College Biology Chapter 5

Front 1

Phospholipids make up the ________of this membrane

Back 1

lipid bilayer

Front 2

Aquaporins aid in rapid transport of _____across a membrane

Back 2

Water

Front 3

ID Tags that are recognized by membrane proteins of other cells

Back 3

Glycoprotein

Front 4

Proteins that recognizes neighboring cell

Back 4

Attached sugars

Front 5

Membrane proteins may form intercellular junctions that attach adjacent cells

Back 5

Junction protein

Front 6

Kinks in the unsaturated fatty acid tails of some phospholipids and the presence of cholesterol in animal cells keep phospholipds from packing too tightly

Back 6

Keeps a membrane "fluid"

Front 7

Small__________molecules diffuse easily across the lipid bilayer

Back 7

nonpolar molecules

Front 8

Each phospholipid molecule has a head that is attracted to water (hydrophilic: hydro = water; philic = loving)

Back 8

Each phospholipid molecule has a tail that repels water (hydrophobic: hydro = water; phobic = fearing).

Front 9

Both layers of the plasma membrane have the hydrophilic heads pointing toward the outside; the hydrophobic tails form the inside of the bilayer.

Back 9

Because cells reside in a watery solution (extracellular fluid), and they contain a watery solution inside of them (cytoplasm), the plasma membrane forms a circle around each cell so that the water-loving heads are in contact with the fluid, and the water-fearing tails are protected on the inside.

Front 10

the cholesterol that is stuck in there(plasma membrane) makes the membrane more stable and prevents it from solidifying when your body temperature is low. (It keeps you from literally freezing when you’re “freezing.”)

Back 10

Plasma membrane

Front 11

____________key ingredient of bilogical membranes

Back 11

Phospholipids

Front 12

Membrane need ______________________to regulate the movement of substances into and out of the cell in the origin of a cell the formation of a simple lipid bilayer membrane would not be sufficient.

Back 12

embedded proteins

Front 13

The tendency for particles of any substance to spread out into the available space

Back 13

diffusion

website study.com

Front 14

Net movement will occur from the side of the membrane where dye molecules are more concentrated to the side where they are less concentrated

Back 14

Dye diffused down its concentration gradient

Front 15

When both sides have equal concentrations of dye

Back 15

Dynamic equilibrium

Front 16

When a molecule diffuse across its membrane, a cell does not have to work, therefore this movement is called

Back 16

passive transport

Front 17

Most of the traffic across cell membranes occurs by

Back 17

diffusion

Front 18

When O2(oxygen) enters your cells and CO2(carbon dioxide) passes out of them; this is an example of

Back 18

Diffusion down concentration graidents

Front 19

Ions and polar molecules CAN also diffuse across the hydrophobic interior of a membrane if...

Back 19

they are moving down their concentration gradients and have transport proteins to help them cross.

Front 20

Diffusion accross a membrane is called passive transport because

Back 20

The cell does not expend energy to transport substances that are diffusing down their concentration gradient.

Front 21

means that only certain substances areable pass through the cell membrane.A selectively permeable membrane is a membrane that only can bepermeated by selective things, in other words a surface that letssome molecules in but not others. Like a cell membrane will letwater diffuse into it :)

Back 21

Selectively permeable

Front 22

The process of the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane

Back 22

Osmosis

Front 23

Substance that dissolves in a liquid solvent

Back 23

Solute

Front 24

Mixture from a subtance that dissolves in a solvent

Back 24

solution

Front 25

Net movement of water down its concentration gradient

Back 25

Osmosis

Front 26

The lower solute concentration will move to the higher solute concentration

Back 26

What direction will the net water move?

Front 27

The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water is called

Back 27

tonicity

Front 28

if an animal cell (red blood cell) is immersed in an _________________solution, the cell volume remains constant; the cell gains water at the same rate that it loses it.

Back 28

isotonic

Front 29

IV (intravenous fluids) must be isotonic to blood cells

Back 29

True

Front 30

Animal cells are bathed in an ______________________fluid that is isotonic to the cells

Back 30

extracellular

Front 31

Seawater is ________________to the cells of many marine animals like sea stars and crabs

Back 31

isotonic

Front 32

The cell gains water, swells and may burst (lyse) like an overfilled balloon when an animal cell is placed in _____________solution

Back 32

hypotonic solution

Front 33

When an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the cell can...

