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128 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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George Grenville
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New Great Britain prime minister in 1762
One of his first responsibilities was to dismantle much of the huge military that had fought the French and Indian War; England at peace, didn’t need a vast force of men under arms, reduced size of the army with one exception, he doubled the number of British regular troops in the American colonies; he also decided the colonies would have to pay for their support, answer to Britain’s national debt; thought British government could legitimately legislate over the colonies |
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property owners
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American colonists believed that they could only be represented reasonably by men they had actually voted for, THESE
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George Grenville
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New Great Britain prime minister in 1762. One of his first responsibilities was to dismantle much of the huge military that had fought the French and Indian War; England at peace, didn’t need a vast force of men under arms, reduced size of the army with one exception, he doubled the number of British regular troops in the American colonies; he also decided the colonies would have to pay for their support, answer to Britain’s national debt; thought British government could legitimately legislate over the colonies
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property owners
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American colonists believed that they could only be represented reasonably by men they had actually voted for, THESE
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Virtual representation
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The gap between the colonial concept of true government and Greenville’s theory lies in the difference between these two ideas, the gap between them was a key in the colonial response to British taxation
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Actual representation
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The gap between the colonial concept of true government and Greenville’s theory lies in the difference between these two ideas, the gap between them was a key in the colonial response to British taxation. The colonists saw their concept of THIS which demanded that they physically vote for their representatives, just as colonists in all 13 colonies did regularly with the elections of their colonial representatives
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The Sugar Act/ Duties
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One of the first acts approved by Greenville and placed on the colonies was THIS which he had brought before Parliament; the act increased THESE, or import fees, to be paid on various imports to the colonies, including sugar, wines, coffee, and indigo; among other provisions, the act banned the importation of foreign rums and French wines into the colonies, forcing colonists to buy only from British exporters; a significant goal of the act was to keep the colonies from buying sugar from the French West Indies, as well as other commodities which colonists were regularly importing, effectively bypassing British traders; raised tax revenues in the colonies
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Vice-admiralty court
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Greenville also included in the Sugar Act the establishing of a THIS in Nova Scotia and the deployment of ships to patrol colonial waters to search for smugglers; they were designed to try cases involving accused smugglers, for example, and had been in the colonies for years, but they had proven ineffective, were rarely utilized, and had cases taken from them by colonial courts, with the accused smuggler often going free
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The Stamp Act
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Greenville supported the passing of THIS act, was modeled after an English law which was nearly a century old, requiring stamps on most printed materials; when he presented his plan to parliament, Greenville addressed questions concerning colonial protests of the Sugar Act; intending to stave off colonial protest, Grenville suggested that the funds collected from this be spent in supporting British troops stationed in the colonies; required a tax be paid by purchasing of these to be affixed on all legal documents, tavern licenses, even paper dice, college degrees, newspapers, pamphlets, and advertising broadsides
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Hard currency
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To make matters worse, the stamps had to be purchased with THIS or gold or silver coins, not paper money; difficult to come by in the colonies and the Stamp Act would only cause a further drain on the American economy
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No taxation without representation
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Colonial protests over the legal principle behind such measures; colonists continually spoke about their rights as Englishmen and how they had not given support to such taxes, they cried THIS phrase making it clear that they believed they should have a voice in such matters
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Political tracts/James Otis Jr./The Rights of the British Colonies Asserted and Proved
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Unlike protests against the Sugar Act, colonists organized several types of protests against the Stamp Act; one type was the writing of THIS, or pamphlets, identifying the offending nature of such acts; one such pamphlet was written by THIS brilliant Massachusetts lawyer, his tract THIS addressed the question of parliamentary power, he claimed that Parliament could not tax the colonies, since Americans were not members of the English legislative body; the pamphlet therefore suggested that the answer to the question of parliamentary authority was to give membership in Parliament to elected Americans; he suggested colonists pay the Stamp Act taxes loyally, but reluctantly, colonial protesters disagreed
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The House of Burgess
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The Virginia colonial assembly
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Patrick Henry/Virginia Stamp Act Resolves
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Didn’t agree with Otis that the Stamp Act should be paid loyally; was a member of the House of Burgesses, a Tidewater lawyer, spoke against the Stamp Act before his fellow burgesses; also proposed to the House of Burgess his THIS with resolutions voted on by the members and five of the seven passed, the resolves were a protest of the Stamp Act, addressing the issue of representation and consent to taxation
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The Loyal Nine/Effigy/Andrew Oliver
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A group of Boston printers, artisans, and distillers called THIS organized a demonstration against the Stamp Act, early on the morning of August 14, protesters gathered and hung a dummy, or THIS, of HIM, the province’s appointed stamp distributor, from a tree on Boston Common, that night, a mob built a bonfire outside his home, tossed rocks, breaking the house’s windows, he publically announced he would not collect the duties for the stamps
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The Sons of Liberty/Thomas Hutchinson
