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121 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is natural language? |
Natural language is language that is created by the culture of humans. It is created in an organic way. |
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What is artificial language? |
Artificial language is language that is created by small teams and individuals. Examples include GOT Dothraki or Klingon. |
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What is computer language? |
Computer language is language that is created as a artificial language for communications with computers, it typically lacks in ambiguity. Youtype computer code and that forms instructions that the computer will follow. |
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What is the functional description of language? |
Language is a complex code by which agents can communicate information. When we say “complex” we are not referring to animal language such as bird calls. What is language used for? |
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What is the structural description of language? |
Language is a set of symbols that can be arranged in a certain way, also known to the english language as words and sentences. |
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What is Zoosemiotics? |
Animal communication referred to as “zoosemiotics”. Zoosemiotics works through the use of gestures, expression, gaze following, vocalization, olfactory communication, and colouration. The function of zoosemiotics is to establish dominance, courtship, ownership, food alert, raise alarm and metacommunication. |
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What are some animal examples of zoo semiotics? |
The vervet monkeys used different calls to alert the other monkeys of the different predators. The honeybee’s use a waggle dance that is very complex and informative to signal where food is relative to the sun. |
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What do we know about language in humans? |
Human language has structure, but that structure is implicit. We all know how to use language, but we don’t know how we do it. Much like other phenomenon we must study it. Our knowledge of how to speak is implicit. |
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What is logic? |
Logic is a formal and normative system of reasoning. Formal means it is trying to be very exact and unambiguous. Normative means it is establishing how you should think. |
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What is symbolic logic? |
Symbolic logic specifies ways that sentences can be represented unambiguously. For all x (if cat(x) then mammal(x)) |
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What is "parsing" in Syntax? |
This is a popular way to understand how a sentence isphrased Sentence \ \ Nounphrase Verb phrase \ \ VerbNoun phrase \ \ DeterminerNoun |
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What is CYC? |
An AI program that is very complex and complicated. |
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What do we learn in Steven Pinker's TED talk on linguistics language and thought? |
This talk gives a good example ofthe kinds of puzzles that linguists deal with If you like language, you can specialize in linguistics in a cognitive science major. You can also take the “Mysteries of Language” course, after which this course is modeled. |
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What have we seen about teaching animals human language? |
Kanzi is a chimp that they tried toteach language.Alexwas a parrot that learned basic grammar. Linguists agree that animals do not have language and what they do is so primitive compared to what humans do. Chomsky says that getting non-humananimals to try to talk is like trying to teach bees to build beaver dams. |
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What is the Institute for Creative Technologies working on/developing? |
There are real applications to language understanding. Phones understand what you’re saying and try to communicate it back to you. Turns out the military is really good at teaching people to blow things up but not to teach people how to negotiate with people, talk to people. These computer training situations to train people to be ethical and sensitive. |
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What is the "mentalese" theory? |
Jerry Fodor put forward the notionthat our minds use “mentalese,” ora Language of thought. The fact that you have troublesometimes expressing what you want to say supports this view. How could you know what you wanted to say if the internal language were natural language?It remains controversial. Havingdifficulty expressing something but having a representation of it in your headis not in english. What is the meaning of therepresentation of whatever it is in your head? |
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What is perception? |
Perception is the process by which an agent interprets and organizes sensations to produce a meaningful experience of the world around them. From a cognitive science perspective, it means turning information from one form into new and meaningful representations. |
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What are the typical sensory modalities? |
Light - Vision Air - Vibrations (Sound) Audition - (hearing) and echolocation Physical Pressure - Haptics (touch) Chemicals Taste and Olfaction - (smell) Body Position - Kinesthetics and Proprioception Senses in bowel and stomach, needing to cough or stretch - Atypical |
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What is the extramission theory of human vision? |
Rays of light emanating from the eye in combination with the light in the world allow us to see. On the origin of the salute, acknowledgement of the power of your superiors rays of light coming from their eyes.This theory is incorrect.*
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What is the intromission theory of human vision? |
Rays of light reflected from objects into the eye allow us to see. |