Back 33

shrivel and die from water loss,

Front 34

The ability to control the water balance to help the animal survive in a hypotonic or hypertonic environment is called

Back 34

osmoregulation

Front 35

When a freshwater fish which lives in a hypotonic environment takes up water by osmosis across the cells of its gills and its kidneys work constantly to remove excess water from the body, this is an example of

Back 35

osmoregulation

Front 36

Plant cell healthy environment in which the plant is turgid(very firm) would be

Back 36

hypotonic environment

Front 37

Cell wall back pressure that occurs when the plant cell swells as water enters by osmosis

Back 37

Turgor pressure(prevents plant cell from taking in too much and bursting)

Front 38

Plants that are not woody, such as house plants depend on their _________for mechnical support

Back 38

turgid cells

Front 39

Just like an animal cell, when a plant cell is in a __________________environment, the plant cell loses water, shrivels and its plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall.

Back 39

hypertonic environment

Front 40

Plasmolysis

Back 40

A plant cell loses water, shrivels and its plasma membrane pulls away from the cell wall;

Front 41

this process causes the plant to wilt and can be lethal to the cell and the plant

Back 41

Plasmolysis

Front 42

Meats and other foods can be preserved with concentrated salt solutions because the cells of food-spoiling bacteria or fungi become______________

Back 42

plasmolyzed and eventually die.

Front 43

The function of a contractile vacuole in a freshwater Paramecium

Back 43

They are specific for the solutes they transport, the numbers and kinds of transport proteins affect a membranes permeability to various solutes.

Front 44

The assisted transport of hydrophilic molecules and ions require the help of specific transport proteins to move across a membrane.

Back 44

Facilitated diffusion

Front 45

The ______________is the driving force in all passive transport

Back 45

Concentration gradient

Front 46

The ____________________ helps a specific substance diffuse across the membrane down its concentration gradient and requires no energy

Back 46

transport protein

Front 47

Substances that use facilitated diffusion for crossing cell membranes

Back 47

sugars, amino acids, ions and water (S A W I)

Front 48

Is a water molecule polar or non-polar

Back 48

polar

Front 49

Waters diffusion through a membranes hydrophobic interior is relatively slow

Back 49

This slow diffusion of water is adequate

Front 50

Cells like plant cells, red blood cell, and cells lining your kidney tubules have greater ________________ needs.

Back 50

water-permeability

Front 51

The protein channel that is the very rapid diffusion of water into and out of each cell

Back 51

aquaporin

Front 52

Aquaporins only allow water molecule to pass through them

Back 52

true

Front 53

In __________ transport, a cell must expend energy to move a solute against its concentration gradient

Back 53

active transport

Front 54

The energy molecule_________ supplies the energy for most active transport.

Back 54

ATP

Front 55

________________ allows a cell to maintain internal concentrations of small molecules and ions that are different from concentrations in its surrundings

Back 55

Active transport

Front 56

Inside an animal cell, it has a higher concentration of Potassium ion (K+) and lower concentration of sodium ions (Na+) than the solution outside of the cell.

Back 56

Example of benefit of active transport

Front 57

The process used to export bulky materials such as proteins or polysaccharide

Back 57

Exocytosis

Front 58

A transport process through which a cell takes in large molecules

Back 58

2 types of endocytosis

Front 59

Phagocytosis

Back 59

Cellular eating-a cell engulfs a particle by wrapping extensions called pseudopodia around it and packing it with a vacuole(membrane enclosed sac)

Front 60

The vacuole then fuses with a ______________ whose hydrolytic enzymes digest the contents of the vacuole.

Back 60

lysosome

Front 61

Protist such as amoeba take in food via

Back 61

phagocytosis

Front 62

White blood cells engulf invading bacteria via phagocytosis

Back 62

phagocytosis

Front 63

Specific solutes for specific molecules are embedded in regions of the membrane that are lined by a layer of coat proteins

Back 63

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 64

Human cells use___________________________ to take in cholesterol from the blood for synthesis of membranes and as a precursor for other steroids.

Back 64

receptor-mediated endocytosis

Front 65

Cholesterol circulates in the blood in particles clled (LDL's) ; These LDL's bind to receptor proteins and then enter cells by endocytois.

