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130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Decode
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to translate verbal and nonverbal symbols into ideas and images.
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Channel
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the visual and auditory means by which a message is transmitted from sender to receiver
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Receiver
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a listener or an audience member
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External noise
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physical sounds that interfere with communication
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Internal noise
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psychological or physiological interference with communication
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Feedback
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verbal and nonverbal responses provided by an audience to a speaker
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Context
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the environment or situation in which a speech occurs
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Rhetoric
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the use of words and symbols to achieve a goal
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Declamation
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the delivery of an already famous speech
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Elocution
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the expression of emotion through posture, movement, gestures, facial expression,
and voice |
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Empowerment/ Employment
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Empowerment is having the resources, information, and attitudes that lead to action to achieve a desired goal.
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Source
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the public speaker
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Encode
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to translate ideas and images into verbal or nonverbal symbols.
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Code
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a verbal or nonverbal symbol for an idea or image
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Message
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the content of a speech and the mode of its delivery
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List three differences between casual conversation and public speaking.
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Public speaking is planned
Language and nonverbal communication are more formal in public speaking The roles of the speaker and listener are clearly defined. |
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What are the five typical elements (parts) found in a linear communication model (Communication as Action)?
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The source, message, channel, receiver, and noise
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Define diversity
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gender, ethnicity, and culture
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What specific techniques can you use prior to, during, and after a speech to deal with nervousness?
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Prior- know your audience, chose an appropriate topic, don’t procrastinate, be prepared, develop and deliver a well-organized speech, know your introduction and conclusion, practice, use deep- breathing techniques, channel your nervous energy
During- use deep- breathing techniques, channel your nervous energy, visualize your success, give yourself a mental pep talk, focus on your message, look for positive support in the audience, seek speaking opportunities After- focus on what you did well |
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Speech topic
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the key focus of the content of a speech
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General purpose
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the overarching goal of a speech- to inform, persuade, or entertain
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Specific purpose
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a concise statement of the desired audience response, indicating what you want your audience to remember, feel or do when you finish speaking.
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Central idea
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a one- sentence summary of the speech content
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Main idea
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the key points of a speech
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Invention
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the development or discovery of ideas and insights
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Disposition
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the organization and arrangement of ideas and illustrations
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What are some suggestions for selecting and narrowing your topic?
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Speak about what you know, focus on what will interest your audience
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What are the three general purposes from which you may choose?
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Inform, persuade, entertain
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Ethics
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the beliefs, values, and moral principles by which people determine what is right and wrong
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Free speech
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legally protected speech or speech acts
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Speech act
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behavior that is viewed by law as nonverbal communication and is subject to the same protections and limitations as verbal speech
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Ethical speech
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speech that is responsible, honest, and tolerant
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Accommodation
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sensitivity to the feelings, needs, interest, and backgrounds of other people
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Plagiarize
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to present someone else’s words or ideas as though there were one’s own
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Plagiaphrasing
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failing to give credit for compelling phrases taken from another source
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Oral citation
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the oral presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and year of publication
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Written citation
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the written presentation of such information about a source as the author, title, and year of publication, usually formatted according to a conventional style guide
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What five things are considered when speaking ethically?
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Has a clear, responsible goal
Uses sound evidence and reasoning Is sensitive to and tolerant of differences Is honest Doesn’t plagiarize |
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What are the requirements for “listening ethically” to speakers?
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1. Communicate your expectations and feedback
2. Be sensitive and tolerant of differences |
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Select
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to single out a message from several competing messages
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Attend
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to focus on incoming information for further processing
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Understand
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to assign meaning to the information to which you attend
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Remember
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to recall ideas and information
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Prejudice
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preconceived opinions, attitudes, and beliefs about a person, place, thing, or message
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Receiver apprehension
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the fear of misunderstanding or misinterpreting the spoken message of others
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Listening styles
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preferred ways of making sense out of spoken messages
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Critical listening
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evaluation the quality of information, ideas, and arguments presented by a speaker
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Critical thinking
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making judgments about the conclusions presented in what you see, hear and read
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Fact
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something that has been proven to be true by direct observation
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Inference
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a conclusion based on partial information, or an evaluation that has not been directly observed
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Evidence
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the facts, examples, opinions, and statistics that a speaker uses to support a conclusion
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Logic
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a formal system of rules used to reach a conclusion
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Reasoning
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the process of drawing a conclusion from evidence
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Rhetorical criticism
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the process of using a method or standards to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of messages
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Rhetoric
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the use of symbols to create meaning to achieve a goal
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Symbols
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words, images, and behaviors that create meaning
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Rhetorical strategies
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methods and techniques that speakers use to achieve their speaking goals
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What are four stages in the process of listening?
