Cognitive Psychology - Language

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The study of the mental mechanisms that make it possible for people to use language is known as

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psycholinguistics

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Grammar is a finite set of rules from which the

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sentence of a language can be generated.

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The three components of grammar are:

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1. Phonological
2. Semantic
3. Syntactic

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What component of grammar specifies what is and what is not a sound, what is and what is not an acceptable sequence of sounds and defines the way in which sound sequences are related and related to meaning?

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Phonological Component

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The sequence that phonemes that may occur in any language are constrained by the

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phonological rules

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The semantic component of grammar specifies the meaning of each sentence by identifying the

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basic units of meaning and the rules for their combination.

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The basic units of meaning are known as

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morphemes

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The syntactic component of grammar is the set of rules that relate the

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phonological component to the semantic component

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The syntactic structure can be divided into two major units, these are:

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1. noun phrase (NP) or subject
2. verb phrase (VP) or predicate

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Every sentence comprises a

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noun phrase and a verb phrase

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A verb phrase contains a

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verb and a noun phrase

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A Noun phrase contains an

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article, a noun and possible an adjective.

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Phrase structure grammar consists of a set of phrase _______ rules which are the ______ rules that specify the permissible sequences of constituents in a sentence. ie S = NP + VP, NP = A+ADJ+N

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structure;
syntactic.

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"The Hungry shark swallowed the small boy" consists of

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NP + VP= a + adj + N + V + a + adj + N

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Ambiguity is identified in the sentence "They are eating apples" which could be represented by

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NP + V + NP or NP + V + adj + N

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In deep structure ambiguity the sentence "Flying planes can be dangerous" can be interpreted in what two ways?

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The act of flying planes in dangerous or Planes that are flying can be dangerous.

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Transformational rules are applied to deep structure to generate

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the required surface structure of a sentence

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Auditory discrimination begins to occur in an infant that is

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3days old

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Babbling begins to occur as around ______ and becomes language specific at around _____.

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6 months;
9 months

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What constitutes the majority of the initial language?

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Nouns

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In deep structure ambiguity the sentence "Flying planes can be dangerous" can be interpreted in what two ways?

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The act of flying planes in dangerous or Planes that are flying can be dangerous.

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Transformational rules are applied to deep structure to generate

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the required surface structure of a sentence

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Auditory discrimination begins to occur in an infant that is

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3days old

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Babbling begins to occur as around ______ and becomes language specific at around _____.

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6 months;
9 months

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What constitutes the majority of the initial language?

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Nouns

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Between 9mths and 2 yrs a child learns

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150-250 words

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by age 6 a child has _______words in their vocab.

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14000

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From 6yrs to 13yrs a child learns _____ words per year

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3000

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By 24mths of age a child can speak in ___ word sentences that contain _____ syntax.

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2;
primitive

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three word combination begin to occur about __ mths after two word combinations

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6

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Betweeen 30 and 36 months children acquire

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function words

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The acquisition of syntactic rules occurs between the ages of

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3yrs and 5yrs

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The innate capacities argument assumes a _____ grammar and the presence of a _____ ______ device.

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universal;
Language acquisition.

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The mental lexicon is a memory system dedicated to the storage of

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what we know about words in our vocabulary.

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Word recognition consists of two processes, these are:

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1. Lexical access
2. Post access process

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The process responsible for locating the entry in lexical memory which best matches the input stimulus is called

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lexical access

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What are the three post access processes?

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1. check the accuracy of lexical access
2. make the content of the lexical access available to the relevant higher order processes
3. where required, to make a decision about the appropriate response

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Word recognition for speech is ____ _____ than for print.

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more difficult.

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Models of lexical access or word recognition differ in

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processing mechanism and representational type

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The two models of the process mechanism are

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spreading activation and rule-governed (computational)

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The two models of lexicon representation are

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local representation and distributed representations

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Local lexical representations suggest that there is a single

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detector for each unit

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Distributed lexical representations suggest that a word is represented by a

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pattern of activation are distributed across orthographic, phonological and semantic units.

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PDP stands for

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Parellel Distribution Processing

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Computational models of lexical access involve a table look up or _____ process.

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search

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Parsing is

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the process of assigning a structural analysis to a string of words

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A string of phones has lexical ambiguity if it has

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more than one relevant meaning

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Structural ambiguity refers to a string of words that is compatible with

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more than one syntactic analysis

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The bulk of evidence points to the _____ model of parsing such as the ____ ____ model.

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serial;
garden path.