Back 65

Low density proteins

Front 66

In the inherited disease familial hypercholesterolemia....

Back 66

the LDL receptor protein are defective or missing

Front 67

When cholesterol accumulates to high level in the blood, it leads to Atherosclerosis, which is

Back 67

the buildup of fatty deposits in the walls of blood vessels.

Front 68

A ______ is a miniature chemical factory in which thousands of reactions occur within a microscopic space.

Back 68

Cell

Front 69

Energy

Back 69

is the capacity to cause change or to perform work.

Front 70

Kinetic energy

Back 70

the energy of motion. the movement of my legs can push bicycle pedals.

Front 71

Thermal energy

Back 71

type of kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules.

Front 72

Thermal energy in transfer from one object to another

Back 72

heat

Front 73

____________, which is a type of kinetic energy can be used to power ______________________.

Back 73

Light, photosynthesis

Front 74

Potential energy

Back 74

the 2nd main form of energy is energy that matter possesses as a result of its location or structure.

Front 75

Molecules possess potential energy because of the arrangement of electrons in the bonds between their atoms

Back 75

true

Front 76

Chemical energy

Back 76

potential energy available for release in a chemical reaction.

Front 77

____________________, is the most important type of energy that can be transformed to power the work of the cell

Back 77

Chemical energy

Front 78

The study of energy transformations that occur in a collection of matter

Back 78

thermodynamics

Front 79

Scientist use____________for the matter under study and _______________ to refer to the rest of the universe

Back 79

system, surroundings

Front 80

a ____________ can be an electric power plant, a single cell, or the entire planet.

Back 80

system

Front 81

An _______________ is an open system, that is it exchanges both energy and matter with its surroundings

Back 81

organism

Front 82

1st law of thermodynamics

(law of energy conservation)

Back 82

states that energy in the universe is constant. Energy can be transferred and transformed but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Front 83

A power plant does NOT create energy, it

Back 83

converts it from one form such as the energy stored in coal to the more convenient form of electricity.

Front 84

The plant cell converts light energy to chemical energy...therefore

Back 84

the plant cell too is an energy transformer not an energy producer.

Front 85

So if energy cannot be destroyed, the unavailable energy is converted to thermal energy and released as....

Back 85

heat

Front 86

Entrophy

Back 86

a measure of disorder or randomness

Front 87

2nd law of thermodynamics

Back 87

energy conversions increase the entrophy(disorder) of the universe

Front 88

The wast products emitted from the gas pipe are carbon dioxide and water (simple molecules)

Back 88

only 25% of energy stored in gas is converted to kinetic energy of car movement, the rest is lost as heat

Front 89

Celluar respiration

Back 89

the chemical energy stored in organic molecules is used to produce ATP, which the cell can use to perform work

HINT:

Work-perspiration -respiration

Front 90

Waste products in cells are also carbon dioxide and water; but cells are more efficient than cars

Back 90

Cells convert about 34%of the chemical energy in their fuel to energy for cellular work. The other 66% generates het which explains why working out makes you sweat.

Front 91

Exergonic reaction

Back 91

releases energy

Front 92

Think of the chemical reaction as being a

Back 92

slow burn

Front 93

ATP

Back 93

the immediate source of energy for a cell.

Front 94

Endergonic reactions

Back 94

require net input of energy and yield product that are rich in potential energy

Front 95

The products of an endergonic reaction contain more chemical energy than the

Back 95

reactants do

Front 96

Process by which plant cells make sugar is an endergonic process

Back 96

photosynthesis

Front 97

Metbolism

Back 97

the total of an organisms chemical reactions

Front 98

Metabolic pathway

Back 98

series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds

Front 99

The slowburn of cellular respiration is an example of:

Back 99

metbolic pathway

Front 100

All organisms energy comes from energy which is obtained by

Back 100

sugar and other molecules by the exergonic reactions of cellular respiration.

Front 101

Energy coupling

Back 101

the use of energy released from exergonic reactions to drive endergonic reactions is crucial for all cells.