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Another Boston mob calling themselves THIS rioted outside the homes of several customs officials. Attacked the townhouse of THIS Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor, the looted and destroyed the home, he didn’t even support the Stamp Act, many in Boston condemned the rioters for their actions. Intimidated merchants to participate in another boycott in 1769
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Stamp Act Congress
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Fall of 1765, about half the colonies sent delegates to New York City to attend a THIS, the colonies of NY, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New Jersey, Maryland, and South Carolina attended and produced a unified, but fairly mild written protest; meeting was unimportant, it represented the first attempt at intercolonial unification sine the Albany Plan
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Boycotts
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American merchants organized nonimportation agreements or THESE of British goods and shippers to put economic pressure on Great Britain, it worked, hurt the wealthy London merchants so much they convinced their friends in Parliament that the Stamp Act had to go, so effective that no a single stamp tax distributor would agree to complete his duties as a stamp agent, five months later, Parliament repealed the Stamp Act
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The Declaratory Act
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At the same time they voted to repeal the Stamp Act, the men of parliament passed THIS; reminded everyone that Parliament had the ability to tax and legislate on behalf of Great Britain’s colonies in America
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Charles Townshend/Duties /Townshend Duties/John Dickinson
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THIS British Chancellor of the Exchequer used the Declaratory Act to promote new taxes on the colonies; his proposals intended to tax imports to America such as paper, lead, glass and tea; previous trade restrictions had been leveled on goods imported into the colonies from foreign countries, THESE or trade taxes were placed on goods coming to America directly from England; purpose was to raise money, not regulate trade, Parliament went along with him; they were THESE, called this in America, raised another storm of protest; HIS pamphlet, Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania, he was a well known American lawyer, argued that Parliament had the power to regulate colonial trade, not the power to raise taxes or revenues through trade
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Francis Bernard
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THIS royal governor delivered a harsh blow in 1768 when he dissolved the Massachusetts assembly, other governors followed his example, and additional colonial assemblies were disbanded; governors were royally appointed and they selected their own councils, the colonial legislatures represented one of the few bodies of political power voted by the people, and they were being eliminated
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The Daughters of Liberty
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Women joined chapters of THIS and held public weaving and spinning rallies, making their own cloth to protest the importation of British textiles, colonists vowed to stop drinking tea with these protests
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Frederick North
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April 1770 THIS new prime minister saw the handwriting on the wall and persuaded parliament to repeal all the Townshend Duties with one exception: the duty on tea; many colonists relieved by the moves in Parliament, some were unprepared to surrender their cause; tax on tea remained a sharp point with colonial protesters
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The Boston Massacre/A ropewalk/The Boston Customs House/Hugh White /Thomas Preston
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Violent crash between Bostonians and British soldiers erupted in the streets; senseless crash but one which had been long in coming; demonstrations against British taxes lead British authorities to station more troops in cities like Boston, subjected Boston women to insults and sexual remarks, intrusive and annoying, sometimes competed with Boston laborers for work; several redcoats showed up at a ship rigging facility called THIS looking for work, fight ensued, that evening a crowd of protesters gathered outside HERE and began taunting THIS lone British sentry, a redcoat known for brawling, called for help, his CAPTAIN answered with 6 other soldiers, soldiers endeared jeers, curses, snowballs, one of soldiers knocked down, began to stand up, musket went off, other shots rang out, mob fled, 5 dead, overly publicized
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Lobsterbacks
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What Bostonians called British troops because of their bright red uniforms
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The Gaspee Incident
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Almost no violent encounters between British authorities and colonial agitators minus this one exception in Rhode Island where THIS British customs vessel ran aground, only to be burned by local colonists, no one was ever convicted for THIS for no one in the tight, patriotic community was willing to implement his or her neighbor
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King George III
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Colonists were not ready to discuss true independence from England, rather they were prepared to pledge their loyalty to HIM as the only legitimate British authority over them
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The Committee of Correspondence of Boston/Samuel Adams
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THIS newly created patriot organization founded by HIM to publicize the British policy move; he was older than most patriotic leaders, full time political agitator, wrote, called meetings, organized patriot efforts often behind closed doors, and wrote a pamphlet with two other men in which they listed the rights they believed all Americans have
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British East India Company
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Parliament passed an act to give financial support to the failing THIS, a tea import firm. THIS allowed British tea agents to collect the Townshend duty on tea and return a portion of the monies directly to the firm; agents were the only ones authorized to sell tea in America, which gave the newly bankrupt company a monopoly on tea sales, allowed the company to sell tea in America cheaper than the tea which smugglers brought into the colonies illegally
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Four Colonial cities British authorities designated as first to receive newly priced tea shipments
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Boston/New York/Philadelphia/Charleston
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Boston
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The scene of patriot inspired violence and protest
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Three East Indian tea ships
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Dartmouth/Eleanor/Beaver
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Thomas Hutchinson
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The royal governor of Massachusetts. Announced he would not permit the tea ships to leave the harbor b/c aware of patriot moves
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5000/Old South Church/Samuel Adams/60/Mohawk Indians/Boston Tea Party/342
