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383 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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This researcher started with the idea that intelligence is a natural capacity that plays into many different aspects of cognitive function. |
Binet |
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Because Binet understood that people would vary across the diverse IQ tasks he created a composite score in order to |
quantify intellectual ability IN GENERAL |
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What is the formula for calculating IQ? |
(Mental Age / Chronological Age) x 100 |
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More recent versions of IQ testing no longer |
calculate the ratio, but are built on similar principles. (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale WAIS) (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children WISC) |
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a nonverbal group test typically used in educational settings. It is the most common and popular test administered to groups ranging from 5-year-olds to the elderly. It is made of 60 multiple choice questions, listed in order of difficulty. This format is designed to measure the test-taker's reasoning ability, the eductive ("meaning-making") component of Spearman's g. (g is often referred to as general intelligence.) In each test item, the subject is asked to identify the missing element that completes a pattern. Many patterns are presented in the form of a 6x6, 4x4, 3x3, or 2x2 matrix
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Raven's Progressive Matrices |
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Raven's Progressive Matrices
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a nonverbal group test typically used in educational settings. It is the most common and popular test administered to groups ranging from 5-year-olds to the elderly. It is made of 60 multiple choice questions, listed in order of difficulty. This format is designed to measure the test-taker's reasoning ability, the eductive ("meaning-making") component of Spearman's g. (g is often referred to as general intelligence.) In each test item, the subject is asked to identify the missing element that completes a pattern. Many patterns are presented in the form of a 6x6, 4x4, 3x3, or 2x2 matrix
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What is the advantage of using Raven's Progressive Matrices to test intelligence? |
They minimize any influence from verbal skills or background knowledge which means they are good for across ages and across cultures. |
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Consistency of the measure is related to (validity/reliability) |
reliability |
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How can reliability be ensured in IQ tests? |
Test-retest reliability |
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test-retest reliability |
assessment of whether a test is consistent in what it measure, determined by asking whether the test's results on one occasion are correlated with the results from the same test (or a similar test) on another occasion. |
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assessment of whether a test is consistent in what it measure, determined by asking whether the test's results on one occasion are correlated with the results from the same test (or a similar test) on another occasion.
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test-retest reliability
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Average IQ impacts a country's |
GDP |
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General Intelligence (g) |
A mental capacity that is hypothesized as contributing to the performance of virtually any intellectual task. The existence of (g) is documented by the statistical overlap among diverse forms of mental testing. General intelligence aspects are shared across ALL tests. |
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A mental capacity that is hypothesized as contributing to the performance of virtually any intellectual task. The existence of (g) is documented by the statistical overlap among diverse forms of mental testing. General intelligence aspects are shared across ALL tests.
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General Intelligence (g)
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A measure of intelligence that is one pervasive measure and is shared across all tests. |
General Intelligence (g) |
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A measure of intelligence that is separate that is calculated from common factors across tasks (factor analysis) and reveals a general intelligence factor (g) which contributes to all tasks. Specialized intelligence are aspects of intelligence that are not shared across all tests. |
Specialized Intelligence |
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Specialized Intelligence |
A measure of intelligence that is separate that is calculated from common factors across tasks (factor analysis) and reveals a general intelligence factor (g) which contributes to all tasks. Specialized intelligence are aspects of intelligence that are not shared across all tests.
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inspection time |
the time someone needs to make a simple discrimination between two stimuli; used in some settings as a measure of mental speed, and then used as a way to test the claim that intelligent people literally have faster processing in their brain. |
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the time someone needs to make a simple discrimination between two stimuli; used in some settings as a measure of mental speed, and then used as a way to test the claim that intelligent people literally have faster processing in their brain.
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inspection time
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complexity of goals, rules, and requirements |
definition of task model within an IQ test |
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definition of task model within an IQ test |
complexity of goals, rules, and requirements
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response selector |
a hypothesized mental resource needed for the selection and initiation of a wide range of responses, incluging overt responses (ex - moving in a particular way) and covert responses (ex - initiating a memory search) |
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a hypothesized mental resource needed for the selection and initiation of a wide range of responses, incluging overt responses (ex - moving in a particular way) and covert responses (ex - initiating a memory search)
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response selector
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Executive Control |
The mental resources and processes used to set goals, choose task priorities, and avoid conflict among competing habits or responses. |
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The mental resources and processes used to set goals, choose task priorities, and avoid conflict among competing habits or responses.
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Executive Control
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What are the 3 Executive Function/Task-General Resources? |
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Executive Function/Task-General Resource that selects and initiates appropriate responses.
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Response selection
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Response selection
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Executive Function/Task-General Resource that selects and initiates appropriate responses.
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Executive Function/Task-General Resource thatkeeps desired goals in mind, inhibits habitual/automatic responses
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Executive control |
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Executive Function/Task-General Resource thatkeeps track of incorrect responses
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error monitoring
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Executive control
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Executive Function/Task-General Resource that keeps desired goals in mind, inhibits habitual/automatic responses
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error monitoring
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Executive Function/Task-General Resource that keeps track of incorrect responses
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The ability to deal with new and unusual problems that includes memory, reasoning, and speed of processing. |
Fluid Intelligence |
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Fluid Intelligence
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The ability to deal with new and unusual problems that includes memory, reasoning, and speed of processing.
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Crystallized intelligence |
Acquired knowledge, including verbal knowledge and experience, vocabulary, and world knowledge. |
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Acquired knowledge, including verbal knowledge and experience, vocabulary, and world knowledge.
