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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Spring 1492 Rundown
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Goes back to Portugal while Spain decides (4 years).
Talavera doesn't think he'll make it. Isabella ignores him and allows voyage. Genoese bankers supply cost Columbus' new terms accepted. |
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Columbus' Terms
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10% of all profits from Asia
Be Nobled as a Viceroy and "Admiral of the Sea" |
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What happened when Columbus asked Spain to sponsor his voyage?
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-He said he'd convert people to Catholicism to convince them
-Used speech/personality to get 3 ships -Asked for much money at first because Spain was new at exploration but eventually they gained experience and didn't accept this part. |
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What two "shocks" made Columbus go to Spain with his idea?
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1. Portugal's King Henry II rejected him thinking he didn't know enough about the world.
2. His wife died (1485) |
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Why was going to the West Indies so crazy?
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1. Emotional reasons- he wouldn't be going along the shoreline like a normal voyage.
2. Distance was too great and he didn't have enough supplies. |
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Scientists who knew about the size/shape of the world already...
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-Eratosthenes calculated it's circumference.
-Ptolemy calculated the latitude and longitude -Hipparchus figured out how to determine latitude with the sun. EVERYONE KNEW THE WORLD WAS ROUND ALREADY. |
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Columbus' biggest error
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Thought that the Western European shores to Asian islands was a short voyage.
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What made Columbus obsess over exploration?
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1. New printing press allowed him to read of Marco Polo's travels to Asia.
2. Sailed to Africa from Madeira and caught "gold fever." 3. Pierre D'Ailley described Earth in scientfic terms- "demystified" world. |
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What did Columbus do in Lisbon?
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-Met up with brother Bartolome
-They became traveling merchants -Married a general's daughter - Learned reading/writing, math, astronomy, Latin, Portuguese, and Castilian (Spanish) |
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How did Columbus become a seaman?
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He was on a convoy as a weaver when it sank and he had to swim ashore to Lagos and then to Lisbon which is an exploration/navigation capital.
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Columbus' Background
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-Born in Genoa (Italian city state)
-Brothers Bartolome and Diego -Didn't go to school (Weaver's sons don't go to formal schools.) |
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Spain in 1492
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-Became "modern"
-Lacked gold because of war with Granada--> Bad Economy. -Jews expelled by Isabella -Nobles political power down, wealthy -Peasants starving, became serfs. |
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Why choose Spain for a sponser?
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-Portugal was busy going south to Asia around Africa.
-Italy was already rich from Mediterranean trade with Moslems. -France and England not ready to explore... still in medieval times in Northern Europe. |
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What is important about the Turks and the age of exploration?
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Fall of Constantinople-1453
The Turks conquered the Moslem capital of Constantinople along with the Eastern Mediterranean seaboard, blocking off route to Asia. |
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Paolo Toscanelli
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Philosopher- Florentine
The Toscanelli Record had map based on Marco Polo's findings and asked Portugal to go west to Japan which was filled with gold. <--------this inspired Columbus. |
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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-Portugal
-wanted to go to Asia around Africa. -built sea academy in Portugal that moved to Lisbon after his death and conducted sea trips to India. |
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King Henry II
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King of Portugal
Rejected Columbus' petition for ships to Asia twice. |
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Bartolomeu Diaz
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From Portugal
Rounded the Cape of Good Hope in 1486 |
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Vasco De Gama
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From Portugal
Reached India around Africa |
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King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella
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Ferdinand - Aragon King
Isabella- Castille Queen 1479- They united Spain's kingdoms. Used war with Moors put down nobles political power War with Granada won in 1492 |
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Francesco Pinelli
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Genoese banker who knew a treasury person and got a loan for Columbus' voyage
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Talavera
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Isabella's advisor who didn't want Columbus to go on his voyage.
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Palos de La Frontera
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Paid for the Nina and Pinta (Santa Maria was privately chartered)
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Pinzon Family
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Helped find a crew for the voyage.
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Bartolome Columbus
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Christopher Columbus' brother
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Diego Columbus
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Christopher Columbus' brother
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Columbus' son
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Diego
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Constantinople
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Moslem capital---> Turk capital
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Genoa, Italy
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City State where Columbus grew up.
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Lisbon, Portugal
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Capital. Center of Exploration/Navigation
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Medeira, Portugal
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Island, where Columbus set sail very often
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Canary Islands
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Where Columbus set sail from to go to "Asia"
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Which ship was the biggest?