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One day before the confiscation of the cargo of tea, THIS many Bostonians attended a meeting HERE. THIS patriot leader chaired the meeting, made final plea to Hutchinson to return tea back to England, refused, announced to patriots that there was nothing he could do to change governor’s mind. THIS many men appeared at the wharf dressed as THIS, forced way onto three ships, broke open tea crates, dumped controversial cargo into sea, THIS had destroyed THIS many chest of tea valued at 10,000 pounds
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Lord North
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Tea’s destruction reached HIM in London 6 weeks later, his ministry ordered the closing of the Boston port, harsh measurement; punished all of Boston instead of instigators for sea going trade was the backbone of the city’s economy, no food or firewood shipped in
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The Massachusetts Government Act
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Parliament punished Boston by passing three punitive acts aimed at Massachusetts patriots. THIS increased the power of the royal governor and forbid all special town meetings
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The Justice Act
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Parliament punished Boston by passing three punitive acts aimed at Massachusetts patriots. THIS allowed the trial of anyone accused of committing a murder while attempting to stop a riot to take place outside the colony where the alleged crime took place
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The Quartering Act
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Parliament punished Boston by passing three punitive acts aimed at Massachusetts patriots. THIS gave British soldiers greater freedom to commandeer private homes and buildings to British troops stationed in Massachusetts
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Coercive Acts/ Intolerable Acts
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Parliament punished Boston by passing three punitive acts aimed at Massachusetts patriots. While members of Parliament believed the colonists would have no choice to accept these three laws or THESE laws known as THIS in the colonies, the colonists saw the acts as part of a deliberate conspiracy to oppress them
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55 men/ First Continental Congress/Carpenters’ Hall
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Colonies agreed to send delegates to an intercolonial conference to discuss the growing rifts between themselves and British authority; THIS many men met in Philadelphia, nearly everyone attending THIS had been chosen illegally, since most of the colonial legislatures had been dissolved by various royal governors; when they took up their issues, the delegates meeting HERE realized they needed to focus on several key issues 1) what upset about 2) what to do about it 3) time for new relationship between colonies and England; debates ensued, decided to petition king and have an economic boycott, everyone believed new relationship with England possibly in which Crown would recognize the rights of colonists as English men and women
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Samuel Adams
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A key patriot, lifelong resident of Boston, professional failure, official junk dealer for Boston, political genius, campaigned against Sugar Act and Stamp Act, organized patriot groups; organized boycotts of British goods and gave signal for Mohawks to raid British tea ships; elected to Massachusetts assembly; his efforts that first committee of correspondence was formed to keep colonists informed of British moves and policy; one of original delegates from Massachusetts to First Continental Congress
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Patrick Henry
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Another political agitator, capable public speaker, stir hearts of audience with intensity of his words. Failed at operating a store and farming, became a successful lawyer and politician. Served in House of Burgesses, best known for patriotic speeches questioning British authority. Spoke against the Stamp Act, gave speech denouncing closing of Boston Harbor after Boston Tea Party
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Daniel Leonard
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One COLONIST who intended to remain loyal to Britain and the crown. To him, the future relationship with Great Britain would have to be al or nothing; one of the few speaking about independence in the colonies, even before its supporters found their voice
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John Adams/40%
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One of the most brilliant and thoughtful of the patriot LEADERS, came to believe that the colonists could be divided into three camps, each one equal in size with each 1/3 patriot cause, 1/3 Loyalists, 1/3 neutral. In reality approximately THIS percent, 2 of every 5 Americans gave support to patriot causes
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Patriots
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Small farmers who owned own property; members of dominant Protestant sects; merchants and urban artisans including skilled workers; those elected to office; people of English descent; participated in boycotts, wrote pamphlets, rallied patriot groups, women sewed to avoid heavily taxed textiles, took up arms; 40%
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Loyalists
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British appointed officials; merchants dependent on British trade; Anglican church (Church of England) members; former British soldiers who remained in the colonies after their service; farmers who worked the lands of a British landlord; 20%
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Neutral
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Quakers, who were pacifists; many Scot-Irish who were angry at both sides for a variety of reasons; 40%
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George III
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British king, had become convinced that the rebellion underway in America must be stopped, possibly with a show of military force; he and his members of Parliament authorized monies to provide the dispatch of additional British regular troops to the colonies
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Thomas Gage/Samuel Adams and John Hancock/Paul Revere/Concord
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British general who was serving as the military governor of Massachusetts, received orders from British superiors to “arrest and imprison the principal actors and abettors” of the patriot-led rebellion which included these TWO men; General had marched British regulars into the Massachusetts countryside, goal to uncover stockpiles of rebel guns and ammunition, rumored to be stored at small Massachusetts towns, eventually lost effective support or power outside Boston, received secret orders from George III, instructed to arrest rebel leaders and end rebellion; had been timid in dealings with rebels, every time his men moved, failed, partly due to HIS extensive spy network (Boston silversmith); task to capture two guys, not fire first shot, informed they were HERE
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John Hancock
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One of the wealthiest merchant-shippers in Massachusetts who had once defied a British customs official by locking him in the galley of one of his ships while the crew unloaded a cargo of untaxed wine
