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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Verbal Communication
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any type of spoken or written communication that uses one or more words
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Language
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a system for encoding and decoding information
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The symbols for language are..
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arbitrary
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Language is composed of several interrelated parts which
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work together to create messages
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Phonemas
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sound system of language
EX. at vs. ate |
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Phoneme factoid
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what do the letters f, h, k, p, and x have in common
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Morphames
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smallest units that have an arbitrary meaning in language
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Syntax
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the rules by which we put words together
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Semantics
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the study of meanings
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Denotative meaning
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socially agreed upon meaning
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Connotative meaning
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other/secondary meaning
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Pragmatics
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the pattern or rules people use in specific situations
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Regionality
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geographic region strongly influence peoples language use
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Dialect
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variation on language based on its vocabulary, grammar, and pronunciation
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Age
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text message shortcuts
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Education and Occupation
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Jargon-specialied terms that develop in many professions
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Leveling/Flattening
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the elimination of details
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Sharpening
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an emphasis of other details
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Assimilation
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making the story more coherent and interesting to the listeners
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Listening
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the active process of assigning meaning to sounds
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Listening style
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the method a person uses when listening
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Detached listening
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uninterested, easily distracted
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Passive listening
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expending energy
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Involved listening
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most attention, engaged in conversation
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Active listening
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full attention, participates, a lot of energy
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Stages of listening
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1. Sensing the message
2. Interpreting the message 3. Evaluating 4. Responding |
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Improving listening
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awareness, empathize, talk less
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Nonverbal communication
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nonverbal behaviors that have symbolic meaning all messages that are not expressed as words
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What percent of communication is nonverbal?
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65%
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Types of nonverbal communication
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gestures and eye contact
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Nonverbal messages can interact with verbal messages in at least 5 ways
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1.Repeating
2.Highlighting 3.Complementing or reinforcing 4.Contradicting 5.Substituting |
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Why do people lie?
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Self focused motives, partner focused motives, and relationship motives
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How much does the average person lie?
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55%
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Deception
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a message knowingly transmitted by a sender to foster a false belief or conclusion by the receiver
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Falsification
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no truth
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Concealment/Omission
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part truth but leave out details
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Equivocation
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Being vague
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Four-Factor Model
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tells us why people behave differently when lying than when telling the truth
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Parts of model
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Arousal, attempted control, felt emotions, and cognitive effect
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Signs of lying
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Increased adaptor, increased blinking, frequent speech errors, and increased hesitations and pauses
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Unreliable indicators of deception
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Eye contact, smiling, and hurried speech
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Kenesics
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The study of body movement and facial expressions in communication
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Illustrators (Body)
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Clarify a verbal message
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Emblems (Body)
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Stand for specific verbal meaning
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Adaptors (Body)
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Used to manage our emotions
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Regulations (Body)
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Used to control conversation
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Face
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Research suggest that many facial expressions are innate and are therefore the same across cultures
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Personal space
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An individual's preferred distance from others
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Proxemics
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the study of people's use of space
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Intimate distance
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0 to 8 inches apart
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Personal Distance
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18 inches to 4 feet apart
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Social Distance
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4 feet to 12 feet apart
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Public Distance
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12 feet or more apart
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Expectancy Violations Theory
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people hold expectations about (nonverbal) behavior
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Expectations
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whatever is anticipated
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Factors that influence expectation
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Communicator, relational, contextual, and cultural norms
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Valence
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Degree of attraction or aversion
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Communicator reward valence
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The positive or negate assessment of the communicator
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Violation Valence
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The positive or negative
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Culture
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a way of life developed and shared by a group of people and passed down from generation to generation
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Sub-Culture
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A social group within a rational culture that has distinctive patterns of behavior and beilefs
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Intercultural Communication
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Communication between people who are culturally different
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Reasons for studying intercultural communication
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Demographic Changes
Technology Self-awareness Peace Ethics |
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Axelrod's Prisoner Dilema: The Tour
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Format
Contestants The Winner |
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Properties of successful rules
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Optimistic
Forgiveness Niceness |
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Face Negotiation Theory
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Self-image/ identity is important in interpersonal interactions
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Face Negotiation Theory cont...
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Individuals negotiate their image/identities differently across cultures
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Individualist
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Emphasize individual identity/goals
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Collectivist
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Emphasize group identity goals
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Self-Construal
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the degree to which people perceive themselves as autonomous from or connected to others
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Self-Image
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The way we want others to see us and treat us
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Face
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A metaphor for the public image people display
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Face-giving/face-saving"
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Messages that help maintain face (before)
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Face Restoration
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Messages that help restore face loss (after)
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Conflict Management Styles
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Consistent orientations people take toward conflict
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What is the effects of cerebral blood flow in regards to the factor of CO2
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The partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2) is a potent vsoactive agent. An increased in PaCO2 relaxes smooth muscles, dilates cerebral vessels, decreases cerebrovascular resistance and increases CBF. Alternately, a decrease in PaCO2 reverses this process and decreases CBF.
