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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is the scope of cognitive psychology? |
cognitive psychology strated as the study of knowledge how do we study and memorize? how do we focus our attention and concentrate?how do we make decisions? |
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What is introspection? What are some problems with introspection? What was structuralism? What was psychophysical? |
introspection: observing your own thoughts. problems with introspection: thoughts are not directly observable, it is impossible to test them objectively. they used the process of introspection (your own thought), thought this was disfigured because it was hard to be objective in that, it is hard to validate main problem: that the thought were not observable, not objective (not scientific) as well a lot of the things that we do our not cousins 1879 was the establishment of the first cognitive psychology, wilhelm wundt more about people observation, you need to be trained to analyze your thought in your mind: structuralism psychophysical: also refers to a general class of methods that can be applied to study a perceptual system. Modern applications rely heavily on threshold measurement, ideal observer analysis, and signal detection theory. |
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What is Behaviourism? Why was it created? An example experiment? |
- it was a reaction to introspection in the 1950. - -behaviourism overcame the limitations posed by introspection - it focused on observable behaviours - an example of this was the little albert experiment - Behaviourism uncovered principles of how behaviour changes in response to stimuli, such as rewards and punishments - the main idea was that you could control everyone behaviour thought their environment/ stimulus |
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How was behaviourism challenge? (chomsky and skinner) (the ideas of language) |
- if you are only looking at behaviour then the mind is not being involved - different stimuli elicit the same behaviour. ex. the pass the salt thing - the same stimulus elicits different behaviours, it is more about the pragmatics of the language not the physical stimulus - this idea of language being reinforced; thought this did not sit well with a lot of linguist - chomsky criticism of skinner - the core of this was the idea of what you mide was like at birth - nativist (chomsky): that our brain has some particular capacity for language - imperialist (skinner): nothing there black slate - - as well chomsky was say that one stimulus can elicit many responses; as well it is more about the internal rather than the external |
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What gave rise to the cognitive revolution? What needed to be overcome? How did they do this? (transcendental method, deductive, inductive) |
what gave rise: was the rise of artificial intelligence and chomsky criticism main thing to overcome: how do we scientifically view the mind? they way that they overcame thing was thought the transcendental method of immanuel Kant Transcendental method: reason backward from observations to determine the cause - there is also two type of reasoning: inductive and deductive reasoning deductive: from specific to general inductive: from general to specific an analogy can be made to a police detective using clues to figure out how a crime was committed cognitive psychologists study mental events, but they do so indirectly |
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What were the main steps in Cognitive psychology? |
measure stimuli and responses develop hypotheses about mental events design new experiments |
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What is working memory? What is it composed of? How do you test someones working memory? |
working memory is temporary memory storage - it is used during reading and listening to sentences - the span test measures working - memory (WM) capacity - What you do: ask person to report back increasing number of items ,the errors in the span test tend to be sound based - working is not unitary/it has components - system composed of a central executive (they are the main worker, what is going to get in) - then there is also assistant components - articulatory loop (it is like talking to yourself) accounts for sound alike errors |
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What are the steps in Working Memory? |
1)central ecutive (what gets in) 2)you rehearse it, articulation loop (inner voice) - it is a subvocal 3)then sub social speech 4) then goes to the phonological buffer (inner ear) |
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what is the evidence for working memory? (there are two profs) |
1)taking the span test while repeating “tah-tah-tah” (called separation)people do worse while saying that (you do not have the ability to do vocalize, inner voice) ectgbd frjkloq 2)the first one sound alike so it is harder to remember then the second one because they did not sound alike (it is evidence for sound based coding) |
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Is there working memory for vision? What is the evidence? |
there is also working memory for vision, there is inner vision for spatial things evidence from cognitive neuroscience, different part of the brain are involved in different aspects of working memory right for spatial and the left is for language multiple lines of evidence must be used when hypothesizing mechanisms used to explain observable data often a single piece of data can be explained by a variety of hypotheses |
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What is Capgras Syndrome? What do people think that it happens? |
Capgras sysndrome is when people think that there loved ones are impostors, or not the real people. Most of the time people with this syndrome this that they were kidnapped Why people think that this happens is that your perceptual recognition is intact but there is a conflict in the form that the person suffering from this syndrome has no emotional attachment to them |
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What is the physical damage associated with capgras syndrome? how did they test that these people did not believe that these people were there loved ones? |
- amygdalar damage results in lack of emotional response - the prefrontal cortex damage impairs reasoning, illogical thoughts are not filtered out - face recognition is intact, but is dissociated from emotions due to damage to the amygdala - no galvanic skin response to image of mother factual and emotional knowledge are dissociated |