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Crystallized intelligence
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Which type of intelligence drops with age? (crystallized or fluid) |
Fluid |
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Which type of intelligence increases with age? (crystallized/fluid) |
Crystallized |
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Practical intelligence |
intelligence needed in day to day settings |
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intelligence needed in day to day settings |
Practical intelligence
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emotional intelligence |
own emotions and others' emotions and the ability to control your emotions |
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own emotions and others' emotions and the ability to control your emotions
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emotional intelligence
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psychometric intelligence includes |
linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial |
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linguistic, logical-mathematical, and spatial intelligence
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psychometric
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multiple intelligences |
a proposal put forward by Gardner that there are many forms of intelligence, including linguistic, spatial, musical, bodily-kinethetic, and personal. |
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a proposal put forward by Gardner that there are many forms of intelligence, including linguistic, spatial, musical, bodily-kinethetic, and personal.
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multiple intelligences
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Sex differences in IQ scores |
there is no reliable difference between the IQ scores of men and women, though there is some evidence that women do slightly better on verbal tasks and men do slightly better on spatial and navigation tasks. These differences may largely be due to how children are encouraged/discouraged depending on their sex. |
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in impoverished settings what matters least for shaping a person's intelligence? |
genetics |
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can changes in the environment lead to a change in IQ? |
Yes, better nutrition, healthcare |
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Flynn effect |
a worldwide increase in IQ scores over the last several decades, occuring in both third world countries and developed nations, and proceeding at a rate of roughly 3 points per decade. |
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a worldwide increase in IQ scores over the last several decades, occuring in both third world countries and developed nations, and proceeding at a rate of roughly 3 points per decade.
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Flynn effect
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Is the Flynn effect present in fluid intelligence tasks? |
yes |
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Is the Flynn effect due to genetics? |
No, it's happening too fast for genetics to be a factor |
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what is the suspected cause of the flynn effect in 3rd world? |
better healthcare and nutrition |
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what is the suspected cause of the flynn effect in developed nations |
complexity of world, different types of information, technology is facilitating reasoning and speed of processing |
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induction |
a pattern of reasoning in which you draw general claims from specific bits of evidence |
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a pattern of reasoning in which you draw general claims from specific bits of evidence
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induction
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deduction |
a process through which you start with claims, or general assertations, and ask what further claims necessarily follow from these premises. |
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a process through which you start with claims, or general assertations, and ask what further claims necessarily follow from these premises.
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deduction
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Reasoning that goes smaller to larger |
inductive |
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a stereotype is an example of what type of reasoning, inductive or deductive? |
inductive |
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reasoning that goes from larger to smaller |
deductive reasoning |
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the scientific method and murder mysteries are examples of inductive or deductive reason? |
deductive |
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confirmation bias |
an individual is more responsive to evidence that confirms one's own belief and less responsive to evidence that challenges it. |
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an individual is more responsive to evidence that confirms one's own belief and less responsive to evidence that challenges it.
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confirmation bias
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Factors of the confirmation bias |
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belief perseverance |
a tendency to continue endorsing a belief when evidence has completely undermined it. |
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a tendency to continue endorsing a belief when evidence has completely undermined it.
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belief perseverance
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Do people find answers faster when they seek confirming or discomfirming info |
disconfirming |
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why is memory for disconfirming evidence remembered selectively |
to leave the person's belief's intact |
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categorical syllogisms |
logical arguments containing two premises and a conclusion and is concerned with the properties of and relations between categories. (ex -- all trees are plants. All plants require nourishment. Therefore, all trees require nourishment.) This is a valid syllogism because the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion |
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logical arguments containing two premises and a conclusion and is concerned with the properties of and relations between categories. (ex -- all trees are plants. All plants require nourishment. Therefore, all trees require nourishment.)
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categorical syllogisms
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valid syllogism |
the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion. |
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the truth of the premises guarantees the truth of the conclusion.
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valid syllogism
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a syllogism in which the conclusion is not logically demanded by the premises. |
a syllogism in which the conclusion is not logically demanded by the premises. (ex - a categorical syllogism or syllogism built on a condition)
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do the errors people make on syllogisms tend to fall into predictible categories? |
yes |
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belief bias |
if the syllogism's conclusion is something people already believe to be true, they are more likely to judge the conclusion as following from the premise |
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if the syllogism's conclusion is something people already believe to be true, they are more likely to judge the conclusion as following from the premise
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belief bias
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low level matching strategy between the words in the premises and those in the conclusions |
the atmosphere effect |
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the atmosphere effect
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low level matching strategy between the words in the premises and those in the conclusions
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conditional statement |
if X then Y (If antecedent, then consequent) |
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if X then Y (If antecedent, then consequent)
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conditional statement
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affirming the consequent |
if P is true, then Q is true. Q is true. (If the object in my hand is a frog, then the frog is green. The object in my hand is green. Therefore, it is a frog.) |
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if P is true, then Q is true.
Q is true. Therefore, P must be true. (If the object in my hand is a frog, then the frog is green. The object in my hand is green. Therefore, it is a frog.) |
affirming the consequent
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denying the antecedent |
if P is true, then Q is true. P is false. Therefore, Q must be false. (If the object in my hand is a frog, then the object is green. The object in my hand is not a frog. Therefore, it is not green.) |
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if P is true, then Q is true.