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Field of Desirables
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Attractiveness, matching hypothesis, and similarity
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Social Exchange Theory
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Uses an economic/marketplace metaphor and people assess their relationships in terms of cost and rewards
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Social Penetration Theory
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The process of bonding that movies a relationship from superficial to more intimate
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Assumptions of SPT
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Relationships progress from nonintimate to intimate
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RD is systematic
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"Coming together" stages
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RD includes Depenatration
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"Coming apart" stages
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Self-disclosure is
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At the core of RD
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Self-disclosure
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The process of revealing information about oneself
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Breadth
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The number of topics discussed in a relationship
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Depth
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The degree of intimacy that guides topic dicussions
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Observations of the SP Process
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Peripheral items are exchanged more frequently and sooner
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Self disclosure is
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Reciprocal
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Social penetration is
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rapid at the start but slows down quickly
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5 Steps leading to commitment
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1. Initiating
2.Experimenting 3.Intensifying 4.Integrating 5.Bonding |
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5 steps leading to termination
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1.Differentiating
2.Circumscribing 3.Stagnating 4.Avoiding 5.Terminating |
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Relational Dialect Theory
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Individuals in a relationships experiences ongoing tensions between contradictory impulses
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Dialects
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Contradiction/tensions/conflicts
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Assumptions of RDT
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Contradiction is a key part of relational life && communication is central to negotiating relational contradictions
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Autonomy--Connection
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We want independence and intimacy, distance and closeness
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Openess--Protection
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We want to be vulnerable and protective, open and closed
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Novelty--Predictability
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We want the excitement of change and the comfort of stability
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Alternation
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Choosing to meet different needs at different times
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Segmentation
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Satisfying different neds in different situations
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Selection
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Satisfying one need and disregarding the other
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Storgic Love
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Friendship love
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Agapic Love
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All-giving, selfless love
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Manic Love
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Possessive, dependent love
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Pragmatic Love
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Logical, sensible love
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Ludic Love
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Self-centered, game playing love
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Erotic Love
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Romantic, passionate love
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Instrumental
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use of language to obtain what you need or desire
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Regulatory
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use of language to control or regulate the behaviors of other
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Informative
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use of language to communicate information or report facts
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Heurisitc
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use of language to acquire knowledge and understanding
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Interactional
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use of language to establish and define social relationships
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Imaginative
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use of language to express oneself artistically or creatively
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Lexical choice
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vocabulary
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Cohort effect
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the influence of shared characteristics of a group that was born and reared in the same general period
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Disconfirming comm
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comments that reject or invalidate a positive or negative self image of our conversational partners
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Confirming comm
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comments that validate positive self images of others
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Sensing
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the stage of listening most people refer to as hearing
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Understanding
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interpreting the messages
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Evaluating
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assessing your reaction to a message
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Responding
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showing others how you regard their message
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Illustrators
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signals that accompany speech to clarify or emphasize the verbal message
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Emblems
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gestures that stand for a specific verbal meaning
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Adaptors
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gestures used to manage emotions
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Regulators
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used to control conversation
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Immediacy
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how close or involved people appear to be with each other
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Paralinguistics
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all aspects of spoken language except the words themselves; rate, volume, pitch, stress
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Vocalizations
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uttered sounds that do not have the structure of language
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Chronemics
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the study of the way people use time as a message
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Proxemics
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the study of how people use spatial cues, including interpersonal distance, territoriality, and other space relationships to communicate
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Monochronically
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engaging in one task or behavior at a time
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Polychronically
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engaging in multiple activités simultaneously
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Haptics
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the study of the communicative function of touch
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Functional touch
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the least intimate type of touch
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Social-polite touch
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touch that is part of daily interaction in US
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Friendship touch
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touch that is more intimate than social touch and usually conveys warmth, closeness, and caring
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Love-intimate
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the touch most often used with one's romantic partners
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Demand touch
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a type of touch used to establish dominance and power
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Artifacts
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clothing an other accessories
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Regulating interaction
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using nonverbal behaviors to help manage turn taking during conversation
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Expressing and managing intimacy
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using nonverbal behavior to exercise influence over other people
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Establishing social control
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using nonverbal behavior to exercise influence over the people
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Service task functions
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using nonverbal behavior to signal close involvement between people in impersonal relationships and contexts
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Congruent
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verbal and nonverbal messages that express the same meaning
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Contradicting
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verbal and nonverbal messages that seed conflicting messages
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Voluntary short term travelers
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people who are border dwellers by choice and for a limited time
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Border dwellers
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people who live between cultures and often experience contradictory cultural patterns
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Voluntary long term travelers
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people who are border dwellers by choice and for a extended time
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Involuntary short term travelers
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people who are border dwellers not by choice and only for a limited time
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Involuntary long term travelers
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people who are border dwellers permanently but not by choice
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Culture shock
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a feeling of disorientation and discomfort due to the lack of familiar environmental cues
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Reverse culture shock
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culture shock experienced by travelers upon returning to their home country
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Encapsulated marginal people
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people who feel disintegrated by having to shift cultures
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Constructive marginal people
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people who thrive in a border dweller life
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Cultural values
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beliefs that are so central to a cultural group that they are never questioned
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Individualist orientation
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a value orientate that respects the autonomy and independence of individuals
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Collectivistic orientation
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a value orientation that stresses the needs of the group
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Preferred personality
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a value orientation that expresses whether it is more important for a person to "do" or "be"
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View of human nature
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a value orientation that expresses whether humans are fundamentally good, evil, or a mixture
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Long term vs short term orientation
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the dimension of a society's value orientation that reflects its attitude toward virtue or truth
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Short term orientation
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importance of possessing one fundamental truth
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Monotheistic
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belief in one God
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Long term orientation
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a value orientation in which people stereo the importance of virtue
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Polytheistic
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belief in more than one God
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Dialectic approach
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things need not be perceived as either or but may seen as both/and
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Dichotomous thinking
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thinking in which things are perceived as "either/or"
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