Cognitive Psychology - Attention

Front 1

Cognitive Psychologists studying attention are concerned primarily with?

Back 1

Cognitive resources and their limitations

Front 2

The more complex and unfamiliar the task the....

Back 2

more mental resources needed to complete the task successfully

Front 3

Extensive practice of a task often results performing the task...

Back 3

automatically.

Front 4

Divided attention refers to

Back 4

the way in which a cognitive processor allocates cognitive resources to two or more tasks simutlaneously.

Front 5

Focusing our attention on one or few tasks rather than on many is known as?

Back 5

Selective attention

Front 6

The dichotic listening task (Cherry, 1953) experiment demonstrates what important point about cognitive resources?

Back 6

Normal speech shadowing is achievable.
The more demanding the task (150 words per minute) the more cognitive resources required.
Indicative of filter theory to prevent information overload

Front 7

Filter theory of attention (Broadbent, 1958) states that...

Back 7

there are limits on how much information a person can attend to at any given time.

Front 8

In filter theory is the filter at the sensory stage or the meaning stage?

Back 8

sensory

Front 9

According to filter theory, two messages ...

Back 9

cannot be attended to at the same time, unless their are presented slowly or contain very little information.

Front 10

The "cocktail party effect" (Moray, 1959) suggests that....

Back 10

shadowing performance can be disrupted when one's own name is embedded in in either the attended or unattended message.

Front 11

Wood and Cowen (1995) demonstrated, using the dichotic listening task, that changes in the unattended channel led to ____ shadowing errors.

Back 11

more

Front 12

Wood and Cowen (1995) confirmed that the attentional shift to the unattended message was

Back 12

unintentional and completed without awareness.

Front 13

Attenuation theory (Treisman, 1960) suggested that unlike complete blocking that occurs in filter theory...

Back 13

unattended perceptual events are transmitted in a weaker form.

Front 14

According to Treisman (1960) unattended messages are processed at 3 levels, what are they? How are priming and thresholds implicated in the explanation of attenuation theory?

Back 14

1. physical - for hearing such as pitch or loudness
2. linguistic - parsing into syllables and words
3. semantic - meaning

Front 15

in comparing filter theory and attenuation theory - Filter theory holds that once processed for physical characteristics messages are _____. Attenuation theory holds that unattended messages are _______ but the message they contain is still ________.

Back 15

fully blocked, weakened, available

Front 16

The late-selection theory of attention (Duetsch & Duetsch, 1963) proposes that...

Back 16

all perceptual messages, whether attended or not, are processed for some meaning.

Front 17

According to late selection theory perceptual messages vary in level of importance depending on...

Back 17

the personal significance of the message and observer's level of alertness.

Front 18

Broadbent (1958) metaphorically described attention as a _________ with the amount of information that is processed coming through the _______

Back 18

bottleneck, neck/top

Front 19

The spotlight metaphor is likened to focus/attention in 3 ways....

Back 19

1. it can be directed and redirected
2. it has fuzzy boundaries; and
3. it can highlight more than one object at a time.

Front 20

Kahneman's (1973) model of attention and effort predicts that...

Back 20

we pay more attention to things we are: 1. interested in
2. in the mood for; and
3. have judged as important

Front 21

Which theory of attention claims that unattended information is never perceived?

Back 21

Schema Theory (Neisser, 1976)

Front 22

Inattentional Blindness, Simons & Chabris, (1999) used what to show that unexpected events can be overlooked when our attention is tightly focussed on other stimuli.

Back 22

People passing the ball. 3 in white shirts and 3 in black shirts. A gorilla or a lady walking past with an umbrella. The harder the task of the observer the more likely the gorilla or umbrella lady were missed.

Front 23

Which part of the brain regions are associated with attention?

Back 23

Parietal and frontal lobes.

Front 24

What is hemineglect and is it sensory or attention related?

Back 24

Hemineglect is when is when a patient ignores or neglects sensory information located in the visual field opposite to the damaged hemisphere. It is attention related.

Front 25

Bottom-up Processing refers to

Back 25

the cognitive process (usually perceptual) guided by environmental input. "Data driven" process of forming a perception from sensory information.

Front 26

Top Down processing refers to

Back 26

the cognitive (usually perceptual)nprocess directed by expectations to form a larger percept, concept, or interpretation. Also called conceptually driven or theory-driven process.

Front 27

Posner & Snyder (1975) offer 3 criteria for cognitive processing to be called Automatic processing:

Back 27

1. it occurs without intention
2. it occurs without involving conscious awareness
3. it does not interfere with other mental activity

Front 28

Controlled Processing is the carrying out of

Back 28

cognitive tasks with the deliberate allocation of cognitive resources.

Front 29

Controlled processing is usually used for __________ that require ________ and are under ___________ control.

Back 29

unfamiliar or difficult tasks;
attention;
conscious.

Front 30

Controlled processing can become ___________ with practice of a skill.

Back 30

automatic

Front 31

The stroop effect demonstrates a competition between...

Back 31

controlled and automatic processing

Front 32

Schneider & Shiffrin (1977) distinguished between between two kinds of processing.....