P is false. Therefore, Q must be false. (If the object in my hand is a frog, then the object is green. The object in my hand is not a frog. Therefore, it is not green.) |
denying the antecedent
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For both syllogisms and conditional statements errors are more likely when |
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System 1 |
commonly used name for judgement and reasoning strategies which are fast and effortless, but prone to error |
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commonly used name for judgement and reasoning strategies which are fast and effortless, but prone to error
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System 1
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Commonly used name for judgement and reasoning strategies which are slower, require more effort, but are less prone to error |
System 2 |
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System 2
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Commonly used name for judgement and reasoning strategies which are slower, require more effort, but are less prone to error
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four card task aka |
selection task |
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selection task aka |
four card task |
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selection task (four card task) |
an experimental procedure, commonly used to study reasoning, in which a person is presented with four cards with certain information on either side of the card. The person is given a rule that may describe the cards, and the person's task is to decide which of the cards must be turned over to find out if the rule describes the cards or not. |
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an experimental procedure, commonly used to study reasoning, in which a person is presented with four cards with certain information on either side of the card. The person is given a rule that may describe the cards, and the person's task is to decide which of the cards must be turned over to find out if the rule describes the cards or not.
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selection task (four card task)
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utility theory |
Expected value = probability of outcome x what you gain. |
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Expected value = probability of outcome x what you gain.
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utility theory
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utility maximization |
the idea that people make decisions based on selecting the option that has the greatest utility. |
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the idea that people make decisions based on selecting the option that has the greatest utility.
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utility maximization
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utility of outcome = |
what you gain |
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what you gain = |
utility of outcome |
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reason based choice |
an alternative to utility theory where people make a decision only when they detect what they believe to be a persuasive reason for making that choice. |
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an alternative to utility theory where people make a decision only when they detect what they believe to be a persuasive reason for making that choice.
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reason based choice
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Concepts that are irrelevent to utility calculations |
current status and change |
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current status and change are irrelevant to |
utility calculations |
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somatic markers |
body states like a tight stomach or a fast heart rate that occur when making a decision. |
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body states like a tight stomach or a fast heart rate that occur when making a decision.
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somatic markers
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part of the brain that is essential in evaluation of somatic markers |
orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) |
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orbitofrontal cortex (OFC)
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part of the brain that is essential in evaluation of somatic markers
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patients with damage to the OFC will make what kind of decisions |
risky decisions |
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patients with damage to the OFC will not show what type of response when making a decision? |
typical autonomic response |
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area of damage for Phineas Gage |
left prefrontal cortex |
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heuristic |
a strategy that is reasonably efficient and works most of the time. When using it you are in effect choosing to accept some risk of error in order to gain efficiency. |
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a strategy that is reasonably efficient and works most of the time. When using it you are in effect choosing to accept some risk of error in order to gain efficiency.
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heuristic
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attribute substitution |
a commonly used stratecy in which someone needs one type of information but relies instead on a more accessible form of information. This strategy works well if the more accessible information is well correlated with the desired information. |
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if someone needs information about how frequent an event is in the world and relies instead on how easily he or she can think of examples of the event. This is an example of |
attribute substitution
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two forms of attribute substitution |
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the availability heuristic and the representativeness heuristic are examples of |
attribute substitution |
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how do we avoid the availability heuristic? |
make decisions based on statistics instead of the news |
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base-rate information |
info about the broad likelihood of a particular type of event. (aka prior probability) -- often contrasted with diagnostic information |
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info about the broad likelihood of a particular type of event.
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base-rate information
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base rate information aka |
prior probability |
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prior probability aka |
base rate information |
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diagnostic information |
info about an individual case indicating whether the case belongs in one category or another. (often contrasted with base rate info) |
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info about an individual case indicating whether the case belongs in one category or another.
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diagnostic information
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what decides which system of processing we use, system 1 or system 2 |
the context of the decision. (how much time is there and how much working memory is avail., the format of the data, priming of statistical concepts, and how the problem is phrased and presented.) |
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mental rotation |
a process that participants seem to use in comparing one imagined form to another. To make the comparison, participants seem to imagine one form rotating into alignment with the other, so that the forms can be compared. |
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a process that participants seem to use in comparing one imagined form to another. To make the comparison, participants seem to imagine one form rotating into alignment with the other, so that the forms can be compared.
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mental rotation
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image scanning procedure |
an experimental procedure in which participants are asked to form a specific mental image and then are asked to scan 'with their minds eye' from one point in the image to another. By timing these scans, the experimenter can determine how long 'travel' takes across a mental image |
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an experimental procedure in which participants are asked to form a specific mental image and then are asked to scan 'with their minds eye' from one point in the image to another. By timing these scans, the experimenter can determine how long 'travel' takes across a mental image
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image scanning procedure
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can blind people image scan and use mental rotation? |
yes if procedures are adapted to allow tactile perception |
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2 types of imagery |
visual and spatial |
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this type of imagery may be based in movement, body imagery, or it may be abstract and not tied to any one sense. |
spatial |
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eidetic imagery |
refers to those people who claim to have extremely vivid imagery. It is distinct from photographic memory. |
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refers to those people who claim to have extremely vivid imagery. It is distinct from photographic memory.