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Howe, Clinton, and Burgoyne
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Three high ranking British generals were sent over to the colonies were these THREE men, known as “Gentlemen Johnny”; experienced generals intended to intimidate the rebels
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Massachusetts
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THIS was always the centerpiece of rebel action, was declared to be in a state of rebellion, this status gave British soldiers the right to fire upon any suspected patriot rebel on sight, in an effort to quash the American cause; in time, this declaration applied to all rebels in all 13 colonies
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ConcordMinutemen/The Solemn League and Covenant/Patriot Government
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During a town meeting HERE, an illegal gathering of those present raised two companies of troops who pledged to “stand at a minute’s warning in case of alarm”; these volunteers were the first of the famous THIS; of the male adults from here, 4 of 5 signed a document called THIS, under this document they agreed to support the rebel cause and the illegally formed THIS; additional rural Massachusetts towns created and signed similar pledges
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Massachusetts Assembly
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Gage’s hesitations had given renewed boldness to the patriot leaders, members of THIS, officially disbanded by royal governor Thomas Hutchinson, had begun to meet again, based on their own authority and in defiance of the British; House members voted to collect colonial taxes for themselves and saw themselves as the true government of the colony, also gave support to rebel militia
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Lord Dartmouth/Open Rebellion
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THIS Colonial Secretary of State for America declared the colony of Massachusetts to be in THIS. His orders were added to those of British officials in London, giving Gage instructions to use force against this rude rabble
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Thomas Gage/Lexington/Paul Revere/Francis Smith/Concord/William Dawes
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This general governor’s spies informed him that the shortest and fastest route to Concord, located about 20 miles NW or Boston, was along the primary road through the little town of THIS; rebels knew British troops in Boston were under orders, didn’t know what to anticipate; HE organized several spies and alarm riders to ride on horseback ahead of many British troops who might advance to the west out of Boston, night of April 18, 1775, he and spies waited in dark streets of Boston for British movement; meanwhile the general had ordered THIS Lieutenant Colonel to march 700 men HERE to capture Hancock and Adams and to uncover stores of arms allegedly hidden there; British could move by boat across water to Charleston or march along main road; THIS alarm rider pretended he was a drunk farmer, staggering past British sentries, saw British planning to boat to Charleston, signaled, rode to Lexington to warn Minutemen and other militia along route
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Paul Revere/Old North Church/One lantern/Two lanterns/Charles River/Lexington
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HE was one of Boston’s most skilled silversmiths, had left instructions to comrades to signal his patriot friends in Charleston of British intentions by lighting lanterns and placing them in the steeple of THIS which faced the river; THIS would indicate British intended to march out of city, THIS signaled the troops were headed on foot; he rowed across THIS river, had supposedly wrapped petticoats around oars, in Charleston, mounted horse, began famous ride along a different road, shouts awaken patriots, head for HERE, three men rode to Concord, Revere captured, let go, found way to Burlington
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Concord/John Pitcairn/John Parker/Thaddeus Bowman/Buckman Tavern/Battle of Lexington
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Throughout the night of April 18-19 hundreds of British troops marched across the Massachusetts Countryside toward THIS town; THIS British Major arrived with his weary soldiers at Lexington, met by group of Minutemen in double line formation, commander was HIM, he and men decided they wouldn’t let British pass into their town; THIS scout approached the minutemen, reported to Parker that British few miles away; townspeople of Lexington gathered at THIS local drinking establishment; British didn’t appear to back down like normal, patriot commander ordered men to disperse, but nearly 3 dozen British troops ran toward men, muskets and bayonets pointed, British told them to lay down weapons, a shot rang out from unknown side, British major ordered men to stop, pointless, British continued to Concord, 8 militia men dead, 9 wounded, called THIS
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Dr. Samuel Prescott/Reuben Brown/James Barrett/Francis Smith/400/North Bridge/Walter Laurie/Battle of Concord Bridge
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HE had reached Concord and informed the rebel militia of coming British, after Lexington skirmish, THIS patriot rider had arrived informing comrades of fires at Lexington, THIS local commander began assembling men for action; THIS British Commander arrived with troops, house to house search, no weapons found, local commander kept calm knowing militiamen on way, but saw smoke rising above town, thought British destroying homes, ordered men to march toward town, THIS many men reached HERE, vs. 120 British soldiers guarding it, both sides ordered not to fire, THIS British commander of troops retreated men to opposite side of bridge, British fire warning shots, failed, volley of British bullets, Americans fired, British abandoned here, first day of fighting of American Revolution but not over, all of this called THIS
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The Brown Bess
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British and colonists armed with the same ineffectual muskets, issued to colonial militia men by British authorities, clunky weapon known as THIS, extremely inaccurate, of all the musket balls fired that day, and only 1 of 300 estimated hit its mark
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Bloody Chute
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What the British called the road of their retreat THIS
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Redcoats
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British soldiers commonly referred to in the colonies as THIS
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Benedict Arnold/Fort Ticonderoga/The Green Mountain Boys/Ethan Allen
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A young Philadelphian Patriot leader who decided to attempt the capture of THIS British controlled fort located to the west in New York where there were several siege weapons. THIS group of Vermont Patriots led by THIS Vermonter advanced on the British fort, captured it with the patriot leader’s help, resulted in the seizure of 100 artillery pieces for the Patriot cause. The Vermonter and his men spent the remainder of 1775 dragging the cannons east to Boston. This Patriot leader was to advance secretly through the rugged Main woods toward Quebec City after Congress determined that American forces should march on British Canada so Quebec in the conflict. Another American officer, HIM, was to move up Lake Champlain to Montreal, both went bad, colonial effort to seize Canada was a dismal failure