Back 32

Automatic and Controlled

Front 33

Feature Integration theory (Treisman & Gelde, 1980) refers to

Back 33

the two stages of processing for familiar stimuli.
1. the automatic perception of object features
2. attentional integration and unification of these features

Front 34

The phenomenon in which certain stimuli seem to "pop out" and require a person to shift cognitive resources to them, automatically, is called...

Back 34

Attentional Capture

Front 35

Attention hypothesis of automatisation is the proposal that ....

Back 35

attention is required during the learning stage of a new task.

Front 36

Logan et al (1996) argued that ________ affects what information ets encoded into a memory and what information is later ________

Back 36

attention; retrieved

Front 37

The Psychological Refractory Period (PRP) is the

Back 37

interval of time following the presentation of the first stimulus during which time a person cannot respond to the second stimulus, presumably because of a bottleneck in attentional processing.

Front 38

The way in which the cognitive processor allocates cognitive resources to two or more tasks that are carried out simultaneously is known as ...

Back 38

Divided Attention

Front 39

Atttention (James) =

Back 39

Counsciousness + effort + focus

Front 40

What is blind sight and what does it indicate about attention?

Back 40

Blind sight is where people are perceptually blind to the visual field but perform better that chance of visual tasks when responses are forced choice or non-verbal.

Front 41

What is parkinsons disease and what does it indicates about information processing, attention and effort?

Back 41

Parkinson's is a degenerates disease of the central nervous system. Suggest attention as effort. Difficult for PD patients with akinesia and bradykinesia

Front 42

Akinesia is

Back 42

difficulty initiating responses

Front 43

Bradykinesia is

Back 43

slowness in executing responses

Front 44

Sternberg's memory scanning task where people used a probe to scan through a memory set found that

Back 44

the larger the memory set the more time required which suggests a linear scanning process was used.

Front 45

Hick-Hyman Law suggests that...

Back 45

more time is required to make a decision when more alternatives are offered.

Front 46

Orienting refers to attention as providing ______ of processing

Back 46

direction

Front 47

Mandler says people could only hold ____ items in short term memory

Back 47

7-+ 2

Front 48

Sperling showed that with brief exposures...

Back 48

more is seen that is able to be recalled

Front 49

Broadbent with the dichotic listening task suggests that....

Back 49

more is heard but not recalled

Front 50

Kahnmann and Pasner suggested generalised undifferentiated capacity theory know as

Back 50

Capacity theory

Front 51

Capacity theorists suggests that tasks should interfere if they

Back 51

compete for conscious information processing

Front 52

Macleod, a multiple resources theorists (capacity), suggests that tasks will interfere for two main reasons

Back 52

1. Structural Interference - inteference to the extent that they require the same structure (looking at two places at the same time)
2. Functional Interference - tasks that require the same processing capacity (language processing)

Front 53

Consistent Vs Variable Mapping (Schneider & Shiffrin, 1966). Showed that Consistent showed more _______ processing and the "______" effect. Variable showed more _______ processing and was _____.

Back 53

automatic; pop out
controlled, slower

Front 54

Circularity of Argument refers to

Back 54

whether the processing was automatic or fast.

Front 55

Errors that occur when irrelevent cues activate an automatic behaviour or when transition from one behaviour to another is not monitored are called...

Back 55

Action Slips

Front 56

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION Results from dichotic listening studies indicate that, while a person is shadowing one message, they notice which of the following features of the unattended message?

Back 56

a. WHETHER IT IS SPEECH OR SIMPLY NOISE
b. Whether it is spoken in English or Japanese.
c. Multiple repetitions of the same words.
d.Both whether it is speech or simply noise and whether it is spoken in English or Japanese.
e.Whether it is speech or simply noise, whether it is spoken in English or Japanese and multiple repetitions of the same words.

Front 57

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
A model of attention which describes selection as occurring after all messages have been processed up through and including the level of meaning is called:

Back 57

a. early-selection.
b. LATE-SELECTION.
c. semantic-selection.
d. dichotic-selection.
e. attenuation.

Front 58

Neuropsychological studies have indicated that patients with damage to the right parietal lobeMULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

Back 58

a. cannot perceive objects on the left side of visual space.
b. DO NOT PAY ATTENTION TO OBJECTS ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THEIR VISUAL SPACE
c. perceive and pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space, but cannot reproduce them in a drawing.
d. both cannot perceive objects on the left side of visual space and do not pay attention to objects on the left side of visual space.
e. none of these choices

Front 59

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
In Schneider and Shiffrin's classic study of visual search for targets, which of the following variables DID have an effect on processing in the varied-mapping condition?

Back 59

a. memory set size
b. frame size
c. frame time
d. two of these choices
e. MEMORY SET SIZE, FRAME SIZE AND FRAME TIME

Front 60

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION
Glancing out your window, you notice a woman in a blue coat walking with a child in a red coat. Later, you recall seeing a child in a blue coat. You have fallen victim to the phenomenon known as:

Back 60

a. the Stroop effect.
b. ILLUSORY CONJUNCTION
c. automatic processing.
d. the bottleneck effect.
e. none of these choices.