Front 102

ATP Molecules are the key to energy coupling

Back 102

true

Front 103

_____ powers nearly all forms of cellular work

Back 103

ATP

Front 104

ATP consists of:

Back 104

organic molecule called adenosine and a triphosphate tail of 3 phosphate groups (all three groups are negatively charged)

Front 105

The bonds connecting the phosphate groups are unstable and can be broken by

Back 105

hydrolysis, the addition of water

Front 106

When the bond to the 3rd group breaks, a phosphate group leaves ATP which becomes

Back 106

ADP(adenosine diphosphate) and then energy is released.

HINT:

like passing gas energy is released

Front 107

The hydrolysis of ATP is: endergonic or exergonic

Back 107

exergonic because it releases energy

Front 108

When a cell couples the hydrolysis of ATP to an endergonic reaction, it does so by transferring a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule.

Back 108

Phosphorylation

Front 109

Most cellular work depends on ATP energizing molecules by

Back 109

phosphorylating them

Front 110

ATP is a ______________ source

Back 110

renewable; a cell uses and regenerates ATP continuously.

Front 111

Most of the complex molecules which are rich in potential energy

Back 111

Proteins, DNA, carbohydrates, and lipids

Front 112

Before a chemical reaction can begin, there is an______________ that must be overcome.

Back 112

energy barrier

Front 113

Activation energy

Back 113

when energy is absorbed to contort or weaken bonds in reactant molecules so that they can break and new bonds can form; because it activates the reactants

Front 114

The amount of energy needed for reactant molecules to move "uphill" to a higher-energy, unstable state so that the downhill part of a reaction can begin

Back 114

activation energy

Front 115

___________________ protects the highly ordered molecules of your cells from spontaneously breaking down.

Back 115

Activation energy barrier

Front 116

How can you speed up chemical reactions?

Back 116

HEAT: heat speeds up molecules and agitate atoms so that bonds break more easily and reactions can proceed; too much heat would kill the cell.

Front 117

_______________enzyme, the reactant must absorb energy to reach an unstable state so that reaction can proceed

Back 117

without

Front 118

_________________enzyme, it heps reactant overcome the activation energy barrier; the activation barrier is reduced by enzyme

Back 118

With

Front 119

Enzymes

Back 119

molecules that unction as biological catalysts, increasing the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Front 120

Almost all enzymes are

Back 120

proteins

Front 121

An enzyme speeds up a reaction by

Back 121

lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to begin

Front 122

Substrate

Back 122

the specific reactant that an enzyme acts on

Front 123

active site

Back 123

a pocket or groove on the surface of the enzyme

Front 124

induced fit

Back 124

may contort substrate bonds or place chemical groups of the amino acids making up the active site in position to catalyze the reaction.

Front 125

Cofactors

Back 125

Many enzymes require these nonprotein helpers, which bind to the active site and function in catalysis.

Front 126

Inorganic cofactors of some enzymes

Back 126

ions of zinc, iron and copper

Front 127

Coenzyme

Back 127

if the cofactor is an organic molecule; most vitamins are functioning as coenzymes or raw materials.

Front 128

Folic acid

Back 128

is a coenzyme for a number of enzymes involved in the synthesis of nucleic acids

Front 129

competitive inhibitor

Back 129

reduces an enzymes productivity by blocking substrate molecules from entering the active site

Front 130

noncompetitive inhibitor

Back 130

does not enter the active site; instead, it binds to a site elsewhere on the enzyme and its binding changes the enzymes shape so that the active site no longer fits the substrate.

Front 131

feedback inhibition

Back 131

if a cell is producing more of that product than it needs, the product may act as an inhibitor of one of the enzymes early in the pathway.

Front 132

Feedback inhibition

Back 132

is irreversible

Front 133

Ibuprofen is an enzyme inhibitor

Back 133

it inhibits an enzyme involved in the production of prostaglandins=messenger molecules that increase the sensation of pain and inflammation.

Front 134

Enzyme inhibitors examples

Back 134

ibuprofen, blood pressure medicines and antidepressants, antiboitics, penicillin;

Front 135

protease inhibitors

Back 135

HIV drugs that target a key viral enzyme.

Front 136

Cancer drugs

Back 136

promote cell division

Front 137

Pesticides and deadly poisons used in warfare

Back 137

human developed enzyme inhibitors

Front 138

Poisons often are attached to an enzyme by covalent bonds which means

Back 138

the inhibition is irreversible.

Front 139

Anesthesia and treatment of diseases

Back 139

some drugs reversibly inhibit this same enzyme