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What do the rods and cones in the retina do? |
Rod - The most light sensitive photoreceptor cells in the retina used of night vision and peripheral vision. Cones - There are (3) types of cones that correspond to colours... Short = Blue Medium = Green Long = Red |
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What is the impact of size on depth perception? |
The bigger the object is, the closer that object is to you. |
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What is the impact of perspective on depth perception? |
Things are smaller on the fovea as they move away. |
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What is the impact of occlusion on depth perception? |
When something is in front of something else, example that tree is occluding that house. It helps with your perception of depth. |
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What is the impact of focus on depth perception? |
Howyour lens has to be warped in order for you to see clearly is an indicator ofhow far away something is. |
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What is the impact of multiple images (binocular vision) on depth perception? |
(Two eyes) we get two different pictures. Very distant things don’t look thatdifferent to your two eyes but close things do look very different to your twoeyes. |
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What is the impact of texture, shading and saturation on depth perception? |
The closer things are the more saturated and texture gradient. |
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What is the dorsal stream? |
The dorsal stream runs along the top of the brain like the dorsal fin of a shark, it is the “where” pathway. It is associated with motion, representation of object location and the control of both sets of arms and eyes |
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What is the ventral stream? |
The ventral stream runs along the bottom of the brain and is the “what”pathway. It is associated with form recognition and object representation and it is also associated with the storage of long-term memories. |
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What is the pandemonium model of perception? |
That there are demons detecting all the different angles of vision; there is a higher level demon that puts them all together. Pandemonium model posits that it is all built up in many layers to perception. |
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What is template matching perception? |
Templatematching theory says you put what you see on the template and check to see howmuch they overlap to confirm they are the same thing. Example. A pixellated 3, you match your perception of the "3" template to confirm that what you are seeing is in fact a 3. |
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What is neural network perception? |
Neural networks are inspired by neurons,they’re simple units that are connected with things. High numbers are high activation, low are low activation. The hidden layers are all connected to the output layers to detect whether it is a 3 or a 4. This is different from template matching. |
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What happens in audition (hearing)? |
Audition works by taking acoustical energy which are sound waves and vibrates the eardrum when in the air. When underwater, it vibrates through your body so that you can hear. Vibration is transferred to fluid in the cochlea,the hairs in which move, transducing the energy into nerve signals. Pinnahelps modulate the sound to tell where sound is coming from. Goesthrough auditory canal and hits the tympanic membrane. Sound pressure wavemoves the tympanic membrane which moves all the bones which send a message tothe brain through the auditory nerve. |
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What is localization in audition? |
Localization is like depth perception for your ears, and it works by listening to the differentiation between the sounds in your ears to determine where an object is. |
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What is echolocation in audition? |
Echolocation is determining where something is by using echoes and the information they provide. Echolocation is used by both bats and dolphins, whales. We watched a video about a blind boy who used clicking as a form of echolocation. |
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What is haptics (touch)? |
The pressure sensors in your skin that you use. Critical for manipulation of objects, particularly in combination with proprioception. Sensors are in the skin. There are (2) action perceptions going on all the time i. Haptics ii. Vision
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What is olfaction (smell)? |
For smell there is no clear energy continuum like there is for sound and light. Much of what we experiance in taste, actually comes from our smell. Which is why food taste bland when out noses are stuffy. What is the Smelly T-Shirt studies? The smelly t-shirt studies were studies that found that based on smell women could detect immune system compatibility, whereas men were able to detect ovulation. |
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How do animals use smell for communication? |
They use it to establish territory, sense fertility, and Pheromones |
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Why do male dogs lift their legs to urinate? |
Maledogs do this because to maximize the height of the pee so other dogs thinkthey’re a big dog. |
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What is gustation (taste)? |
Chemical receptors in taste buds last for a week or two then wear out. The tongue detects flavours such as salty, sour, bitter, umami, and sweet. Pain receptors react to spicy foods. The experience of food is very complex, involving feel, temperature, taste, smell, and pain. The tongue can only detect a few flavours. Umami is an enhancer with other flavours. There are sensors for umami throughout the digestive tract.
