE CALCULATE COSTS AND REWARDS
2- WE OPERATE TO MAXIMIZE REWARDS AND MINIMIZE COSTS 3- SATISFACTION WITH RELATIONSHIPS IS BASED ON COMPARISON 4- COMPARISON OF LEVEL OF ALTERNATIVES 5- EQUITY IS GREATER THAN INEQUITY |
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What is the general idea of the Relational Dialectic Theory?
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THIS EXPLORES HOW CLOSE RELATIONSHIPES ARE CHARCTERIZED BY ONGOING, CONTRADICTORY TENSIONS
RELATIONSHIPS CONTANTLY IN FLUX B/C OF PARTNERS AND OUTSIDE INFLUENCE |
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RELATIONAL DIALECTIC THEORY
What are bth form of the dialectic? |
INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL TENSION
INETERNAL- INDIVIDUALS INSIDE THE RELATIONSHIP EXTERNAL- WORLD AROUND US, OUTSIDE INFLUENCE |
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RELATIONAL DIALECTIC THEORY
Integration/Seperation Internal Vs. External |
INTERNAL: CONNECTION VS. AUTONOMY
DESIRE TO BE CLOSE AND CONNECTED, BUT ALSO INDEPENDENT EXTERNAL: INCLUSION VS. SECLUSION WANTING SECLUSION AS A COUPLE/SPENDING TIME ALONE OR WANTING TO INCLUDE OTHERS/SPEND TIME WITH FRIENDS |
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RELATIONAL DIALECTIC THEORY
Stability/Change Internal vs. External |
INTERNAL: PREDICTABILTY/NOVELTY
WE DESIRE SOME DEGREE OF PRED., BUT TOO MUCH IS BORING EXTERNAL: CONVENTIONALTY/UNIQUENESS DESIRE FOR RELATIONSHIP TO FIT INTO THE SOCIAL NORM, BUT ALSO BE SOMEWHAT UNIQUE |
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RELATIONAL DIALECTIC THEORY
Expression/Privacy Internal vs. External |
INTERNAL: OPENNESS/CLOSENESS
WANTING TO SELF DISLOCE TO PARTNER, BUT ALSO KEEP SOMETHING PRIVATE EXTERNAL: REVALATION/CONCEALMENT WHATING TO REVEAL R'SHIP TO OTHER OUTSIDE OF IT, BUT WANTING TO CONCEAL SOME ASPECTS OF IT FROM OTHERS |
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The number of topics what abot which we self disclose...
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BREADTH
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The idea of opposing notions, especially in relationships.
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DIALECTIC
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Our desire to be valued and included by others that we care about.
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POSITIVE FACE
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Theory which suggests that differing amounts of self-discolsure can help or hinder the closenesss of relationships.
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SOCIAL PENETRATION THEORY
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When we tell someone something about ourselves.
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SELF DISCLOSURE
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Identification with an audience when one empathisizes with the auidence about what they're opposed to together.
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ANTI THESIS
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Persuasion that employs emotional appeals.
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PATHOS
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One type of uncertainty we feel, according to the Uncertainty Reaction Theory, what will he or she say?
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COGNITIVE
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A type of argument when all premises and the conclusion are clearly stated.
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SYLLOGISM
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Any available means of persuasion.
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RHETORIC
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A tyoe of argument that employs a hidden premise.
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ENTHEMEME
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A story has this when it rings true to our experiences.
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FIDELITY
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That which we feel when we first meet someone.
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UNCERTAINTY
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A story that someone tells.
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NARRATIVE
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A story has this when the peices fit all together.
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COHERENCE
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Persuasion that employs logic.
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LOGOS
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Idea that when U self disclose to you, you will self disclose to me in return.
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RECIPRICOTY
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Identification with an auidence which uses subtle language, perhaps the use of "we"
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VICARIOUS
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What they used to call lawyers.
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PLEADERS
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One type of uncertainty we feel, what will he or she do?
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BEHAVORIAL
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Supporting and maintinging our face, and the face of the person with whom we interact.
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FACEWORK
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Persuasion that employs source credibilty.
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ETHOS
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Identification with an audince when one identifies the sympathies they share.
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SIMILARITY
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Desire to be free from impostion, constraint or intrusion.
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NEGATIVE FACE
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Speaking situation in which praise or blame is laid upon a person.
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EPIDEICTIC
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People who wrote speeches for a profit, usually unethical.
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SOPHISTS
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Speaking situation in which the gult or innocence of person is dtermined.
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FORENSIC
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Identifies communication between people in a group about a person or idea not present, forms new consciousness for members of that group.
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FANTASY
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Degree of intimacy of the topics we self disclose.
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DEPTH
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Image of ourselves we portray in conversations, public self image.
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FACE
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