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eidetic imagery
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how common is photographic memory |
rare, most people who claim to have a photographic memory are actually relying on mnemonic strategies to create rich images |
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most people who claim to have a photographic memory are actually relying on |
mnemonic strategies to create rich images |
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percept |
an intermal representation of the world that results from perceiving; percepts are organized depictions |
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an intermal representation of the world that results from perceiving; organized depictions
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percept
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organized depiction |
a representation that directly reflects the layout and appearance of an object or scene (and so is, on this basis, a depiction) but that also adds some specifications about how the depiction is to be understood. (top/bottom, figure/ground) |
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a representation that directly reflects the layout and appearance of an object or scene (and so is, on this basis, a depiction) but that also adds some specifications about how the depiction is to be understood. (top/bottom, figure/ground)
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organized depiction
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neutral depiction |
a representation that directly directly reflects the layout and appearance of an object or scene (and so in this basis is a depiction) but lacks specification on how that depiction is to be understood (and so on this basis, is neutral) |
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a representation that directly directly reflects the layout and appearance of an object or scene (and so in this basis is a depiction) but lacks specification on how that depiction is to be understood
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neutral depiction
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____ is not neutral and goes beyond the information given |
perception |
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_____ are present in images |
interpretations |
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interpretations are present in |
images |
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True or false: mental images are the same as pictures. |
False |
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image file |
visual information stored in LTM, specifying what a particular object or shape looks like. Info within the image file can then be used as recipe or set of instructions for how to construct and active image of this object |
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visual information stored in LTM, specifying what a particular object or shape looks like. Info within it can then be used as recipe or set of instructions for how to construct and active image of this object
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image file
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affective forecasting |
the process of predicting how you will feel at some future point about an object or state of affairs. People are surprisingly inaccurate at these predictions and underestimate their own capacity to adapt to changes. |
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antecedent |
the formal name for the 'if' clause in and 'if then' statement |
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the formal name for the 'if' clause in and 'if then' statement
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antecedent
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how are long term visual memories represented in the neural network? |
as nodes that get activated, but the individual nodes are not the complete picture |
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evidence for the proposal that images are stored in piece-meal fashion as opposed to a whole |
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is memory better for high imagery words or low imagery words? |
high, this might be explained by Pavio's dual coding memory hypothesis |
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dual coding memory |
a theory that imaginable materials, such as high imagery words, will be doubly represented in memory: the word itself will be remembered, and so will the corresponding mental image. |
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a theory that imaginable materials, such as high imagery words, will be doubly represented in memory: the word itself will be remembered, and so will the corresponding mental image.
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dual coding memory
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dual process model |
any model of thinking that claims people have two distinct means of making judgements -- one fast and efficient, but prone to error and the other that is slower and more effortful but more accurate |
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any model of thinking that claims people have two distinct means of making judgements -- one fast and efficient, but prone to error and the other that is slower and more effortful but more accurate
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dual process model
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how do we know that there is only one memory system that can work with different types of info and not two types one that works with verbal vs nonverbal |
because studies of memory for pictures illustrate ways in which long term visual memory reflects general principles of memory such as; primacy/recency, encoding specificity, schemata/generic knowledge, spreading activation/priming, familiarity/source memory. |
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chronometric study |
literally 'time measurement' study; generally a study that measures the amount of time a task takes, often used as a means of assessing the task's components or used as a means of examining which brain events are simultaneous with specific mental events |
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a study that measures the amount of time a task takes, often used as a means of assessing the task's components or used as a means of examining which brain events are simultaneous with specific mental events
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chronometric study
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if participants imagined a 'cat' they were able to confirm that cats have heads faster compared to confirming that cats have claws. The reverse was true if cats were asked to 'think' about cats, not imagine them. What does this suggest? |
that as the mode of representation changes, so does the pattern of information availability |
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descriptions = |
thinking |
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thinking = |
descriptions |
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depictions = |
imaging |
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imaging = |
depictions |
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DEFINITION - denying the antecedent |
an error often made in logical reasoning. The error begins with TWO premises:
and draws the false conclusion that 3. B must therefore also be false |
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an error often made in logical reasoning. The error begins with TWO premises:
if A then B B is false and draws the false conclusion that B must therefore also be false |
denying the antecedent |
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in Kosslyn's image scanning experiments imagined scanning distance corresponded to |
real distance |
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in Kosslyn's image scanning experiments imagined scanning distance corresponded to real distance. This means that
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mental images seem to preserve the spatial layout and geometry of the represented scene. |
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image scanning experiments suggest that images seem to represent the objects and scenes in a fashion that preserves |
the spatial layout and distance relationships (as evidenced by the difference in zoom time between confirming specific questions like 'does the rabbit next to the elephant have whiskers') |
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can imagery be represented in 3 dimensions |
Yes, Sheppard's mental rotation tasks showed that response time depended on how much shape rotation was needed to compare them: the greater the amount of rotation needed, the longer the evaluation takes |
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how do we know that, at least in some circumstances, visual images are more like mental sculptures than pictures? |
Sheppard's mental rotation tasks showed that response time depended on how much shape rotation was needed to compare them: the greater the amount of rotation needed, the longer the evaluation takes
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Can imagery and perception interfere with one another (do they share overlapping cognitive/neural processes?) |
Yes, visual imagery interferes with detecting dim visual stimuli and auditory imagery interferes with detecting quiet tones |
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visual imagery interferes with detecting |
visual stimuli |
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auditory imagery interferes with |
detecting quiet tones |
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how do we know that mental imagery seems to use perceptual mechanisms? |
because imagery and perception can interfere with one another and detection is less accurate when the imagery and signal are the same modality. (visualizing/visual stimuli and auditory imaging/detecting quiet tones) |
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can imagery prime perception (and vice versa?) |
yes, imagining something facilitates subsequent perception (even if it is difficult to perceive) |
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visual imagery = |
seeing something in your minds eye |
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seeing something in your mind's eye = |
visual imagery |
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brain areas recruited during perception and brain areas recruited during imagery |
overlap |
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which visual regions are activated during imagery |
early visual regions |
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transient disruption to early visual regions disrupts |
perception and imagery |
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brain damage to perceptual regions involved in specific processes also impairs |
imagery related to those processes.
