Cognitive Psychology: Knowledge

Front 1

What is knowledge?

Back 1

Mental representation used for a variety of cognitive functions.

Front 2

What is categorization?

Back 2

Process things are placed into groups called categories.

Front 3

Problem with the definition of category?

Back 3

Not all members of everyday categories have the same defining features

Like vehicles and chairs. (Too many of each type)

Front 4

Approach to Categorization

Back 4

Membership based on whether the object meets the definition of the category

Chair: It gets sat on.

Front 5

Approach to Categorization: Family resemblance

Back 5

Things in a category resemble one another in a number of ways

Vehicle: Kinda looks alike.

Front 6

Approach to Categorization: The Prototype Approach

Back 6

Prototype=typical
Category prototype is Vehicle
Category member is Civic

Front 7

Low prototypicality vs High prototypicality.

Back 7

bird/penguin is low
bird/robin is high

Front 8

Rosch's category experiment.

Back 8

1 is a good member; 7 is a bad member

7 doesn't follow definition well enough

Front 9

High and low overlap

Back 9

High overlap makes it a better prototype as opposed to low overlap.

Also correlates to family resemblance.

Front 10

Typicality effect:

Back 10

prototypical objects are processed preferentially

Highly prototypical objects judged more rapidly

Bat is a bird vs robin is a bird

Front 11

Priming and prototypes

Back 11

Vehicle primes better for Honda than a flying car.

Front 12

Approach to Categorization: The exemplar approach

Back 12

Concept is represented by multiple examples

Front 13

Prototypes or Exemplars?

Back 13

Exemplars best for small categories; Prototypes best for larger categories.

Front 14

Basic level category:

Back 14

The broadest from possible.
Easier for kids and non-experts to label.

Easy to call it a bird than a robin.

Front 15

Semantic Networks:

Back 15

Quinlan and Collins

Takes time to go up nodes.
More to say canary is an animal than canary is a bird.

Front 16

Cognitive economy

Back 16

Must travel higher on a hierarchy network to figure out what it does.

Robin to Bird to It Can Fly.

Front 17

Node

Back 17

A category or a concept

Front 18

Problem with Cognitive Economy

Back 18

Penguins can't fly. Make exception nodes at the bottom.

Front 19

Spreading Activation

Back 19

The act of priming things around the node that was primed.

Say Robin; primes other types of birds and animal.

Front 20

Collins and Quillian model

Back 20

Node = category/concept

Concepts are linked

Front 21

Criticism of Collins and Quillian (3)

Back 21

Cannot explain typicality effects
Cognitive economy

Some sentence-verification results are problematic for the model

Front 22

Collins and Loftus model (the add-on)

Back 22

Shorter links to connect closely related concepts

Longer linkers for less closely related concepts

No hierarchical structure; based on person’s experience

Front 23

Loftus now explains:

Back 23

Typicality

pig mammal vs pig animal distance

Front 24

The Connectionist Approach

Back 24

Neurons and binary code.
Hebbian; wire together fire together.

Front 25

The Connectionist Approach Input units:

Back 25

Activated by stimulation from environment.

Front 26

The Connectionist Approach Hidden units:

Back 26

Receive input from input units

Front 27

The Connectionist Approach Output units:

Back 27

Receive input from hidden units

Front 28

Brain Categories?

Back 28

Double dissociation for living and non living things.

Front 29

Agnosia

Back 29

Lack of knowledge