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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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If a suspect formed a false memory for certain events and made a false confession, what is the most likely cause? |
Post-identification feedback effect |
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Post-Identification Feedback Effect |
Subjects have higher confidence in their choice if given confirming feedback. Lower if disconfirming, |
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Source Monitoring Error |
Recalling incorrectly the origin of a memory or belief.
Reality or a story that was fed to you |
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Misinformation Effect |
When given misleading information, eyewitness testimony can be altered to reflect the fake story. |
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Why would anyone make a false confession? |
1. Emotional stress/sleep deprivation = say anything 2. Social pressure (feedback, misinformation) makes you doubt what you believe 3. You might believe that you could repress a memory just like traumatic recovered memories happen |
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Proper Name Anomia |
Aphasia Cannot recall any proper names |
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Reasons you have a hard time remembering names (4) |
1. Name = impoverished stimulus 2. Common names = proactive interference, multiple sources 3. Failure of attention 4. No emotional connection |
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Remember Names (5 Suggestions) |
1. Pay close attention 2. Elaborate (appearance, etc.) 3. Repeat/rehearse 4. Auditory cue - ask them to repeat it 5. Visual associations - "el conejo" conehead |
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State-Dependent Learning |
Memory retrieval is most efficient when an individual is in the same state of consciousness as during memory encoding.
(mood, pain, drugs) |
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Emotional Memories |
Emotional nature of events = deeper encoding
Flashbulb memories: we tend to forget (make source monitoring errors) when details are less important. |
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Flashbulb Memories and Emotion |
Flashbulb = often wrong in the details, but basic structure is strongly encoded |
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Cahill et. al argued that memory for a narrative with emotional context |
Was similar to flashbulb memories b/c most emotional events could be remembered, less emotional details were less accurate. |
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Emotions / Episodic Memory Interactions (3) |
Emotional events: more rehearsal/retelling; encoding may also be different 1. Autobiographical memory for emotional events seems enhanced 2. Amnesiacs: higher recognition for emotional 3. Emotional items better recalled than neutral (effect is greater for negative items) |
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Amygdala & Emotional Memories (3) |
1. fMRI - emotion = high amygdala activity (fear) 2. Damage: no emotional boost for events 3. Blocking epinephrine = lower emotional encoding of memories |
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Hyperthymnesia |
Highly Superior Autobiographical Memory Ability to recall personal events in high detail 20% larger RIGHT AMYGDALA (size/connectivity)
Patient AJ Normal semantic memory (still fail false memory paradigm) Simple temporal cues = vivid episodic memories Like flashbulb memory with accuracy |
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Memory Span |
Longest list of items that a person can repeat in correct order immediately after presentation.
6.5 in normals 11.5 in Daniel Tammet |
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Daniel Tammet |
Savant with synesthesia |
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Numerosity |
Ability to instantly estimate a large number of items |
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Left Anterior Temporal Lobe (LATL) |
Thought to be responsible for application of schemas and semantic information.
TMS: impairment of top-down info. Judgement becomes more bottom-up, literal. Better numerosity judgement. |
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Distributed Cognition |
Aspects of "thinking" can be accomplished through use of external artifacts.
Manual procedure (calendars, etc.) = retrieval |
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Mnemonics |
Techniques that help memory retention
Interactions with the physical world act as memory cues. |
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Chunking |
Grouping items based on semantic or perceptual features ; meaningful to the participant and easier to recall |
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Daniel Tammet |
Autistic savant Synesthesia
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TMS to Left Anterior Temporal Lobe |
1. Reduced false memories in lists 2. More accurate in numerosity judgements 3. Judgement is bottom-up, literal (less application of schemas/semantic info) |
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Mnemonist Chunking Strategies |
Organize information in terms of top-down schemas. Encoding and retrieval is easier. |
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Method of Loci |
"Memory Palace" Ordered set of items imagined in familiar place Vivid/emotional image at each location acts as the cue for each memory. During retrieval, rehearse going thru scene. |
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Elements Used By Method of Loci (6) |
1. Retrieval plan established, info organized 2. Attention is focused 3. Elaboration via visual imagery 4. Images are placed within house schema 5. Memory/location = paired-associate learning 6. Consistent mapping between item to be remembered and image/location (automaticity) |
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Autistic savants are thought to use what method to recall items from memory? |
It is not really known why their memory is superior |
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People with hyperthymnesia use what method to recall items from memory? |
Emotional cues EPISODIC, NOT SEMANTIC |
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Metamemory |
Awareness of how likely you are to remember something, how strong the memory will be
An example of metacognition
In general good; flashbulb memory = confidence is higher than accuracy |
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Metamemory and Swahili |
Subjects showed highest accuracy when they re-studied the worst-learned items, showing they were aware of what they didn't remember. |
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Massed practice |
Cramming May lead to familiarity with material You may recognize but not recall |
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Tips for Studying (7) |
1. When studying, only study 2. Use outlines (organize/retrieval plan) 3. Elaborate (use cues, mnemonics) 4. Distribute study time (rehearsal) 5. Test yourself (context effects, rehearsal) 6. Examples: how they fit into schemas 7. Sleep consolidation important 4 span, retrieval |
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Schemas and Scripts in Product Design |
New products should fit into existing schemas Work with attentional capacity Reduce task load |
