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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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nuclei
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group of cell bodies
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molecular layer
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has mostly cell bodies
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Name a brain fact
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If you unroll the cortex and flatten it, it'd be the size of a large pizza
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effects of hypothyroid
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slow metabolism, weight gain, STM problems
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Role of sympathetic
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fight or flight
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What is Area 8?
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Prefrontal CTX
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dorsal
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top looking down
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ventral
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deeper
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effects of hyperthyroid
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higher metabolism rate, anxiousnes
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what are the extreme cases of hyperthyroid
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the symptoms appear to be almost like skitzophrenia, and you may die because the cardiac system is exhausted
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Name 3 examples that proves this statement true: "If there is an imbalance in hormonal structure, this can cause cognitive imbalance."
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1) cognitive effects when have hypothyroid
2) cognitive effects when have hyperthyroid 3) cognitive effects when decreased estrogen |
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What is stress?
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Somatic responses to noxious demands upon the body
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What was the purpose of the Mackewon and Spalsky experiment?
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To show that chronically stressed rats have poor spatial memory
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__________ implies that an organ constantly varies and adjussts physiological parameters to maintain stability
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Allostasis
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What are the disadvantages/adv's to PET?
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Dis: Invasive
Advj: Ok Spatial Resolution |
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what is adv/disadv of EEG?
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adv: good temporal
disd: bad spatial |
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What is adv/disadv of fMRI?
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adv: good spatial
disdv: poor temporal |
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Give 1 Adv and 2 Disadvs to Lesion Studies.
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Advs: Valuable clues to structures Disadvs: Disrupts circuitry and rarely have perfectly occurring lesion
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What things about fMRI makes us skeptical about imaging techniques as being accurate?
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1) Unreliable because blood flow is not neuronally fixed
2) the time scale is a liability because the 1 second lookat of the structure is inaccurate |
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What are some limitations of EEG?
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1) the scalp smears the electrical signals
2) you only get to measure neurons near scalp and perpendicular to scalp 3) neurons aligned opposite each other cancel each other 4) neurons must be fired in synch in order to be detected |
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What is an ERP a result of?
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The brain's response to a specific activity (tone or flash for ex).
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What is an N400 response?
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It's a response to mismatches/ semantic anomaly
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What is a P300 response?
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It is a brain response to attention/ 1 thing vs. another.
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Name the area in the brain that separates the hypothalamus and the pituitary
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The Median Eminence
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How does input come into the brain?
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Through the cranial nerve
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What info is sent to the posterior sulcus?
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Visual info
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Stress response effect on WM:
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decreases WM due to increase of NE realease
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anterior
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rostral (head)
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What is main role of paraventricular nucleus?
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realeases corticosteroids which produce stress/ flight
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What can modulate heart rate?
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Glutocorticoid receptors in the brain
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What does the adrenal gland secrete?
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NE and EP (adrenaline)
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What was the purpose of the baboon study?
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To show that social hierarcy can lead to chronic stress systems
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if someone has chronic food deprivation and nver gets food, food level needed is never reached and will die. what is this a hypothalamal theory of?
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Homeostasis
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What is the role of Gluccorticoids?
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they give negative feedback to ACTH production in the anterior pituitary and inhibit CRH neurons.
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Identify the regions which contain most of these NT's:
1) serotonin 2) locus coerulus 3) dopamine 4) Ach |
1) Raphe Nuclei
2) Norepinephrine 3) Substantia Nigra/ Ventral Tegmental Area 4) Basal Forebrain |
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Where is there a high density of Cortico Realeasing Hormone receptor sites?
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Frontal CTX
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Emotional Stressors cause NE to go to these brain structors
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Amyg, Hypo, BVST
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if someone has chronic food deprivation, and creature adjusts, they would survive longer. This is an example of what hypothalamal theory?
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Allostasis
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Where is the entorhinal CTX?