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Gage/Dorchester Heights/William Prescott/Bunker Hill/Richard Gridley/Breed’s Hill/William Howe/Battle of Breed’s Hill
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THIS British general intended to remove troops from Boston but not without a fight. Made plans to row across water south of Boston and capture THIS, then advance onto Patriot center at Cambridge and smash the rebels, but rebels heard of plan, THIS Patriot colonel and men lured the British away from Cambridge and fortified HERE, from here, colonials could train guns on British ships in Boston’s harbor. The colonel advanced it with 1000 soldiers, took up defensive position, THIS officer who was a military engineer pointed to another hill adjacent and suggested to take up position HERE also which was a quarter mile closer to British, rebels took both, British general informed, met with 3 British generals, he ordered direct frontal assault with HIM in direct command, retreat, regroup and advance again, pushed back again, launched 3rd assault, but rebels of the second hill low on ammunition, abandon position, THIS battle took place in less than an hour
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George Washington/William Howe/New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and frontier Carolinas /Hessians/Battle of Moore’s Creek
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A few weeks after the battle of Breed’s Hill THIS general arrived at Cambridge to assume command of the Patriot army; undisciplined force, chaotic pigsty encampments, no organized command system, horrible sanitation; organized camps, set rules, firmly disciplined. Spring of 1776 Gage prepared to leave colonies along with officers and troops under his command, 1000 Loyalists left with him for Nova Scotia, so British installed THIS military leader General who believed the fighting should concentrate in the colonies against the patriots, meaning an offensive war. He noted these FOUR Loyalist strongholds which determined his course of action, didn’t pan out, not as many as he hoped; British alliance with German allies called THIS carried out atrocities against American civilians; fought Patriots in THIS battle, Loyalists were roundly defeated
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Thomas Paine/Common Sense/Royal Brute/Republican government
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THIS Englishman who had recently arrived in the colonies from England, was a corset maker’s apprentice, wrote and published THIS pamphlet which was a call of redirection for the colonies. Philadelphia resident, supported colonial protest movement, spoke in favor of colonials campaigning for rights as Englishmen but also vocal in support of American independence; his pamphlet was designed to stir the hearts of ordinary Americans, painted the British political system as abusive, critical of various men who were kings, refereed to current King George III as THIS; went further with his belief that any man in the colonies, even the most common, had the inherent ability to be his own leader, make his own decisions; believed in the concept of THIS, a system in which the people give power to the leaders in power, which they can also take away when it suits them; saw harsh gov power everywhere
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John Adams
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One of the best known Patriots from Massachusetts, said that Paine’s pamphlet support his ideas
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Richard Henry Lee/The second Continental Congress
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THIS delegate from Virginia, a wealthy planter, spoke on behalf of the provincial convention of his colony and presented to the members of THIS formal resolutions calling for independence, establishment of a national government, development of diplomatic alliances with foreign powers who might support the American Revolution
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John Dickinson/Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston, Jefferson
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This patriotic leader was appointed to lead the first committee to develop a centralized, national government; the second committee was to draft a document stating the cause of America independence which included these FIVE men
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Thomas Jefferson/Declaration of Independence /Life, liberty, pursuit of happiness
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A shy, reserved man, part of the 5 that was to draft a document stating the cause of America independence; rarely spoke out, didn’t have a forceful voice, no one in Congress was as well read or as knowledgeable on the subjects of government, political theory, philosophy; a gifted writer. Drafted the Declaration on which Congress would later debate and vote; his THIS began with the words that reflected the philosophy of Enlightenment; believed all men had the right to these THREE things; outlined later colonial grievances against the British Crown
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July 2, 1776
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The day Congress declared America’s independence from Great Britain, Jefferson’s Declaration adopted two days later
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William and Richard Howe/New York City/Brooklyn/Manhattan/Harlem Heights/Battle of White Plains/Charles Lee/The Fight for New York City
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THIS general boarded his troops on British ships under the command of his brother HIM, an admiral, and sailed for HERE, believed to be a Loyalist stronghold; before sailing, the brothers had formed a military unit of 30000 men at arms which represented the entire population of NYC; not intent on a crushing military victory, they were friendly with many Americans and hoped the revolution would end soon; brothers hoped to serve as purveyors of compromise, hoped to end war quickly by crushing Washington’s army decisively and negotiating a hasty conclusion to the rebellion; Washington moved forces to NYC, heard the declaration of independence, the brothers delayed attack on NYC; August 22nd British advanced on THIS end of Long Island, Washingtons men ran, brothers pulled back, Washington men to HERE, eventually fled there too; on THIS northern end of the island, Washingtons forces stood and fought, limited victory, British later attacked them in THIS battle which resulted in another Washington retreat. Also, THIS US general refused to send reinforcements, NYC in British hands, all of this called THIS
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Trenton/Hessians/Alexander Hamilton
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Winter of 1776-77, Washington wanted to attack, enemy not expecting them to, he found a likely outpost for an attack across the Delaware from his encampment in THIS town, here 2/3000 THIS or German mercenaries were encamped; Washington developed a daring plan of hit and run against the unsuspecting Germans, a tactic he had witnessed during the French and Indian War; this called for 3 coordinated forces to cross the Delaware River under darkness, surround enemy encampment, crossed semi frozen river, Christmas night crossed in large cargo boats, marched 9 miles to the town in snow, rain, and hail, set up cannons, opened fire, Germans completely surprised; among the artillery officers that day was THIS young lieutenant who would one day become Secretary of the Treasury under Washington; patriots capture 1000 prisoners
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3
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Out of the 12 battles in the Revolutionary war, how many did Washington win?
