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12 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Language |
•Organized system of meaningful sounds, words or gestures to communicate |
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Different of speech in animals vs. humans |
– Limited forms of communication in animals • Only Social calls, alarm calls Only humans are capable of complex vocal and written language • vocal tract • higher brain areas (reason we can write) because of long developmental period (i.e., childhood) |
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Language systems include four properties |
Symbolic Semantic Generative Structured |
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Two ways to study phonemes (Phonemes) |
Phonetics (pronunciation: how your lips and other body parts work to make a sound): speech sounds and how produced - Ex. The air then escapes through your lips as they part suddenly, which results in a "b" sound Phonology (languages follow a specific set of rules): way sounds combined & altered - Ex. such as the comparison of the sounds of the two "p" sounds in "pop-up." |
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Characteristic of Phonemes
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In English there are about 40 phonemes: •major vowel sounds •major consonant sounds – Combined to create words –Number varies across languages: some sounds not present in some languages (e.g., r/l Japanese) – Smallest unit of sound that makes meaning different –The word “bit” has three phonemes•/b/…./i/…./t/ •“pit”…”bat”….”bid” |
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Phonemes can also represent letter combinations such as "ch"and "th" –with a handful of basic sounds people can generate all the words in the English language |
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Morphemes |
•The smallest units of meaning in a language –About 50,000 English morphemes –include root words as well as prefixes and suffixes •Word scan contain one or more morphemes–fire,guard, and friend all contain a single morpheme •Unfriendly (example) consists of three morphemes (root word friend,prefix un, and suffix ly)–Each morpheme contributes to the meaning of the entire word |
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Syntax |
•Syntax refers to the structure of a sentence (uses proper grammar)
– Organizing the different units of language into a coherent form – How a sentence is constructed (nouns, verbs, adjectives, etc) –Typically not consciously aware of syntax until it is violated Incorrect Syntax:“The chair the on sits man” Correct Syntax:“The man sits on the chair” |
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Diagram of Syntax, Morpheme, Phonemes |
(slide 11) |
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Semantics |
The meaning of a sentence –Can be understood and responded to by the listener –A sentence needs proper syntax to be understood (but not necessarily (doesn't need) proper grammar) “I’m not doing any more work” “I ain’t doing no work” |
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Pragmatics |
The informal rules of language – Common phrases or terms that native speakers implicitly understand •Can violate rules of grammar – Social assumptions of language (“social norms”) – all languages have their own pragmatics –“That person looks cool” |
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Differences in Syntax, Pragmatics, Semantics |
Pragmatics:The informal rules of language (social norm) Syntax:the structure of a sentence (uses proper grammar) Semantics:The meaning of a sentence (can be improper grammar) |