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Santa Maria
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What kinds of people went onboard the ships?
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-Local Professional sailors
-Royal Clerks recording events |
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August 3rd, 1492
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3 Ships embarked down river Tinto to begin the voyage
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Why did Columbus' ships end up going to the Carribean instead of North America?
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Countries north of Spain would go there but Columbus picked up the Northeast tradewinds
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How did he know to go to the Canary islands then due west?
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1. Canaries were the only Spanish island.
2. Consistently lucky. 3. Thought they were on the same latitude as Japan |
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Bartolome de las Casas
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Priest who went along on the ship and kept a digest of voyage
---weather, distance, etc. |
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October 12th, 1492
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Juan Rodriguez Berneo (Rodrigo) calls "land!"
(This earned him a yearly pension for life.) |
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What did Columbus do when land was spotted?
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He and the other 2 captains went ashore to claim land
--log said he "didn't want to force" the Indians. |
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How did Columbus first describe the Indians?
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--Good servants
--Could be easily converted to Christians --May be taught to "speak" --May take them all as slaves-destined to die. |
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What were the Arawak Indians (Tainos) like?
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--Bahamas
--Developed agriculture, spinning/weaving --No horses or large animals --Village owned by all --No iron |
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What happened to the Arawak Indians? (Tainos)
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Although they were welcoming and gave up everything, they were killed when they took anything from Columbus. Forced to show him their source of gold leading him to Cuba.
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Why did Columbus go to Cuba?
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1. Thought Kublai Khan was there ("Cuba" sounds like "Kublai")
2. Source of gold according to Arawaks. |
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What was Haiti/D.R. renamed?
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Hispaniola
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What was supposedly there?
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1. Gold because Pinzon was told that then Columbus caught up later.
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Cacique definition
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Local cheiftain
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When/Where was the first fort built?
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Christmas 1492/ Hispaniola
named "Puerto de Navidad" or Christmas Harbor |
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Who was the commander of the fort?
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Diego de Arana
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Describe the 1st Battle.
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Spaniards wanted to buy bow and arrows from Indians who only gave them two.
Two Indians were killed over this while the others fled. |
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February 14th-->Storm at sea.... What happened?
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-Ships separated until Palos harbor
--Pinta landed in N. Spain ----Nina landed on Santa Maria island of Azores....sailors went to church and were arrested but then were let go because Columbus showed his letters to the Khan. --->Then they left Portugal for Spain 10 days later. (24th) |
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Columbus reported back from first voyage that..... (3 things)
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1. reached Asia.
2. built town on Hispaniola which was fertile and w/ rivers, mountains, plains, spices and golds 3. Naked, intelligent, kind inhabitants w/o iron or arms |
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Columbus' reception in Portugal.....
What did King John II say? |
--He was pleased but claimed the land because of the 1979 treaty.
--Columbus argued that he wasn't in Africa and it was eventually settled as Spain's land as decided by the pope. |
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May 1493
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Pope Alexander VI set line that anything 100 leagues west of Azores went to Spain
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1494- Tordesillas
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Line redrawn as 370 leagues west of Azores was Spain's land.
(others countries didn't like this) |
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How were Indians treated on second voyage?
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called savages and taken as slaves (until it didn't provide profits since the cold killed them in Spain)
people island hopped, taking captives. |
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How many ships set out for second voyage? When was it?
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17+
Sept. 25th, 1493- Nov. 3rd |
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What happened to the first colony of Indians in Hispaniola?
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They all died since then and many more were killed by the Spaniards.
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Where was the 2nd fort? It's name?
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Isabela on Hispaniola
it's building led to resentment towards Columbus because of the hard work. |
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When Columbus went from Hispaniola to Cuba (April 1494), why did he follow the southern coast?
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Aristotle said all good things are in the south.
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What did they find in Jamaica?
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Less friendly Indians who immediately fled
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Why did Columbus make his crew sign a deposition?
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To say that Cuba was a part of mainland Asia, after Diaz had his crew sign one when he rounded the Cape of Good Hope (1488)
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When did Columbus make it back after the second trip?
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6 months later in September
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Who did Columbus meet with back in Spain after his second voyage?
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His brother Bartolome
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Who rejected the cruel treatment of the Indians? Which ones stirred up the Indians to resist?