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Massachusetts/Maryland and Virginia
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A number of Continental Army soldiers were black, THIS state began allowing free blacks and slaves to enlist for military service; other states followed suit; THESE two states finally made allowances to let blacks don Continental uniforms
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Princeton/Washington’s “nine day wonder”
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In January Washington and men across Delaware again from Pennsylvania to attack the British garrisoned HERE, while one the march, Continental Army encountered and fought 2 British regiments; men seemed ready to fall back, Washiington rode horse and encouraged them to fight, never shot, British retreated from the skirmish, His New Jersey victories were the talk of Patriot circles and became known as THIS
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“year of the hangman”/Philadelphia/Brandywine Creek/Germantown/Johnny Burgoyne/Barry St. Leger/Howe/Albany
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1777 became known as THIS because it symbolized three hangman’s scaffolds. Howe advanced with 15000 Redcoats to HERE, intent on capturing the city; Washington attempted to block him, soundly defeated HERE south of the city and HERE where a near victory had turned into an American rout after British troops suddenly appeared at Washington’s rear; British occupy another American city; THIS British general stationed in Montreal Canada determined to move south into New York; a second British force commanded by HIM sailed up St. Lawrence River, south to Lake Ontario, then to Fort Oswego; third force led by HIM advance north from New York, each reach HERE and in the process effectively cut off New England states from the others; ultimately failed
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Fort Ticonderoga/Fort Schuyler/The Battle of Oriskany/Nicholas Herkimer/Benedict Arnold
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Burgoyne succeeded in capturing THIS fort from the Americans, St. Leger’s advance resulted in the capture of THIS fort; during THIS battle, THIS patriot General met St. Leger’s forces of British regulars and Loyalists, plus various Iroquois allies, short lived British victory, British and Indian allies completely surprised Continental Army, fought back hard, fight became brawl with hand to hand combat, patriot general and half of rebel troops killed or wounded on that single bloody day of fighting. Win for St. Leger, separate unit of American forces destroyed British encampment during the fight, enemy with few provisions; THIS Patriot general positioned between Albany and St. Leger, sent misinformed loyalist into Leger’s camp to warn him that Arnold was advancing, lie was all Indian allies needed to hear, most of them abandoned British; Leger retreat
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Phillip Schuyler/Horatio Gates/Jane McCrea
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The rebel army under THIS general’s command, the Continental Army’s Norhtern Department organized an extraordinary resistance to the British march from the north; axement felled trees and blocked the British advance, destroyed bridges; as a showdown between the Patriots and Burgoynee’s forces approached, he was replaced by HIM because the New Englanders thought him too aristocratic. New general was a popular general, encouraged militiamen to join him, incentive driving them was when THIS fiancée of one of Burgoyne’s loyalist officers and an elderly femal companion had gone from Albany to Fort Edward, two women accompanied by Indian escorts, Indians drink, fight, the fiancée was shot and scalped, Indians reported, Burgoyne did nothing to punish Indians because of alliance with them, Burgoyne had bad rep, story turned into fiancée being innocent colonial woman, American men join up
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John Stark/Battle of Bennington/Parley/Battle at Saratoga/Benedict Arnold
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August 16, Burgoyne suffered another loss when a unit of New Hampshire militia men under the command of THIS General defeated 1600 Hessians whom Burgoyne had dispatched to steal supplies from American farmers; during THIS battle, the German commander attempted to surrender by ordering his drummers to beat for a THIS or peace talks, Americans didn’t recognize the German drum signal and continued fighting; Burgoyne’s army surrounded as Continental troops approach his forces from several directions; in two battles both near Saratoga, Burgoyne’s men fought hard, unable to break past American positions, THIS battle, rebel army owed much the leadership to THIS general who was severely wounded in the leg; October 17, Burgoyne surrendered army to Gates, British strategy of 1777 had failed
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Battles at Saratoga
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THESE battles and the surrender of Burgoyne’s men represented one of the most important battles for the Patriots of the entire ware, led to France joining Patriot cause
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Committee of Secret Correspondence
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The Second Continental Congress created a standing committee known as THIS, late in 1775, its purpose was to “correspond with our friends in Great Britain, Ireland, and other parts of the world”; goal was to draw support from sympathetic Englishmen and foreign powers
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Archard de Bonvouloir/King Louis XVI
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1776, French interest in the American war effort brought THIS diplomat to the rebel capital of Philadelphia, a young French aristocrat, made it clear the government of HIM would supply arms and other war materials; back in France in Spring 1776 gathering weapons, government loans, outright cash, in support of Americans against long time French enemy, the British;
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Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Arthur Lee/The Treaty of Army and Commerce/The Treaty of Friendship and Alliance
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These 3 men, a group of American diplomats traveled to Paris to facilitate a French alliance. French wanted any major agreement to be proceeded by a major American military victory ,since such an alliance would probably plunge Britain and France into war with one another, but after Saratoga, French signed the first of two treaties with Americans; THIS treaty bound the two nations together as treading partners; THIS treaty declared the two powers “good and faithful” allies during the time of war with Great Britain
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Valley Forge/requisition
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By Christmas, clear to Patriots that 1777 was going to end with no end to the war in sight, and the British occupying major northern American cities such as New York and Philadelphia; Washington’s army was encamped in the cold desolate countryside of Pennsylvania, site known as THIS, a name which alluded to the iron things; 20 miles away from Philadelphia, army struggled there through the winter, cold, hungry, surrounded by death, little hope; the picture of life here is one of the enduring symbols of the war; inadequate shelter, legendary bloody footprints in the snow from soldiers with no shoes or boots; of the 10,000 men there, a quarter of them died; lack of food and supplies due to disagreement between Second Continental Congress and General Washington, congress thought Washington THIS supplies from local citizens, Washington didn’t want to
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Friedrich von Steuben
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One of the important drill instructors for the American army was THIS Prussian volunteer, 50 years old, claimed to be a Prussian aristocrat who had served in the armies of Frederick the Great as a lieutenant general; he knew the art of war and how to train soldiers, had to have a translator
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Caribbean/Spain/Dutch
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One point of conflict between the two 18th century superpowers was control of trade HERE where England and France had become long time rivals; 1779 British had another problem to face when THIS country joined with France against Great Britain; 1780 the British declared war on THIS country who were supplying the Americans with war materials
