Colonialism And Europe's Industrial Revolution

Front 1

proto globalization

Back 1

process by which the first humans moved out of E. Africa into other parts of the world

pre-colonial settlement of Earth (70,000 yrs ago)

Front 2

alternative economies

Back 2

societies of reciprocity
societies of redistribution

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societies of reciprocity

Back 3

small groups of ppl, tightly connected to the earth, constantly migrating to allow for the earth to regenerate after cultivation

(as pops. grow, this organization becomes less feasible)

Front 4

societies of redistribution

Back 4

social hierarchy- rulers persuade common ppl to grow crops for themselves and redistribute surplus to elites

urban core supported by agricultural periphery

these city states came together to form larger regional empires

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core

Back 5

characterized by high levels of development, innovation, dense trade flows

-dominance over periphery

Front 6

periphery

Back 6

characterized by lack of development, poverty and powerlessness

-subordinated by core

Front 7

the Great Divergence

Back 7

the long process/string of events by which China and India went from being the world's economic core to its periphery and Europe, vice versa

Front 8

place based explanations of the Great Divergence

Back 8

1. nature/environment- env. disadvantage of living in tropical areas (wheat/corn/rice don't grow), but Europe has right climate/topography

2. culture- Protestant ethic, spirit of capitalism

3. governance- democratic capitalism is key

Front 9

connectivity based explanations of the Great Divergence

Back 9

asymmetric relationships btwn Europe & its colonies led it to flourish (military power)

Europe could more easily reach/exploit Americas than China

Front 10

empire

Back 10

process of geopolitical influence not necessitating physical presence in that place

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colony

Back 11

another power physically occupies a state in order to control/benefit from it

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mercantilism (1450-1750)

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gov't control of trade is essential to maintaining military security- calls for positive balance of trade

Front 13

white man's burden (Kipling)

Back 13

discourse that allowed colonialism to exist

white man should spread civilization to help the rest of the world, serving the captives "need" for civility

Front 14

orientalism (Said)

Back 14

discourse that allowed colonialism to exist

way that East historically characterized thru mysticism surrounding art, literature, etc., stereotypes allowing Westerners to portray Easterners as “other"

Front 15

how orientalism used by colonizers

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used large, abstract concepts to describe unknown ppl

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American orientalism

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diff experience w/ orient b/c no direct colonial relationship so even more based on abstractions

*influenced by presence of Jewish Israel in middle of Muslim world

Front 17

struggle over discourse about how to define "liberalism"

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ex- Regan is a neoliberal but hates liberals

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state/progressive liberalism (essentially Keynesianism)

Back 18

markets left to themselves create economic, social inequalities

--> state, social movements need to intervene to mitigate inequalities by providing social security, public health, public housing, etc. (Keynesian)

Front 19

3 main ways European colonialism reshaped global connectivities

Back 19

1. controlling territories

2. controlling global labor

3. rearranging global agriculture

Front 20

controlling territory

(reshaping global connectivities)

Back 20

Europe spreads influence by colonizing Africa, Americas, Mid East, Australia, parts of Asia (never China, but huge influence there)

Britain @ center

polarized interconnections

Front 21

controlling global labor

(reshaping global connectivities)

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SLAVE TRADE - cheap labor to support capitalist growth

but also...voluntary immigration, indentured labor

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indentured labor

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people offered opportunity to work somewhere else, transportation there for free, but had to work for certain period of time in return

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rearranging global agriculture

(reshaping global connectivities)

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ex- tea, coffee, sugar (stimulants- improved productivity of euro workers)

key commodities under control of Euros via colonies

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main way European colonialism transformed places

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created new boundaries and nation states

(ones that sometimes didn't make sense for inhabitants)

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"Scramble for Africa" (1880s)

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before this- most of sub-Saharan Africa controlled by local tribes

Euros imposed own political geography on top of this (1885) via a mutual recognition pact

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"Making the Orient"

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before Euro colonialism- Ottoman Empire controls N Africa, Mid East, SE Europe

taken over by Brits during WWI- create artificial boundaries

Front 27

rearranging internal geographies

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colonizers built railroads designed to get stuff out of colonies, didn't build up internal infrastructure

Front 28

political economy

Back 28

notion that you can't understand economic processes w/o understanding the political processes that evolve w/ them

Front 29

how colonies helped Europe's industrial revolution

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1. free capital (spanish gold/silver)

2. factory system (developed in New World, brought back as model)

3. cheap inputs

4. export surplus Euro pops

5. mercantilism- export to colonies

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deindustrialization

Back 30

movement of an economy from a focus on industrial production (intermediate or finished commodities) to a focus on agriculture (primary products/raw materials)

Front 31

corn laws

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steep import duties so bread super expensive, workers had to be paid more

repealed in 1846 & Britain declares free trade

Front 32

why Britain declaring "free trade" matters

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global hegemonic power @ the time- becomes global practice

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irony of Britain declaring "free trade"

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do so only after manipulating trade with india to give themselves advantage

other Euro countries realize, start taxing British imports

Front 34

emergence of steel industries in US/Europe

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very localized b/c coal & iron ore found close together, shifting these things around costs lost of $$$$

urban centers (esp Philly) spring up around industry- example of industrial agglomeration

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economies of scale

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if we organize production line in certain way and produce enough of the product, can lower the production cost for each unit

Front 36

why America rose to economic power

Back 36

bigger market than any other country, vast natural resources