Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Little Albert Experiment (Watson & Rayner, 1920) |
Classical conditioning paradigm Rat/rabbit presented w/ loud noises Goal: show simple learned responses could be trained without appeal to "mental" processes.
Crying = presence of animal + bad experience Phobia isn't "fear"; is conjunction of experiences
|
|
|
What was a problem with analytic introspection according to behaviorists? |
The results were too variable between individuals - not objectively verifiable. |
|
|
Nurture > Nature |
Ideology of Watson & Behaviorism "Give me a dozen healthy infants...and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select..." |
|
|
B.F. Skinner |
Radical Behaviorism Free will is a myth Nothing is innate. Psychology = study of behavior only. All behavior stems from experience: reward/punishment. (operant conditioning) Mapped reinforcement schedules. |
|
|
Problems with Radical Behaviorism |
1. Ok for impoverished stimuli; poor for problems of computational complexity. 2. Between species: innate differences?? 3. Delayed response (chimp memory is process). 4. Rat cognitive map - food location remembered despite new initial maze position. 5. Language (Chomsky) |
|
|
Chomsky: Criticism of Behaviorism (3 points) |
1. Past experiences. What present stimulus triggers that response? 2. What about language that isn't reinforced? 3. Imaginary things: no stimulus could trigger language about the novel and unreal. |
|
|
Skinner: How Children Learn Language Verbal Behavior (1957) |
1. Children imitate what they hear 2. Correct speech rewarded 3. Generalize to new situations, new reinforcement begins again. |
|
|
Chomsky on Language |
Innate biological factors determine how language is learned; not merely driven by external reinforcement. (3 points) |
|
|
What is the strongest empirical evidence against behaviorism? |
1. Rat cognitive maps. Used the animals that behaviorists love, and simple stimulus condition 2. Chimps: also good. 3. Chomsky's arguments: slightly less empirical. |
|
|
Information Processing |
New theoretical framework: Signal coming in is distorted by noise. Problem of filtering the signal, reducing the noise and maximizing signal. |
|
|
Universal Turing Machine (1936) |
Theoretical general problem solving computer. Could do any mathematical computation. Knowledge could be reconceptualized as symbolic information processed in discrete steps.
Intelligence is not inherently biological. |
|
|
Turing Test (1950) |
If a computer can produce communication indistinguishable from a human, that computer is "intelligent" Is a computer truly performing to the ability of a human? Can a human mind be represented as a computer? |