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Southern Strategy/Clinton/Charles Lee/Battle of Monmouth
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British generals and military planners turned their strategies in 1778 turned focus on southern states, their THIS was based on the new realities of the war, with France now in the picture, the British would have to scatter their forces to various hot spots in the American states, the Caribbean and Europe, huge armies no longer available to mass against the rebels, believed the southern states were home to a higher percentage of Loyalists than the other states; this campaign fell into the hands of THIS General who was a capable field commander, he had been present in the conflict since the siege of Boston, itching to take command; told to leave Philadelphia for NYC, crossing Delaware, Washington men march in best formation to fight them before reaching NY, hot day, Washington’s men attacked his rear line, half of American army under command of THIS subordinate general who hadn’t supported the attack, retreated, Washington angrily took over, Americans performed well, battle called THIS
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Marquis de Lafayette
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HE was an aristocratic volunteer from France who had attached himself to the Continental Army under Washington’s command even before French government agreed to support Revolution, loyal to Washington throughout the war, aid to him, remained close their whole lives
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Frontier/Fort Niagara/Wyoming Valley/Mohawk Valley/George Rodgers Clark/Patrick Henry/Henry Hamilton
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War spread HERE in 1778, British advanced out of THIS fort, intended to attack homes and settlements of Americans in the region, British and Indians swept through THIS of the NE Pennsylvania, hundreds of American’s killed; additional fighting took place in New York’s THIS, there American forces and Iroquois Indians fought one another, several Indian villages burned and destroyed. Other encounters centered around THIS young American frontiersman, 23 year old westerner received permission from THIS Virginia governor to advance into Illinois to campaign against THIS notorious British general who had a reputation of a Hair Buyer, since he paid local Indians for American scalps. American man captured the British outposts of Kaskaskia and Vincennes in Illinois, but British recaptured Vincennes, British general captured, British driven from Illinois-Indiana region
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Savannah/Charleston/Benjamin Lincoln/The Citadel/Charles Cornwallis
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November 1778, 3500 British regulars attacked THIS coastal city; city fell almost immediately, so the remainder of Georgia became British control; Clinton sailed to HERE where he hoped to repeat fall, but not easily captured as the Georgia capital, rebel forces put up hard fight, THIS Continental general tried desperately to defend the city through the winter of 1778; many took up positions on the neck of land that jutted out from the city’s northern shore called THIS where Americans fired cannons at British ships, it eventually fell along with the whole city; Clinton turned command of British forces in the South to THIS General, appeared to have plenty of troops to bring about takeover of South Carolina
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Guerrilla style/Francis Marion
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A different style of fighting developed among Americans, small mobile units increased, fighting was THIS, featuring hit and run raids, ambush, mysterious fires to destroy British supplies. One of the most famous of the Southern guerilla leaders was THIS small but ferocious man who was known as the Swamp Fox, barely five feet tall, raiding bands included blacks and whites, caused Cornwallis considerable frustration, hid in pine forests and swamps of the Carolina backcountry
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Horatio Gates/Nathaniel Greene/Patrick Ferguson/Over the Mountain Men
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To meet the challenge of the British commander Cornwallis, members of the Continental Congress dispatched the hero of the battle of Saratoga, HIM, a favorite of several Congressmen who believed he would finally prove himself in the South to be superior to Washington; three weeks later a full scale battle between him and Cornwallis, rebel troops unprepared, untrained, untested, suffering from extreme diarrhea, Cornwallis smashed the patriot army under the guys command, he even abandoned the field, Washington ordered him to step down, replaced him with THIS young and capable commander; Cornwallis continued South Carolina advance, placed THIS officer who commanded the large unit of Loyalists, he was extremely harsh towards anyone who supported the rebel cause, hung several, THESE men joined Patriots to keep people from encroaching on their Appalachian homes
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Kings Mountain
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Fergusons men engaged frontiersmen after taking up positions HERE, located on the South Carolina-North Carolina border, frontiersmen stormed it from all sides, managed to destroy Ferguson’s army, Ferguson killed by the Over the Mountain men, hung loyalists like they had hung patriot supporters
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Banastre Tarleton/Bloody Tarleton/Morgan/The Cowpens
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Cornwallis divided his forces and sent THIS brash Calvary officer Lieutenant Colonel to catch THIS bulldog Virginian brigadier general into W South Carolina and his men; British Calvary officer outnumbered the Patriots, charged them, Americans skirmish line folded, cut to ribbons, British man seen as perpetrating a massacre, famous in England, known as THIS. Attacked THIS Patriot man who had taken position on the rise of a rolling meadow called THIS, positioned men in three lines, many British lives lost in less than one hour, Americans had once again defeated the British advance across the South
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Battle of Guilford Court House
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Cornwallis continued offensive against Greene, allowed British to chase them across countryside while wearing them down, Green turned on Cornwallis and fought THIS battle in central North Carolina. Cornwallis outplanned them, took the day even though outnumbered two to one; Cornwallis abandoned Carolinas, turned toward Wilmington, North Carolina then to Yorktown
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Benedict Arnold/Peggy Shippen/John Andre
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THIS officer under Washington committed an act of treason against his comrades and the American people, had the ability on the battlefield and determination to face long odds and adversity, suffered serious leg injury during the second Saratoga battle, Washington believed he couldn’t fight in field again, appointed him military governor of Philadelphia; met HER there, a wealthy and attractive young woman, fell in love, but she was sympathetic to British, he pursued her anyway, embezzled funds to provide for her, she tried to convince him that Revolution was lost cause, told him he could rise in British cause. Married, wavered towards her influence, American military officials charged him with criminal activities, convicted of graft and embezzlement, Washington kept him from being severely punished, slight reprimand, but the turned against American cause, was appointed to command NY fort at West Point which controlled the Hudson River, made himself available to British, turned West Point over to British. His contact was THIS aide-de-camp to Clinton, Washington visited West Point, he fled, took boat downriver to British line, Washington discovered treason, the aide was hanged
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Comte de Rochambeau/Yorktown/Admiral de Grasse/March 4, 1782/7 years
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French arrived with the war council for which Washington had long waited, sat down with THIS French naval commander and wanted to liberate NY, but French wanted to move against Cornwallis at HERE where he could be easily trapped and defeated, Washington agreed, Lafayette and Steuben joined ranks of Patriots for this fight, Cornwallis feared attack, THIS Admiral in Chesapeake bay with fleet, made British believe still camped in NY; Patriots to Cornwallis location, all night cannon barrage, Cornwallis surrendered; battle here was to become the last major battle of the war, THIS date British Parliament voted to give up, after THIS many years of conflict, Americans gained independence