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What are proprioception and kinaesthesia? |
Proprioception is how you know where your body parts are without seeing them. Kinesthesia is knowing how they aremoving. Sensors are in the inner ear, and in muscles. |
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What is the phantom limb? |
Phantom Limb is believing that a missing limb is still there. Phantom Limb is needed for an artifical limb to be effective. |
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What is interoception? |
Interoception is the perception of bodily functions such as the perception of hunger, need of digestive elimination and heart rate, need to cough, sneeze, respiration. These are the atypical senses. |
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What is known about the belief that we only use "10%" of our brains? Why would we believe this? |
This is not true, we use all of our brain for a matter of fact if any part of our brain gets damaged, you will suffer deficits. Evolution would not “waste” energy building vast parts of your brain you do not use. Why would we believe that? We believe that we only use 10% percent of our brain due to availability cascade, wishful thinking, and people want to make money from you. |
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What is the truth about our brains? |
What is true is that we can lose whole hemispheres and still function relatively normally due to the brain having redundancy. If we remove 70% of your neurons randomly, we’re not sure how badly off you will be. |
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What do we know about psychic powers? |
ESP is not real, but we believe it due to confirmation bias (we see something that confirms our beliefs), neglect of negative results (we ignore something that disproves our beliefs) and wishful thinking. |
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What is known about making babies smarter by playing mozart? |
This is not true, but we believe it because we hope it is true. The effect is small, short term, and only based on arousal from listening to the music. The baby can get the same effect from hearing a scary passage from a Stephen King Book. |
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What is known about the belief that IQ tests are biased? |
If IQ test were biased, they would underpredict later success for certain groups and overpredict for others BUT this does not happen. Huge panels of scientists with widely varying viewpoints have concluded that IQ test are not biased. A process called item analysis is used to identify bad IQ test questions. They lookat each item and look at who did well on it and who didn’t. They’re constantlychanging questions to make sure that the bias isn’t there. |
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What is known about money and happiness? (3 points) |
Money correlates with happiness until you’re making about $75k per year in Canada, then happiness begins to level off. Life events do not affect happiness: Winners of lotteries and people how have just lost a limb have changes in happiness for a couple of months but then return to normal. This is due to much of our happiness being genetics, roughly 60% is genetic. |
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What are the two kinds of happiness? |
Pleasure– day to day moods. Lifesatisfaction –general outlook on your life. |
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What are synthetic and natural happiness? |
Synthetichappiness – when we don’t get what we wanted. Naturalhappiness - when we get what we want. The Monetprint experiment demonstrates synthesized happiness. |
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What is impact bias? |
The tendency to overestimate thehedonic impact of future events. |
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What is known about the belief that child abuse leads to psychological disorders? |
It is actually very weakly correlated. 0.09(close to zero)A conflict-ridden home is much morelikely to cause anxiety, depression, eating disorders, etc. On the other hand it has been shown that conflict-ridden homes are much more likely to cause anxiety, depression and eating disorders. |
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What are Mysterians? |
They think of intelligence as just this mysterious entity that only people can have. |
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What do people discuss about AI being a failure? |
A lot of people talk about AI as though it is a failure. A lot of people think "if people can do it its not intelligence.” A calculator is an example of this. If a computer can do something they don’t think it is artificial intelligence. |
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What is known about the belief that the full moon makes people act differently? |
It's not true. There is aggressive behaviour when there is a full moon. When you talk to nurses, police, etc, they believe that effect. They notice full moon discordancy and record it as happening specifically when itoccurs on the full moon. People only record the things that support your idea, not all the other things that DO NOT support your idea. Confirmation bias is the reason for this. |
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What is a theory in science and what do they do? |
A theory is an explanation that suggests the existence of a theoretical entity that cannot be measured directly. These “Theories” can make predictions about the real world. - These predictions become hypotheses that can be tested with experiments and quasi experiments. |
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What is necessary for a theory to be legitimate? |
It must be falsifiable. |
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What are experiments and quasi-experiments? |
Experiments have control over participants and conditions, they manipulate some factor to see results. Quasi-experiments are observations in the real world, most political science lessons are learned from quasi experiments since you cannot manipulate an entire country. |
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What is the alpha level required for something to be considered significant? |
For something to be significant, a threshold greater than 0.05 is needed also referred to as the “alpha level”. |
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Why is replication so important in scientific experiments? |