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Select, attend, understand, remember
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Identify and describe the barriers of effective listening.
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Information overload
Personal concerns Outside distractions Prejudices Differences between speech rate and thought rate Receiver apprehension |
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The textbook offers ten suggestions for becoming a better listener. List and describe each of the ten.
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Accurately interpret non-verbal messages
Adapt to the speaker’s delivery Monitor your emotional reaction to a message Avoid jumping to conclusions Be a selfish listener Identify your listening goals Listen for major ideas Practice listening Understand your listening style Become an active listener |
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List six principles of giving feedback to others (speech criticism).
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Be descriptive
Be specific Be positive Be constructive Be sensitive Be realistic |
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What three ways would you give feedback to yourself?
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Look for and reinforce your skills and speaking abilities
Evaluate your effectiveness based on your specific speaking situation and audience Identify one or two areas of improvement |
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Demographics
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statistical information about the age, race, gender, sexual orientation, educational level, and religious views of an audience
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Open-ended questions
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questions that allow for unrestricted answers by not limiting answers to choices or alternatives
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Closed-ended questions
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questions that offer alternatives from which to choose, such as true/false, agree/disagree, or multiple choice questions
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Audience analysis
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the process of examining information about those who are expected to listen to a speech
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Common ground
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similarities between a speaker and audience members in attitudes, values, beliefs, or behaviors
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Relationship
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an ongoing connection you have with another person
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Audience adaptation
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the process of ethically using information about an audience in order to adapt one’s message so that it is clear and achieves the speaking objective
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Demographic audience analysis
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analyzing an audience by examining demographic information so as to develop a clear and effective message
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Sex
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a person’s biological status as male or female, as reflected in his or her anatomy and reproductive system
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Gender
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the culturally constructed and psychologically based perception of one’s self as feminine or masculine
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Culture
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a learned system of knowledge, behavior, attitudes, beliefs, values, and norms that is shared by a group of people
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Ethnicity
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the portion of a person’s cultural background that relates to a national or religious heritage
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Race
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a person’s biological heritage
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Ethnocentrism
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the assumption that one’s own cultural perspectives and methods are superior to those of other culture.
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Socioeconomic status
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a person’s perceived importance and influence based on income, occupation, and educational level
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Target audience
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a specific segment of an audience that you most want to influence
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Psychological audience analysis
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analyzing attitudes, beliefs, values, and other psychological information about an audience in order to develop a clear and effective message.
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Attitude
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an individual’s likes or dislikes
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Belief
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an individual’s perception of what is true or false
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Value
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enduring concept of good and bad, right and wrong
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Captive Audience
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has an externally imposed reason for being there
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Voluntary Audience
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has an internally imposed reason for being there
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Situational audience analysis
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an examination of the time and place of a speech, the audience size, and the speaking occasion in order to develop a clear and effective message
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What are the differences between informal and formal audience analysis?
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Informally gathering information can include asking your audience questions before speaking or by gauging your audience before hand in other informal settings. This is often based on inferences.
More formal information can be gathered through a survey before the speech. |
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What nonverbal cues from your audience relate to interest, support, and agreement?
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Responses
Eye contact Facial expressions Movement |
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What speaker strategies or techniques should be used when an audience seems inattentive or bored?
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Tell a story
Use an example they can relate to Use a personal example Eliminate abstract facts and statistics Use appropriate humor Make direct references to the audience Remind your listener’s why the message applies to them Ask the audience to participate by asking questions Ask for a direct response Pick up the pace Pause for dramatic effect |
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What speaker strategies or techniques may help an audience grasp a point when they seem confused?