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Pedro Margarit, Friar Bull, and Hojeda.
Margarit and Hojeda |
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When Columbus needed money (Feb. 1495) what did he do?
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He took gold and slaves back to Spain and sold the slaves like animals.
-(ship could only carry 500 so the best of the 1500 captives were taken [300 survived] and the rest were let go and ran miles to escape)-- |
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After realizing the slaves died and were not profitable, what did Columbus do for gold?
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Every Indian in Cibao 14+ had to collect gold for him and had to bring a certain amount of gold every month or else they would be killed. (Hands cut off)
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Because of the severe pacification what did many Indians turn to?
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Suicide. In two years half a million people were killed or killed selves.
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By 1496, there was clearly no gold left so...
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encomienda system adopted.
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What's an Encomienda
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Spaniards claimed the land and the Indians on the land were taken as slaves or hired out as "labor gangs"
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by 1550...
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Every Indian had been killed.
Africans took their place as slaves. |
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Who staged the only successful revolt and what happened as a result?
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Black African slaves, and it made Hairti the 2nd independent republic of the W. Hemisphere.
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What made the Court nervous in October 1495? What was the result?
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Anti-Columbus lobbyists, so the Court sent an investigator and Columbus had to come back to Spain to defend himself.
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When 600 new Spaniards settled on the island what were the biggest problems? (3)
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1. Disease (Syphilis- Great Pox). Obtained from sex slaves. Didn't affect Indians; Killed Spaniards
2. No one who went to settle wanted to work when they got there (because the settlers were rich.) 3. Felt like they were in a barren wasteland. |
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Where did Columbus' crew finally find shiploads of gold?
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Santo Domingo
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After his second voyage, what was the response from Catholic monarchs?
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They were disappointed because they didn't get the promised "mountains of gold." So Columbus lived in Cadiz until he was summoned to Court again.
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Third Voyage...
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6 ships (3 to Hispaniola, 3 to find Cathay)
other 3 reached Trinidad and Margarita in Caribbean Sea. Explored for 6 weeks. ^like a paradise |
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The third voyage they went back to Hispaniola and what did they see?
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--It was worse off than before.
--Indians dying away --Mutinies and fights were everywhere |
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Why was Bobadilla sent to take over in 1800?
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Because the Columbus brothers didn't bring back gold, spices or slaves and were put on trial.
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What is the de la Torre letter?
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The case Columbus made for himself, apologizing to Juana de la Torre (lady in waiting because the queen's son had just died as an infant so she was the next to the throne now)
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Why did he write the de la Torre letter?
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--Hojeda and Amerigo Vespucci went to Margarita and brought back pearls (which Columbus was unable to find. Columbus claimed those pearls)
--says Bobadilla took his gold for himself --describes Arawaks as warlike horrible people who deserved to die. --trying to please the king and queen. |
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What was Ovando's role?
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Erase all Indian society. Burned 84 cheifs and hanged Anacoana.
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What was the last thing Columbus argued for?
What were the terms of this agreement? |
One more chance to find Cathay and meet up with de Gama in Asia to prove he was right. (May 1502)
1. No slaves brought back 2. Crew must be treated like royal servants 3. Royal notary went to record all gold, silver, and pearl findings. |
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Where did Columbus' 4th voyage take him? What did they do there?
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Belen, Panama.
They looked for gold, took Indians (who either escaped or hung themselves to annoy Spaniards) |
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What happened when Columbus and his crew landed in Jamaica for a year (4th voyage). How did they leave?
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People turned on Columbus and they were stuck on the island since Ovando only sent food and didn't take anyone with him.
The only time they left was when the company came in August 1504 and took them back to Spain? |
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What happened to his titles (Admiral and Viceroy) by about 1500?
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They gave him no power anymore.
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Who inherited the titles of Admiral and Viceroy
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His son, Diego.
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Did Columbus' life end on a bad note?
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No, when Isabela died Ferdinand treated him well saying his honor was satisfied. His 10th made him very rich too.
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Examples of Columbus' cruelty and greed:
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--Took credit for sighting land on the Pinta (Rodrigo did)
--Made a dying monkey missing two paws fight a wild pig for entertainment --Bloody conquest of Americas killing Indians almost everywhere --Threw Indian children into the sea. |
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Below the US border, what do they call "Columbus Day"
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The Day of the Race. It celebrates native races.
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