The premise of replicability is that the scientific community can correct for these flaws. Science’s self-correcting nature - When scientist publish their articles they make it public meaning that other scientist can critique their findings. From here other scientist will attempt to disprove your theory which is good as it makes sure the true findings are out there. |
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What is the epistemology of science? |
No other knowledge-generating enterprise as a rigorous and self-correcting mechanism. |
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What are the REM and NREM states of sleep? |
REM - Rapid Eye Movement sleep, or REM, is one of the five stages of sleep that most people experience nightly. It is characterized by quick, random movements of the eyes and paralysis of the muscles. NREM - Non-Rapid Eye Movement, sleep is dreamless sleep. During NREM, the brain waves on the electroencephalographic (EEG) recording are typically slow and of high voltage, the breathing and heart rate are slow and regular, the blood pressure is low, and the sleeper is relatively still. |
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How much of our sleep is NREM? |
75% |
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What is muscle atonia? |
When your muscles don’t respond to motor systems commands.You brain stops those messages from being delivered. |
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What is dream interference from the world? |
Dreaming you need to urinate, which probably means you need to urinate. Speculative - Dreaming of teeth falling out caused by tooth grinding (Bruxism), which 70% percent of people do during sleep. |
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What happens in the dreaming brain? |
The brainstem is very active, sending information forward. The DLPFC is deactivated, perhaps explaining our reduced reasoning ability during dreams, and our not noticing what’s weird but also our difficulty in remembering dreams. Thisis also related to inhibitory function. If someone ticks you off and you wantto smack them, you usually won’t. You’ll do things in your dream that you wouldnever do usually. Sexual thing or violent things.Somepeople who can be violent/sexual things. Your PFC is shut down. Some peoplewith highly active ones may behave the same way they usually do in real life. |
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What is known about dream recall? (4 points) |
We typically forget dreams. This correlates with visuospatial skill and individual differances in working memory. Both animals and infants cannot report dreams. Commonly people assert there was much more to their dream than they can report. |
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How do we scientifically record dreams? 4 points, listed from least reliable way to most reliable way. |
Ask people what their dreams tendto be likeAsk people to keep a dream diary Ask people every morning to reporttheir dreams Wake people up during sleep at many points during the night and get reports (scientifically best way) |
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What are dreams like? 5 points |
Scene shifts – you move from one place to anotherplace.Histheory is that it might be because of TV and movies and that we integrate theminto our dreams. Narrative– stories, a chain of events thatmake some kind of sense. Firstperson – you tend to be in the firstperson.Dreamemotion tends to match it. Your emotional response to your dreams isappropriate and expected. Dreams are rarely bizarre, but whenthey are we often do not really notice it until we are awake•Selection bias: bizarre dreams are easier to remember and are more often talked about |
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What are dreams not like? |
Films, visual images, recent socialsituations, and pre-sleep behaviourare rarely incorporated into dreams. Recent episodic memories, evensalient ones, are rarely incorporated |
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What is TST (Threat Simulation Theory)? |
By philosopher Antti Revonsuo A major function of dreaming is topractice dealing with threats that were common in our ancestral environment. Emotional threats, physical threats, social threats, etc. Our dreams are going to be biased in favour of those kinds of threats. We tend to dream about things that might have happened or could have happened evolutionarily.
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What are supports for TST? 5 points |
Animal dreams are highest in kids and decreases with age Negative emotions appear twice as often as positive ones The only kind of recurring dream with any frequency is being threatened by animals, monsters, people, or natural disasters, and the response was watching, running, or hiding Westerners dream of things werarely experience Ancestral threats are overrepresented People react appropriately to dream threats 94% of the time
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How are ancient survival behaviours represented in play and phobia? |
Playing reflects how we handle things in real life. Cats pouncing, dogs chewing – how they would have killed animals. Kids like hide and seek, tag, chasing and hiding games, rough-housing – fighting in a safe environment. This is why its hard to get kids interested in learning how to spell, etc. They want to do evolutionarily appropriate playing like tag, etc. Phobias tend to be about ancestral threats – dreams about falling, snakes, etc. |
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How can you affect your dreams? |
Pre-sleep attention to a specific concern This is called “dream incubation." How your dreams help you deal with a task you are concerned about. Incubation happens when you areawake and asleep. |
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What is the AIM model of conscious states? |
In dreaming, the frontal areas are taking that info and turning it into some narrative that has meaning. Dreaming kind of like an inprov based on random brain stem signals– this is called activation synthesis hypothesis. Activation•Basic level of brain activation Information Flow•Sensory input vs. internal, fictive input Mode of Information Processing•Aminergic-cholinergic neuromodulation Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis:•Dreams are the cortex trying to make sense of chaotic inputs from the brainstem |
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What is the synthesis hypothesis of dreaming emotion? |
Dream emotion seems to shape dreams, not the other way around An “anxiety dream” will often shift from one anxiety producing scene to another. Dream recall cessation is almost always caused by forebrain lesions.