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Next to temporal lobe
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Why would the hippocampus be the most epileptic prone structure of the brain?
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Because of its trisynaptic loop and the volley between structures
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What are the feedbacks of Gluccorticoids?
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+ Amygdala
+ LC and Brain Stem Nuclei + Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis (BNST)...DA rich area - Pituitary - PVN (inhibits further realease of CRF from hypothal) - Hippocampus - Prefrontal CTX (WM is downregulated) |
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what are the main roles of the hypothalamus?
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1) fight, flight, feeding, fornication
2) mediating cognition 3) provides feedback to the other systems |
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What happens when you have heightened levels of gluccocorticoids?
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there will be increases and decreases of protein synthesis in brain
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Show Thyroid pathway
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hypothalamus->TRH->portal system
-> anterior pituitray-> TSH->Thyroid-> thyrocin-> bind to T3/T4 T3/T4-> (feedback loop) pituitary T3/T4-> (feedback loop) LC & Basal Forebrain |
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Visceral Responses to Stress: Sympathetic
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(+increase)
(+) cardiac output (+) stroke volume (+) blood glucose (+) heart rate (+) blood pressure (-decrease) (-) peripheral vascular resistance |
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Name the skull layers
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skull->dura mater->pia mater
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What are the interactions of hormones/ feedback loops
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Brain, other hormones
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effect of hypergluttocorticoid
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makes you lose memory
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Show PVN pathway
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PVN of hypothalamus-> CRH-> Anterior Pit-> ACTH-> Adrenal CTX-> gluccorticoids
FEEDBACK: Adrenal CTX and Hypothalamus |
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Visceral Response on Stress: Stomach
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(+) Gastric Acid
(+) Gastric emptying |
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What was the purpose of the Tree Shrew experiment?
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To show that acute social stress led subordinate shrews to have substantially less neurogenesis
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____________ implies that an organ remains w/in a certain range of physiological parameters to be stable
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Homeostasis
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What are the watershed regions?
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Region where the middle and anterior cerebral arteries meet
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What happens if you take estrogen away?
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STM and attention is disrupted.
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Role of Parasympathetic
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Rest and Digest/ homeostasis
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Visceral Responses of Stress: Adrenal Medulla
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(+) Epinephrine release
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Physical Stressors cause NE to do go to these structures:
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1) thoracic SC
2) Barrington's Nucleus |
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Where does Neurogensis occur?
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In dentate gyrus of hippocampus in rats who exercised
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During stress, affective memory is _________.
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enhanced
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NT's that turn on REM:
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ACh
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NT's that turn off (prevent) REM activity:
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5HT, NE
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Why is there desynchronized cortical activity during REM?
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maybe produced by the pons due to the projections from the ponine nuclei to the thalamic nuclei (which then projects to various coritcal areas)
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Why do we have muscular paralysis during REM?
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Possibly due to ACh neurons that project caudally t othe magnocellular nucleus of the medial medulla and then to spinal cord
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WHy do we have Rapid Eye Movements during REM?
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Probably because of the pontine nuclei (LDT anbd PPT) that project to the superior colliculus and to the meidal reticular formation
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What produces slow wave sleep?
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The nucleus of the solitary tract in the medulla
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Give 3 Experimental Evidence for slow wave sleep
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1) if lesion nucleus of solitary tract of medulla, you produce EEG synchrony as in Slow wave sleep.
2) if you record from the nucleus of the solitary tract in the cat, you see an increased firing during slow wave sleep 3) if you stimulate particular ares of the basal forebrain region, you see EEG synchrony and sleep |
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What substances can increase slow wave sleep?
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Carbs (causes more secretion of insulin)
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What substances facilitate REM sleep?
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Eating protein (causes more somatostatin)
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Production of ________________ facilitates the realease of interleukin 1 in the brain which increases _______________ sleep
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muramyl peptides; slow wave
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Intake of ________________________ facilitates sleep induction
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trytophan
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