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where is visual area 4? |
the lingual gyrus |
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v4 is involved in perceiving |
color |
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damage to v4 impairs |
color perception and the ability to imagine scenes in color |
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hemispatial neglect results from damage to |
the right parietal cortex |
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contralateral |
the opposite side of the body |
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the opposite side of the body |
contralateral |
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ipselateral |
same side of the body |
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same side of the body |
ipsellateral |
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when hemispatial neglect due to damage to the right parietal cortex occurs |
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at what stage of life can humans discriminate speech from other sounds (and when do they prefer it to other sounds?) |
newborn and very young infants |
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is the sequence of language acquisition the same across cultures? |
yes, the overall pattern of progression goes from general to specific. |
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stages of language acquision |
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this stage of language acquisition comprises largely of long vowel sounds or consonant-vowel combinations |
cooing |
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cooing
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this stage of language acquisition comprises largely of long vowel sounds or consonant-vowel combinations (up to 6 months)
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babbling |
comprises consonant and vowel sounds, and repetitions (mamammamama) and sounds very similar among infants from different cultures and language groups. At this stage infants can perceive and produce any sound in any language) -- 6 - 10 months |
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comprises consonant and vowel sounds, and repetitions (mamammamama) and sounds very similar among infants from different cultures and language groups. At this stage infants can perceive and produce any sound in any language)
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babbling |
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one word utterances |
limited in both the vowels and consonants, selective towards sounds in the native language (exposure sculpts) --12 - 14 months |
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limited in both the vowels and consonants, selective towards sounds in the native language
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one word utterances
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the neurophysical approach to language studies |
stroke and brain damaged patients and tries to correlate the type of language defeciet with the location of the brain damage. |
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broca's aphasia = |
nonfluent aphasia |
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nonfluent aphasia = |
broca's |
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wernicke's aphasia = |
fluent aphasia |
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fluent aphasia = |
wernicke's |
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area of damage for broca's |
frontal cortex |
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frontal cortex damage is linked to which type of aphasia |
broca's |
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area of damage for wernicke's |
temporal cortex |
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damage to the temporal cortex can result in this type of aphasia |
wernicke's |
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characteristics of broca's |
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which brain area is involved in production of articulate speech? |
broca's |
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characteristics of wernicke's |
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what brain area is involved with interpretation (comprehension of speech)? |
Wernicke's |
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did Nim Chimpsky show evidence of meaningful behaviors that could be designated as 'language' |
no, most of the utterances were repetitions of what Nim had seen and didn't show ridument of syntactical expression (preference for grammatically correct form) |
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Kanzi the Bonobo chimp uses |
a keyboard language called Yerkish |
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can animals understand syntax and context |
yes, and can respond differently to the same word depending on its function in the sentence and understands the importance of word order (put milk in the jelly vs put jelly in the milk) -- Kanzi, Yerkish, Lexigrams |
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is language unique to humans |
yes |
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all languages share the same basic |
hierarchical structure. (A sentence in any language can be broken down into at least 4 levels of units)
(PLEASE MAY WE PLAY SOON) |
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hierarchical struture of language |
(PLEASE MAY WE PLAY SOON) |
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morphemes |
smallest unit of sound that can carry meaning in a language |
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smallest unit of sound that can carry meaning in a language |
morphemes
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elementary consonant and vowel sounds |
phonemes |
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the smallest free form in a language |
words |
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how are phonemes produced? |
by modulating the flow of air from the lungs to the mouth and nose |
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methods of classifying phenomes |
according to features
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voicing |
whether a phoneme causes vocal folds to vibrate or not |
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whether a phoneme causes vocal folds to vibrate or not
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voicing
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manner of production aspect |
whether air is fully stopped or merely restricted |
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whether air is fully stopped or merely restricted for a phoneme
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manner of production
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place of articulation (phoneme) |
where in the mouth the air is restricted
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where in the mouth the air is restricted
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place of articulation |
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how many phonemes of sound can we perceive per second? |
30 phonemes per second (but we can only perceive about 2 phonemes per second of non speech) |
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phonemic restoration effect |
a pattern in which people 'hear' phonemes that actually are not presented but that are highly likely in that context. Thus, if one is presented with the word 'legislature' but the 's' sound is replaced by a cough, one is likely to hear the 's' sound anyway) |
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a pattern in which people 'hear' phonemes that actually are not presented but that are highly likely in that context. Thus, if one is presented with the word 'legislature' but the 's' sound is replaced by a cough, one is likely to hear the 's' sound anyway)
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phonemic restoration effect
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what effect tells us that our perception of language is constructed and we use prior knowledge to fill in missing info |
phenomic restoration effect |
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involves integrating what we KNOW with what we HEAR |
phonemic restoration effect |
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missing phonemes with context versus without |
participants will restore a missing phoneme best suited to the context of a sentence, but when not context was provided they did much poorer. phonemic restoration effect |
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phonemic restoration effect is similar to the gestalt principle of |
closure |
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our categorization of phonemes shows |
abrupt boundaries, even when there is no corresponding abrupt change in the stimuli themselves. |
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categorical perception |
the tendency to hear speech sounds 'merely' as members of a category (z sounds, p sounds etc) as a consequence, one tends to hear sounds within the category as being similar to one another while sounds from different categories are perceieved as quite different. (not the case for nonspeech sounds) |
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the tendency to hear speech sounds 'merely' as members of a category (z sounds, p sounds etc) as a consequence, one tends to hear sounds within the category as being similar to one another while sounds from different categories are perceieved as quite different. (not the case for non speech sounds)
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categorical perception
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what allows us to perceive speech sounds as categorical even when there is considerable variance |
categorical perception
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coarticulation |
a trait of speech production where the way a sound is produced is altered slightly by the immediately previous and following sounds. because of this overlap in speech production, the acoustic properties of each speech sound may vary according to the context in which that sound appears. |
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a trait of speech production where the way a sound is produced is altered slightly by the immediately previous and following sounds. because of this overlap in speech production, the acoustic properties of each speech sound may vary according to the context in which that sound appears.