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What are the principal structures of the brain? what do they do? |
frontal lobe: they are the main site of so called higher cognitive function. Thing like attention and thought, voluntary movement, decision making and language parietal lobe: plays an important role in integrating information from different senses to build a coherent picture of the world. It integrates information from the visual pathways.This allows us to coordinate our movements in response to the objects in our environment. it contains a number of distinct reference maps of the body, near space and distant space temporal lobe: contain a large numbers of substructures, whose functions include perception, face recognition, object recognition, memory acquisition, understudying language, and emotional reaction occipital lobe: is the primary visual area of the brain. It receives projections from the retina (via the thalamus) from where different groups of neurons separately encode different visual information such as colour, orientation and motion the subcortical parts of the forebrain include thalamus hypothalamus: regulates a wide range of behavioural and physiological activities. It controls many autonomic functions such as hunger, thirst, body temperature and sexual activity. To do this the hypothalamus integrates information from many different parts of the brain and is responsive to a variety of stimuli including light it, doors, stress, and arousal. Other functions controlled by the hypothalamus include parenting behaviour, perspiration, blood pressure, and heart rate. limbic systems (emotional part of the brain): the limbic system is a group of brain structures including the amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus that are involved in processing and regulating emotions, memory and sexual arousal. The limbic system is an important element of the bodes response to stress and is highly connected to the endocrine and autonomic nervous system. amygdala: is a complex structure adjacent to the hippocampus. The amygdala is involved in processing emotions, and fear-learning. It links areas of the cortex that process "higher" cognitive information with hypothalamic and brainstem systems that control lower metabolic responses (e.g. touch). This allows the amygdala to coordinate physiological responses based on cognitive information - the most well - know example being the fight or flight response hippocampus:The hippocampus is the structure in the brain most closely aligned to memory formation. It is important as an early storage place for long term memory, and it is involved in the transition of long-term memory to even more educing permanent memory. The hippocampus also plays an important role in spatial navigation |
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What is lateralization? What are split brain patients? Why do they pre fore this surgery? |
- brain is roughly symmetrical - Functions may be hemisphere specific - corpus callosum connect hemispheres so that they work together (corpus callosum is the largest) corpus callosum is the largest split brain patients:severing of the corpus callosum (the main connection between the left and the right hemisphere) treatment of epilepsy limits right - left communication cortical organization is contralateral (it means that your right side of the brain controls the left side of the body) |
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what is Neuroimaging? What are some examples? (MRI, PET) |
computerized axial tomography uses x-rays to reveal shape and size of brain structures more recent is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) which uses magnetic properties of brain tissue to reveal structures Positron emission tomography (PET) uses low radioactive tracers (eg glucose) to show which parts of brain are active Functional MRI measures blood flow to brain region to index activitythe bottom two are more psychological use occipital lobe (seeing) (pet) measures how much blood flow |
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What information can you get from EEG's? |
buildup of chemical neurotransmitter firing of action potential in neuron millions of neurons create an electrical field An electroencephalogram (EEG) is a test that detects electrical activity in your brain using small, flat metal discs (electrodes) attached to your scalp. Your brain cells communicate via electrical impulses and are active all the time, even when you're asleep. This activity shows up as wavy lines on an EEG recording. |
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What does TMS do? |
deactivates an area temporarily this is similar to a lesion and affords good evidence of the causal role of the brain structure |
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What are some of the limitations of Neuroimaging? |
every method has limitations EEG sensitive to time, not location FmrI detects location but not time sensitive CT and MRI scans detect brain structures, not activity combining techniques is powerful |
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what are the Gial cell? What do they do? |
they help to guide development of nervous system repair damage controls nutrient flow electrical insulation speeds signal transmission |
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How do Neuron's communicate? (the whole process) |
- from the dendrites down the axon to the other neurons through the synaptic gap - it is an all or nothing response - the other let out neurotransmitters being released (how they communicate through the synaptic gap) - the different neurons then respond differently to neurotransmitters - some are inhibitor and some are excitatory - there are different receptors that then make the function of the neurons differently (they will release different neurotransmitters) - neuron to neuron communication is chemical - - accumulation of neurotransmitter in postsynaptic cleft -activation within neuron from dendrite to axon is electrically. either will or will not trigger an action potential - all or nothing effect -about 100 different neurotransmitter have been classified -one neuron can receive information from many other neurons -can compare many signals and adjust |
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Why is the visual system important? What are the main components? |
because it is very important in our knowledge acquisition rodes have less sensitivity and less detail, they are color blind, periphery of the retina cones they are the one that see color, higher sensitivity, higher acuity, colour sensitive, in the fovea |
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How does the signal travel from the Retina to the cortex? |