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What occurs in individuals with visual anoneria and visual irreminiscence? |
People who have no visual imagery and people who have a deficit in placing images to memories. |
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What is a lucid dream and what are four points about it? |
A lucid dream is where you know you’re dreaming and can control your actions and sometimes your dream content. You can only control your eyes in the real world. Could be a reactivation of the DLPFC, which allows you to see dream content for what it is, and control yourself. Training: dream diaries and reality checks to train yourself to lucid dream. |
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What is the sleep paralysis condition and what are the differences in interpretation of sleep paralysis? |
A medical disorder where you: Feel awake Might feel chest pressure Can’t move (It’s a carryover of muscle atonia from sleep to waking) You have hallucinations, often of the presence of a malevolent character You feel abject terror
Sleep paralysis has been around a long time. Different cultures interpret sleep paralysis in different ways. Super natural, alien abduction. Interpreted according to the culture you are in.
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What was the Robert Stickgold TED talk about? |
Sleep sews together pieces of our memory. When you sleep your brain will extract from experiences the gist of what happened. Example: If you provide individuals with a list of words related to doctor, test their recall and people falsely recall doctor when it wasn’t in the original list. |
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What is the cognitive bias "anchoring?" |
Anchoring is something that happens whenyou try to evaluatesomething. It is what you compare to when you evaluate.Ex.Looking at the black board, how prototypically green is this? We will have ananchor about what we consider to be the standard green.Restaurantsput an expensive dish on the menu because people will be more likely to buy asecond most expensive item on the menu.Anchoringis dependent on the frame of reference. |
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What is the bandwagon effect and herd instinct? |
You believe things because everyone around you believes the same thing. Theseare two related biases and they make you believe things that everybody aroundyou believe.Climatechange – we believe it because prominentscientists say that it is happening, not because we have read all theliterature on climate change. The herd instinct is believing what everyone does to avoid social conflict. |
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How does the Wason card task demonstrate the confirmation bias? |
You accept, seek out and remember things that support your views. You also interpret things in a way that supports your views. You are looking for things that support the views that you already have. |
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What is the contrast/context effect? |
Contrast effect - having men rate the attractivenessof their wife after seeing a bunch of beautiful women or just looking at trees. If you are observing two things at the same time, you will focus on their differences when evaluating. Distinctionbias – showing people when shopping for tv’s where people compare tvs and they are really not that noticeablein terms of difference. |
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What is the endowment effect/loss aversion? |
People will demand more to give up an object than they were willing to pay to get it. Once you own something, you find it more valuable. |
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What is the hostile media effect? |
When you watch the news, you tend to think they are biased/hostile against your political views. The reason for this is that you tend to pay more attention to the news that are against your views. |
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What is temporal discounting? |
This is when we value things less in the future than things now. Temporaldiscounting is the money related bias. Thinking things you’re going to get inthe future are less valuable than the things you get now.Peoplehave very sharp discounting. 80$ now or 100$ 6 months from now? |
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What is the moral credential effect? |
Thinking of yourself as having acted morally to allow yourself to behave badly. People will compensate to reach an equilibrium in many contexts: Bike helmets, dieting. This is also called self-licensing or moral licensing. |
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What is risk compensation? |
Risk compensation is related to the bikehelmets. When you don’t have your seatbeltyou adjust your behaviour. You adjust depending on how safeyou feel.Exerciseisn’t great for weight loss because people eat more. |
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What is negativity bias? |
People tend to pay more attention to negative information. This is perhaps because negative information is more important in our evolutionary history. New stations do “news from the amygdala” intense scary stuff. People get very distortedideas of how unsafe the world is. |
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What is omission bias? |
We think that doing harm is worse than not doing something that causes equal harm. Is that rational? How many people do you have to let die for it to be as bad as killingsomebody?People”don’t save people’s lives” all the time. We don’t donate all their money tocharity. |
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What is outcome bias? |