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coarticulation
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why do the acoustic properties of each speech sound vary according to the context in which that sound appears? |
because of coarticulation -- a trait of speech production where the way a sound is produced is altered slightly by the immediately previous and following sounds. because of this overlap in speech production, the acoustic properties of each speech sound may vary according to the context in which that sound appears. |
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this effect involves the synchrony of visual and auditory perceptions |
mcgurk effect |
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the mcgurk effect demonstrates |
the distinctive aspect of speech perception |
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The McGurk Effect does not occur for |
non speech sounds |
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confirmation bias |
a family of effects in which people seem more sensitive to info that confirms their belief than what challenges it. -- are more likely to remember, search for, and be influenced by confirming info |
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a family of effects in which people seem more sensitive to info that confirms their belief than what challenges it.
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confirmation bias |
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consequent |
the 'then' clause in and 'if then' statement |
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the 'then' clause in and 'if then' statement
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consequent
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content morpheme |
a morpheme that carries meaning |
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a morpheme that carries meaning
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content morpheme
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boundary extension |
a tendency for people to remember pictures as 'less zoomed in' (and thus having wider boundaries) than they actually were |
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a tendency for people to remember pictures as 'less zoomed in' (and thus having wider boundaries) than they actually were
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boundary extension
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inspection time |
the time someone needs to make a simple discrimination between two stimuli -- used in some settings as a way to test the claim that intelligent people literally have faster processing in their brains |
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the time someone needs to make a simple discrimination between two stimuli -- used in some settings as a way to test the claim that intelligent people literally have faster processing in their brains
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inspection time
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introspection |
the process where you look within and observe and record the contents of your own mental life |
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the process where you look within and observe and record the contents of your own mental life
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introspection
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transcranial magnetic stimulation |
a series of strong magnetic pulses at a specific location on the scalp causes temporary disruption in the brain region directly below the scalp area |
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a series of strong magnetic pulses at a specific location on the scalp causes temporary disruption in the brain region directly below the scalp area |
transcranial magnetic stimulation
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underlying structure |
an abstract representation of the sentence to be expressed, sometimes called 'deep structure' or 'd structure' |
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an abstract representation of the sentence to be expressed, sometimes called 'deep structure' or 'd structure'
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underlying structure
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utility DEFINITION |
a measure of the subjective value one puts on a particular outcome. This measure can then be used to compare outcomes and allow choices to be made based on these comparisons |
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a measure of the subjective value one puts on a particular outcome. This measure can then be used to compare outcomes and allow choices to be made based on these comparisons
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utility |
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verb phrase |
one of the constituents of a phrase structure that defines a sentence |
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voice onset time |
the time that elapses between the start of a speech sound and the onset of voicing. VOT is the main feature distinguishing voiced consonants and unvoiced consonants. (b = near 0 VOT/p= 60ms VOT) |
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the time that elapses between the start of a speech sound and the onset of voicing. VOT is the main feature distinguishing voiced consonants and unvoiced consonants.
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voice onset time
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if the vocal cords start vibrating sometime after the sound begins ( a long VOT) the sound is considered |
unvoiced |
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unvoiced sounds |
if the vocal cords start vibrating sometime after the sound begins ( a long VOT) the sound is considered
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proposition |
the smallest unit of knowledge that can be either true or false. often expressed via simple sentences, but this is merely a convienience and other modes of representation are available |
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the smallest unit of knowledge that can be either true or false. often expressed via simple sentences, but this is merely a convienience and other modes of representation are available
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proposition
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prosody |
the pattern of pauses and pitch changes that characterize speech production. it can be used to emphasize elements of a spoken sentence, to highlight the sentences intended structure, or to signal the difference between a question and an assertation. |
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the pattern of pauses and pitch changes that characterize speech production. it can be used to emphasize elements of a spoken sentence, to highlight the sentences intended structure, or to signal the difference between a question and an assertation.
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prosody |
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recursion |
a property of rule systems that allows a symbol to appear both on the left side of a definition (the part being defined) and on the right side (the part providing the definition) -- recursive rules within syntax allow a sentence to include another sentence as one of its constituents (solomon says that jacob is a great singer) |
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a property of rule systems that allows a symbol to appear both on the left side of a definition (the part being defined) and on the right side (the part providing the definition) -- recursive rules within syntax allow a sentence to include another sentence as one of its constituents (solomon says that jacob is a great singer)
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recursion
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referent |
the actual object, action, or event in the world that a word or phrase refers to |
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the actual object, action, or event in the world that a word or phrase refers to
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referent
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ad hoc category |
a mental category made up on the spot in response to a specific question |
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a mental category made up on the spot in response to a specific question
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ad hoc category
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affirming the consequent DEFINE |
an error often made in logical reasoning. Begins with 2 premises: If A then B B is true The error consists of drawing the false conclusion that A must therefore be true |
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an error often made in logical reasoning.