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Be more redundant
Use a visual aid Slow speaking rate Clarify the overall organization Ask for feedback Ask someone in the audience to summarize Try phrasing your information in another way |
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High- power and low- power cultures
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Formal authority vs. informal authority
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High-content and low-content cultures
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Contextual factors and tone/ non- verbal vs. emphasis on the words
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Long-term orientation to time vs. Short term orientation to time
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Gratification and Patience vs. Time-management and results
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Brainstorming
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a creative problem- solving technique used to generate many ideas
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Behavioral objective
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wording of a specific purpose in terms of desired audience behavior
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Blueprint
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the central idea of a speech plus a preview of main ideas
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What are three suggested guidelines for preparing a speech?
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Consider the audience
Consider the occasion Consider yourself |
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What three ways do you select and narrow a topic?
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Brain storming
Listening and reading for topic Scanning web directories |
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Recall three simple rules to formulate good specific purposes.
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Use words that refer to observable or measurable behavior
Be limited to a single idea Reflect the needs, interests, expectation, and level of knowledge of you speech |
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List four criteria for producing effective central ideas.
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Be a complete declarative sentence
Use direct, specific language Be a single idea Be an audience- centered idea |
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Recall three methods for dividing central ideas into main ideas.
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Look for logical division
Establish reasons Trace specific steps |
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Topical organization
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organization of the natural division in a central idea according to recency, primacy, complexity, or the speaker’s discretion
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Primacy
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arrangement of ideas from the most to the least important
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Recency
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arrangement of ideas from least to the most important
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Complexity
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arrangement of ideas from the simple to the more complex
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Chronological organization
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organization by time or sequence
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Specificity
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sometimes your supporting material will range from very specific examples to more general overviews of a situation
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Spatial organization
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organization based on location or position
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Cause-and-effect organization
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organization that focuses on a situation and its causes or a situation and its effects
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Problem-and-solution organization
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organization focused on a problem and then various solutions or a solution and the problems it would solve
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Soft evidence
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supporting material based mainly on opinion or inference; includes hypothetical illustrations, descriptions, explanations, definitions, and analogies
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Hard evidence
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factual examples or statistics
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Signpost
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a verbal or non-verbal signal that a speaker is moving from one idea to the next
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Internal preview
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a statement in the body of a speech that introduces an outline of ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses
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Internal summary
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a re-statement in the body of a speech of ideas that have been developed so far
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What are the five patterns of organization for writing and speaking (at least in our Western culture)?
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Selecting and narrowing a topic
Determining your purpose Developing your central idea Generating main ideas Gathering supporting material |
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What are three types of signposts?
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Transition, previews, summaries
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Credibility
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an audience’s perception of a speaker as competent, trustworthy, knowledgeable, and dynamic
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Anecdote
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an illustration or brief story
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Rhetorical question
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a question intended to provoke thought, rather than elicit an answer
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Closure
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the quality of a conclusion that makes a speech “sound finished”
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What are the five goals an introduction should accomplish?
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Get the audience’s attention
Give the audience a reason to listen Introduce the subject Establish your credibility Preview your main ideas |
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Give one example each of the ten introduction methods
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Illustration or anecdotes
Startling facts or statistics Quotation Humor Questions Reference to historical events References to recent events Personal references References to the occasion References to preceding speeches |
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What are the elements of a speech conclusion?
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Summarize the speech
Provide closure |
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What common elements are shared in the introduction and conclusion? How do these methods bring closer to a speech?
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Methods also used for introductions
References to the introduction Inspirational appeals or challenges |
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Preparation outline
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a detailed outline of a speech that includes main ideas, sub points, and supporting material, and that may also include specific purpose, introduction, blueprint, internal previews and summaries, transitions, and conclusion
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Mapping
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using geometric shapes to sketch how all the main ideas, sub points, and supporting material of a speech relate to the central idea and to one another
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Standard outline form
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numbered and lettered headings and subheadings arranged hierarchically to indicate the relationships among parts of a speech
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Delivery outline
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condensed and abbreviated outline from which speaking notes are developed
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What makes up an outline?
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Standard numbers and letters, at least two sub points per idea, proper indentation
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List and discuss six guidelines to producing a good delivery outline.
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Keep it brief
Avoid complete sentences Intro and conclusion Write important sign posts in full content Be complete in writing statistics and direct quotations |