Judging a decision based on what ended up happening rather than on the information available at the decision making time. Drunkpeople driving home safe –are they just as bad as drunk people driving who kill people?Thisis basically just moral luck. |
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What is planning fallacy? |
We underestimate how long it will take us to complete tasks in the future. This makes it easy for us to overbook ourselves. Printerproblems? We don’t think about printers when we have a deadline to print adocument. We overbook our future, we are always busy and we never learn.Giveyourself more time. |
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What is wishful thinking? |
Believing something because youwant it to be true. Example: Innocence of someone you careabout. |
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What is the availability heuristic? |
People tend to have this idea that if its easilybrought to mind, available in memory, then it is common and probable. Assuming that things that are mosteasily brought to memory are more common or probableA problem is that vivid andemotional things are easier to bring to memory.So when the news shows you only murders, you tend to think that murders are more common than they are. |
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What is base rate neglect? |
If a test for a disease is 90%accurate, and someone gets a positive result, what is the probability that theyhave the disease? Thebase rate neglect is that when you think about the outcome of a test like that,the base rate is very important. |
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What is belief bias? |
If rain is wet then my roof is wet. My roof is wet. Therefore, rain is wet.Is this argument valid? Thebelief in the conclusion makes you think that the argument is valid. This is used to test for racist/sexist beliefs. |
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What is the conjunction fallacy? |
What is more common, a person whowears Birkenstocks or a hippy who wears Birkenstocks? The answer is people who wear birkenstocks.Thereare more of them.Theconjunction is going to be smaller than either one of them.Birkenstocksand hippie is a conjunction –they go together. |
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What is the gambler's fallacy? |
When flipping a coin over and over,which outcome is least probable? •A: HTTHTTTTHHHTHHTHTT •B: HHHTTTHHHTTTHHHTTT They’re all equally probable. They all have .5probability every single time and its easy to forget that we have no controlover what happened before.The gamblers fallacy is likethinking something is “due.” |
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What is pareidolia, clustering illusion and illusory correlation? |
Different ways for use to seepatterns where none actually exist. Martianmountain at this angle looks like a persons face, people thought it has to dowith aliens. People are good at seeing patterns that don’t exist. |
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What are primacy and recency effects? |
We remember the beginnings andendings better than the other parts of things.Tested with colonoscopys. We tend to remember things that happenedrecently better than things thathappened a while ago.Yougo to Cuba and have a wonderful time, but the ride home was awful. People willoften remember the vacation by the trip home. This is the recency effect and it was very strong.Peoplein the less painful colonoscopy condition were more likely to do follow ups. |
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What is the just world phenomenon? |
If you think the world is ultimately ajust place, you will have a tendency to look for reasons to blame victims ofinexplicable injustices. People who have this belief tendto blame victims of inexplicable tragedies. It can make you insensitive to people whosuffer for no reason at all. |
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What is the actor-observer bias? |
The tendency to explain the behaviourof others in terms of stable traits, And to explain one’s own actions interms of reactions to the situation. Ex. Someone leaves the fridge open and youyell at them because you’re tired and hungry. But they're (the observer) going to think you’re not a nice person. |
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Why do we have morality? |
We evolved morality to help us take careof the other people in our groups. But not so much people outside our groups. |
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What is self-interest in morality? |
It it caring about yourself and your family. This relates back to gene preservation and evolving to take care of your genes. |
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What is friendship in morality? |
It is caring about historical cooperation partners. We see this with chimps sharing food to gain future favours. Sharing food used to be a matter of life and death for us so sharing earned future favours. |
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What is tribalism in morality? |
"I care about us, but not them" Youcare about the people in your group because they’re a member of your group.Ex. Someone gives you a job becausethey also graduated from Carleton. |
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What is the "tragedy of the commons?" |
It is essentially the problem with open access. When we share space we are more likely to either mutually abuse that space or mutually look after it. Example given is that in a housing community with a shared courtyard, the tragedy of the commons will dictate that everyone refrains from littering. This links back to morality. |