Begins with 2 premises: If A then B B is true The error consists of drawing the false conclusion that: A must therefore be true |
affirming the consequent
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anchoring |
a tendency to use the first available estimate for some fact as a reference point for the fact and then perhaps to make some (small) adjustment from that reference point in determining your final estimate. As a result the first available estimate often has a powerful influence, even if that estimate comes from a source that gives it little credibility |
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a tendency to use the first available estimate for some fact as a reference point for the fact and then perhaps to make some (small) adjustment from that reference point in determining your final estimate. As a result the first available estimate often has a powerful influence, even if that estimate comes from a source that gives it little credibility
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anchoring
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aphasia |
a disruption to language capacities often caused by brain damage |
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a disruption to language capacities often caused by brain damage
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aphasia
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belief bias |
tendency withing logical reasoning to endorse a conclusion if it happens to be something one believes to be true anyhow. In displaying this tendency, people seem to ignore both the premises of the logical argument and logic iteself, and they rely instead on the broader pattern of beliefs about what is and isn't true |
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tendency withing logical reasoning to endorse a conclusion if it happens to be something one believes to be true anyhow. In displaying this tendency, people seem to ignore both the premises of the logical argument and logic iteself, and they rely instead on the broader pattern of beliefs about what is and isn't true
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belief bias
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extralinguistic context |
the social and physical setting in which an utterance is encountered; usually, cues within this setting guide the interpretation of the utterance. |
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the social and physical setting in which an utterance is encountered; usually, cues within this setting guide the interpretation of the utterance.
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extralinguistic context
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the ability to deal with new and unusual problems |
fluid intelligence |
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frame |
aspects of how a decision is phrased that are, in fact, irrelevant to the choice, but that influence people's decisions nonetheless. |
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aspects of how a decision is phrased that are, in fact, irrelevant to the choice, but that influence people's decisions nonetheless.
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frame
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frequency estimate |
assessment of how often one has encountered examples of a particular category and how likely they are to encounter new examples of that category |
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assessment of how often one has encountered examples of a particular category and how likely they are to encounter new examples of that category
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frequency estimate
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functional morpheme |
a morpheme that signals a relation between two words in a sentence, such as the morpheme 's' indicating a plural |
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a morpheme that signals a relation between two words in a sentence, such as the morpheme 's' indicating a plural
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functional morpheme
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functional equivalence |
series of close parallels in how 2 systems work -- how the respond to inputs, what errors they make, etc. (the functional equiv. between visual imagery and vision) |
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series of close parallels in how 2 systems work -- how the respond to inputs, what errors they make, etc.
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functional equivalence
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garden path sentence |
a sentence that initially leads the reader to one understanding of how the sentences words are related, but then requires a change in this understanding in order to comprehend the sentence (the old man ships) |
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a sentence that initially leads the reader to one understanding of how the sentences words are related, but then requires a change in this understanding in order to comprehend the sentence
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garden path sentence
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generativity |
the idea that you can combine and recombine the basic units to create new and more complex entities. Linguistic rules are generative because they govern how a limited number of words can be recombined to produce a vast number of sentences. |
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the idea that you can combine and recombine the basic units to create new and more complex entities.
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generativity
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specific language impairment |
syndrome in which ppl seem to have normal intelligence but problems learning the rules of language |
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syndrome in which ppl seem to have normal intelligence but problems learning the rules of language
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specific language impairment
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speech segmentation |
the process through which a stream of speech is sliced into its consituent words and within words into its constituent phonemes |
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the process through which a stream of speech is sliced into its consituent words and within words into its constituent phonemes
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speech segmentation
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subjective utility |
a measure of how valuable a state of affairs would be to you. this notion is central to utility theory accounts of decision making on the idea that you try to select the option that will lead to the greatest subjective utility. |
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a measure of how valuable a state of affairs would be to you. this notion is central to utility theory accounts of decision making on the idea that you try to select the option that will lead to the greatest
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subjective utility
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surface structure |
representation of a sentence that is actually expressed in speech. in some treatments this structure is referred to as s-structure |
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representation of a sentence that is actually expressed in speech. in some treatments this structure is referred to as s-structure
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surface structure
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syntax |
rules governing the sequence and combination of words in the formation of sentences and phrases |
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rules governing the sequence and combination of words in the formation of sentences and phrases
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syntax
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semantic bootstrapping |
process in language learning in which a child uses knowledge of semanting relationships as a basis for figuring out the syntax of the language |
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process in language learning in which a child uses knowledge of semanting relationships as a basis for figuring out the syntax of the language
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semantic bootstrapping
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semantic priming |
a process in which activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other ideas related to the first meaning |
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a process in which activation of an idea in memory causes activation to spread to other ideas related to the first meaning
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semantic priming
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sentence |
sequence of words that conforms to the rules of syntax (and so has the right constituents in the right order.) |
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sequence of words that conforms to the rules of syntax (and so has the right constituents in the right order.)
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sentence
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diagnostic info |
info about an individual case indicating whether the case belongs in one category or another |
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info about an individual case indicating whether the case belongs in one category or another
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diagnostic info
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double dissociation |
argument used to show 2 processes of 2 structures are truly distinct. You must show that each of the processes or structures can be disrupted without in any way intefering with the other |
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argument used to show 2 processes of 2 structures are truly distinct. You must show that each of the processes or structures can be disrupted without in any way intefering with the other
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double dissociation
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modus ponens |
logical rule stipulating that from the 2 premises: If P then Q P is true you can draw the conclusion that Q is true |
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logical rule stipulating that from the 2 premises:
If P then Q P is true you can draw the conclusion that Q is true |
modus ponens
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modus tollens |
logical rule stipulating that from the 2 premises: if P then Q and Q is FALSE you can conclude P is false |
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logical rule stipulating that from the 2 premises:
if P then Q and Q is FALSE you can conclude P is false |
modus tollens
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morpheme |
the smallest language unit that carries meaning. Content morphemes are the primary carries of meaning and function morphemes specify the relations among words |
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the smallest language unit that carries meaning.