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John Paul Jones/Serapis/English Channel
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Late 1777, at sea THIS American seaman had successfully raided military targets along the English and Scottish coasts through much of 1778, next year, able to capture THIS British war frigate in a sea battle, only after his own vessal received serious damage and sank, battle occurred within sight of English coast
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John Jay/Benjamin Franklin and John Adams/Treaty of Paris of 1783
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He later served as the first Chief Justice of the US Supreme Court, he along with these TWO others hammered out the peace with the British, solid team, informed Great Britain that a formal recognition of American independence must take place before any negotiations could continue, British commissioner agreed, the result was THIS, which could not have been more favorable to the Americans, independence was granted, Great Britain surrendered all territorial claims, North and South boundaries established
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Nationalism
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The spirit of THIS after the revolution was strong
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Republicanism
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America witnessed the formation of a national government as well as state governments based on the theory and practice of THIS, they understood the importance of their leaders gaining their power by the consent of the people, this replaced their old provincial congresses and Patriot committees
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John Dickinson/Articles of Confederation
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HE from Pennsylvania was chosen to draft a constitution for the US, framework called for a strong, national government, called for a confederation which maintained power in the hands of the various state governments; by 1777 the first constitution called THIS had been adopted by the Congress
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Farmers/Stay Laws/Daniel Shays/Shay’s Rebels/Shay’s Rebellion/ Petersham
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Years of post-Revolutionary War depression, THEY were hit the hardest, especially those living in W Massachusetts, in debt with lands overextended through mortgages and other loans, sought relief from state officials, expecting the Massachusetts legislature to pass THIS which limited a creditor’s ability to foreclose or take back land on which a farmer could no longer afford to pay his debts or mortgage, passed the lower Massachusetts house, failed in upper house; they were protesting what they believed were high taxes and a government that appeared unresponsive; THIS 39 year old veteran of the Revolution became a leader of the violent protest, a group of his followers called THIS managed to disturb court proceedings in Massachusetts, targeting those courts foreclosing on farm loans and relieving farmers of their property, broke into jails and freed fellow men who were in debtor’s prison for not paying debts, others across states in New England rose up, inspired by THIS; Massachusetts government called military forces to put down rebellion, led by THIS general to break up gathering of 1000 rebellious men with pitchforks who attacked federal arsenal in Springfield, four of the protesters died, 20 wounded, rest ran; 4000 state troops attacked the village of THIS, surprising a group of them hiding there, had to give up cause, the state legislature voted to reduce taxes and granted amnesty to the leaders of the rebellion
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Bloody Chute
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The road taken by the retreating British following the battles of Lexington and Concord
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John Adams
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Patriot leader who states the “real revolution” began in the hearts and minds of Americans
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Thomas Gage
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British general serving as military governor of Massachusetts in 1775
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Ethan Allen
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Leader of the green mountain boys who captured cannon at fort Ticonderoga in new York
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Richard Gridley
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Patriot military engineer who suggested colonial militiamen take positions on breed’s hill
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Charlestown
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Peninsula where breeds hill and bunker hill are located
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William Howe
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British officer who took command of british troops in America in spring of 1776
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Hessians
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German mercenaries hired by the british to fight in the American colonies
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Moore’s Creeek
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North Carolina battle where patriots defeated loyalists on February 27, 1776
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Common Sense
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Patriot publication written by Thomas paine, which called for independence
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Thomas Jefferson
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32 year old Virginian who wrote the declaration of independence
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Charles Lee
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Continental general who refused to relieve washington’s men during the new York battle
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Marblehead
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Home of Massachusetts boatmen who floated Washington’s army across the Delaware River
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Trenton
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New Jersey battle won by Washinton’s forces on Christmas
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Princeton
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Second New Jersey battle won by Washington’s army in early January 1777
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Morristown
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Site of winter encamptment of Washington’s army thorugh winter of 1776-1777
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William Howe
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British general who captured American city of Philadelphia in July 1777
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Burgoyne
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British general stationed in Montreal who began march south into New York in 1777
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St. Leger
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British colonel who sailed up St. Lawrence to Lake Ontario, then to Fort Oswego
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Oriskany
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Battle in which Barry St. Leger’s forces gained a short-lived win in the Mohawk Valley, August 1777
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Philip Schuyler
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American general whose Northern Department slowed the advance of general burgoyne
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Bennington
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Battle in which Hessians were defeated by new Hampshire militiamen, August 16, 1777
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Saratoga
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New York battle where Johnny Burgoyne was defeated by Horatio Gates
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De Bonvouloir
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French diplomat who helped convince King Louis XVI to aid Americans against British
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