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What is ethnocentrism? |
It is beingegocentric about your specific culture. Canada first. |
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How do we know that morality is evolved? |
In general, evolved andwell-learned behaviours workfaster than deliberate ones. Ex. When you force people to play aprisoner’s dilemma game quickly, they are more likely to cooperate. Peopletend to cooperate more when they’re under pressure. |
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How do the moral judgment polls show us that morality has evolved? |
We don’t know why one is different thanthe other. Why does pulling a level to kill one person feel different than physically killing one person? |
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What is the Footbridge/Trolley explanation? |
This is the saving lives morality test. The two different parts of the brain arefighting each other whenpeople are given these morality thought questions.Thefront part of your brain is logically saying that you should save as many livesas possible, the back part of your brain is saying you cannot kill an innocentperson or baby. They’re warring with each other. Thefront is utilitarian –the good of the many. Theback is the second, an emotional reactioncaused by a dislike of “gettingour hands dirty” |
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What did this poll tell us? Howdisgustedwould you be if you took a sip from a pop can and realized it wasn't yours? |
The most disgusted you are by that idea, the more youare likely to be right wing politically.Tendto have more purity based moral ideas. |
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What is Haidt's Moral Foundation Theory? |
Care/Harm, Liberty/Oppression, Authority/Subversion, Fairness/Cheating, Loyalty/Betrayal, Sanctity/Degradation, Mnemonic: CLAFLS This is the equivalent of the big 5 butfor morals.Care,you should help people/ Harm, you should not hurt people Liberty,people should do what they want/ Oppression is people are being stopped Authoritydo what ppl tellyou to do, Subversion is not obeying authority Fairnessis that we should be fair, cheating is someone has an unfair advantage Loyaltyis loyalty to the people you care about Betrayal is the opposite Sanctityis some things should not be disrespected (flag burning) Degradation is the opposite. Leftwing ppl tendto care about care liberty and fairness Rightwing ppl haveall these things pretty strongTheyhave a hard time relating to eachothers. |
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What is the evolutionary basis of disgust? |
People who disgust us (hippies, theobese, people we view as “trashy”) we judge more harshly for purity-relatedmoral infractions. Such as keeping your cubicle cleanVersus not tipping a server Police are more likely to arrestobese people for purity related crimes, such as drugs, prostitution, andlewdness. Ourfeelings of what is right and wrong are just feelings. Often we just feelsomething is wrong but need to look for reasons why. |
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What is moral dumbfounding? |
A man brings buys a ready-to-cookchicken, brings it home, has sexual intercourse with it, then cooks and eatsit. Did he do something morally wrong?Most people say yes, but can’t really explain why. Peopleare morally dumbfounded, they think its wrong but they can’t explain why. |
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How do instincts relate to morality? |
People look to their feelings tojudge whether something is moral or not.You can make people think somethingis more immoral with bad smells or bitter drinks.Feeling vs. principles Should you trust your own gut vs. your reasons?Moral stances change allthe time. Sometimes your feelings have to catch up.Piracyis a big thing.Youcan have a reasoning and then your feelings might catch up.Oryou might get a bad feeling about something and then over time your reasoningchanges. |
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How do politics and morals relate? |
Right-wing people tend to have allsix moral foundations fairly strong. Left-wing people tend to have onlycare/harm and liberty/oppression strong. Libertarians tend to only have liberty/oppression strong. This is mostly genetic, which means your politics is mostly genetic. |
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What do we learn in the lecture of animal morality? |
Chimpanzeesreconcile after fights.Man is a wolf to man –deep down our nature is nasty.Pillarsof morality –reciprocity (justice and fairness) andempathy (compassion) They’re essential.Thereis a lot of evidence that shows that animals engage in reciprocity in terms ofdoing one another favours.Emotionalchannel of empathy –emotional contagionCognitivechannel of empathy –perspective takingSynchronization– yawn contagion is related toempathyYawncontagion is universal in mammals too.Consolationis also seen and is also similat to human consolation.Studyabout whether chimpanzees care about the welfare of others. Self choice redtoken, or prosocial choice green token. They often choose the prosocial tokenuntil they get provoked.Fairnessstudy with capuchin monkeys. They rejected unequal pay in cucumbers and grapes. |
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What moral behaviours do animals demonstrate? |
Prosociality, Empathy and CondolenceFairness, Reciprocity, friendshipin chimps Theseare animals that live in groups. You might not find this in creatures thatdon’t live in groups. This is furtherevidence that morality is an evolved thing that evolved a long time ago. |