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morpheme
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noun phrase |
one of the constituents of a phrase structure that defines a sentence |
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linguistic relativity |
idea that the language we speak shapes our thought because the structure and vocabulary of our language create certain ways of thinking about the world |
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idea that the language we speak shapes our thought because the structure and vocabulary of our language create certain ways of thinking about the world |
linguistic relativity
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linguistic universal |
rule that appears to apply to every human language |
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rule that appears to apply to every human language
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linguistic universal
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mapping |
the process of figuring out how aspects of one situation or argument correspond to aspects of some other situation or argument. this process is crucial for a problem solvers ability to find and use analogies |
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the process of figuring out how aspects of one situation or argument correspond to aspects of some other situation or argument. this process is crucial for a problem solvers ability to find and use analogies
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mapping
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matching strategy |
shortcut apparently used in reasoning tasks -- the person selects a conclusion that contains the same words (not, some, all) as the premise |
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shortcut apparently used in reasoning tasks -- the person selects a conclusion that contains the same words (not, some, all) as the premise
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matching strategy
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minimal attachment |
heuristic used in sentence parsing. the listener or reader proceeds through the sentence seeing the simplest possible phrase structure that will accomodate the words so far |
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heuristic used in sentence parsing. the listener or reader proceeds through the sentence seeing the simplest possible phrase structure that will accomodate the words so far
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minimal attachment
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phonology |
the study of how sounds are used to convey language |
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the study of how sounds are used to convey language
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phonology
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phrase structure |
the patter of requirements and relationships governed by phrase structure rules that defines the structure of a sentence -- dividing the sentence into noun phrase and verb phrase, and then specifying required contents of each phrase |
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the patter of requirements and relationships governed by phrase structure rules that defines the structure of a sentence -- dividing the sentence into noun phrase and verb phrase, and then specifying required contents of each phrase
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phrase structure
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phrase structure ambiguity |
ambiguity in how a sentence should be interpreted that sems from the fact that more than one phrase structure is compatible with the sentence. (I saw the bird with my binoculars) |
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ambiguity in how a sentence should be interpreted that sems from the fact that more than one phrase structure is compatible with the sentence. (I saw the bird with my binoculars)
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phrase structure ambiguity
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practical intelligence |
ability to solve every day problems through skilled reasoning that relies on tacit knowledge acquired through experience |
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ability to solve every day problems through skilled reasoning that relies on tacit knowledge acquired through experience
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practical intelligence
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pragmatics |
knowledge of how language is ordinarily used. (can you pass the salt = will you please pass the salt) |
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knowledge of how language is ordinarily used. (can you pass the salt = will you please pass the salt)
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pragmatics
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premise |
proposition that is assumed to be true in a logic problem -- the problem asks what conclusion follow from _________ |
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proposition that is assumed to be true in a logic problem -- the problem asks what conclusion follow from _________
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premise
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overregulization error |
error where someone remembers a word or event as being closer to the norm than it really is. |
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error where someone remembers a word or even as being closer to the norm than it really is.
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overregulization error
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percept |
an internal representation of the wrold that results from percieving; organized depictions |
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an internal representation of the wrold that results from percieving; organized depictions
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percept
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perceptual reference frame |
the set of specifications on how a form is to be understood and provides the organization for an organized depiction |
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the set of specifications on how a form is to be understood and provides the organization for an organized depiction
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perceptual reference frame
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phonemes |
basic categories of sound used to convey language. |
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peg and beg are different in their initial |
phonemes |
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belief perseverance |
tendency to continue believing some assertation even when the evidence undermines that claim |
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tendency to continue believing some assertation even when the evidence undermines that claim
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belief perseverance
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descriptive rules |
rules that simply describe the regularities in a pattern of observations with no commentary on whether it is proper, correct, or desireable |
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rules that simply describe the regularities in a pattern of observations with no commentary on whether it is proper, correct, or desireable
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descriptive rules
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prescriptive rules |
rules that describe how things should be instead of how they are. AKA normative rules |
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prescriptive rules aka |
normative rules |
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normative rules |
prescriptive rules |
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parsing |
the process through whicn an input is divided into its appropriate elements (ex - incoming speech into its constituent words -- or where a sequence of words is divided into constituent phrases) |
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the process through whicn an input is divided into its appropriate elements (ex - incoming speech into its constituent words -- or where a sequence of words is divided into constituent phrases)
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parsing
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validity |
the extent to which a test measures what it says it measures. |
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the extent to which a test measures what it says it measures.
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validity
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predictive validity |
asessment of whether a test measures what it is intended to measure based on whether the test scores correlate (predict) some other relevent criterion |
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asessment of whether a test measures what it is intended to measure based on whether the test scores correlate (predict) some other relevent criterion
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predictive validity
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True or false: most of our processing is done in the visual domain |
true |
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True or false: imagining cannot prime perception |
False, it CAN prime perception |
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attribute substitution is used when |
we don't have all the info |
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stereotypes are a consequence of |
attribute substitution |
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proposition |
the smallest unit that can be true/false |
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the smallest unit that can be true/false
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proposition
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