a series of neurons communicates information from the retina to the cortex in the eye photoreceptors bipolar cells Ganglion cells: axon converge to form the optic nerve |
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in the thalamus |
lateral geniculate nucleus |
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in the cortex |
V1, the primary visual projection area, or primary visual cortex, located in the occipital lobe |
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Who developed Single Cell Recording? What were they looking at? |
hubel and wiesel (1959) vary the visual stimulus and measure the firing rate (frequency of action potentials) of the specific neuron that, what kind of stimulus does a neuron detect? Receptive field: shape and size of the area in the visual world to which a cell in the visual system responds centre surround: ganglion cells edge detector and movement detectors: visual cortex |
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Edge-detector cells sensitive to orientation: in visual cortex |
it responds differently to the different orientation of line that if there is not stimulation then there is no firing |
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The visual system: parallel processing |
many forms of analysis carried out simultaneously the occipital cotex, parietal cortex, inferotemporal cortex all work together at the same time many systems working at the same time |
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The two types of photoreceptors in the retina? |
rods: low light, periphery Cones: colours; detail in the fovea |
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How does the optic nerve input to LGN? |
Parvocellular cells (P cells for patterns: space and form) Magnocellular cell (M cells: motion and depth) |
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Parallel processing beyond the occipital cortex |
that they all work together |
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what is the what system? |
identification of objects occipital - temporal pathway visual agnosia |
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What is the where system? |
location of objects and guiding of our responses occipital - parietal pathway problems with reaching for seen objects |
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What is meant when our perception goes "beyond the info given"? |
simple visual features object recognition knowledge we go beyond the perception there is two types of processing: start with the visual info and then work your way up bottom up: low level to high concept driven/ top down: the knowledge then drives you visual (like meet a new person and they tell you how they look) |
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What is meant by Form perception? |
you have one stimulus that can be interpreted two different ways knowledge can change our interpretation some figures are neutral with regard to firgure/ground organization people resolve ambiguity in everyday situations |
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What is the Gestalt principles? |
-many of the stimuli that we see in our lives are ambiguous and in need of interpretation -we often don’t detect this ambiguity, but that’s because the interpretation is done so quickly that we don’t notice it -your perception goes “beyond the information given” -these perceptual principles are - as we said - quite straightforward, but they’re essential if your perceptual apparatus is going to make sense of the often ambiguous, often incomplete information provided by you senses. In addition, it's worth mentioning that everyone’s perceptions are guided by the same principles and that's why you generally perceive the world the same way that other people do similarity: we tend to group these dots into columns rather than rows, grouping dots of similar colors proximity: we tend to perceive groups liking dots that are close together good continuation: we tend to see a continuous green bar rather than two smaller rectangles |
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Similarity: |
we tend to group these dots into columns rather than rows, grouping dots of similar colour. We would see the form on the left as two intersecting rectangles (as shown on the right) rather than as a single 12 - sided irregular polygon |
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Proximity |
we tend to perceive groups, linking dots that are close together |
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good continuation: |
we tend to see a continuous green bar rather than two smaller rectangles |
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closure |
we tend to perceive an intact triangle reflecting our bias towards perceiving closed figures rather than incomplete cones |
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Simplicity |
we tend to interpret a form in the simplest way possible. we would see the form on the left as two intersecting rectangles ( as shown on the right) rather than as a single 12 - sided irregular polygon |
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What is Perceptual constancy? |
It is the idea that the sensory information we receive changes but object properties appear as constant. It is more evidence for the undersading that our perception system often goes beyond the information given. - even though physical aspects change there is some constancy in you understanding - size constancy - shape constancy - brightness constancy -closer objects cast larger retinal images - farther objects cast smaller retinal images |
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What is Unconscious inference? Who study it? |
hermann von helmholtz (1909): unconscious mental calculation image size is inversely related to distance if an object at 10 feet cast an image of 4 mm then that object at 20 feet cast an image of 2 mm object size = distance x retinal image size |
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What are the roles of Illusions? |
the role of interpretation becomes clear from misinterpretation - illusions are the shapes of the tabletops identical? they are, we are misled by cues to depth of the object |
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Why do we needDepth perception? |
we need to know distance to be successful at size judgments what are the cues for distance judgments? |
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What is Binocular disparity? |
each eye receives different info about stimuli. A represented near the fovea for the left eye but in the periphery for the right eye. The reverse is true for B. The visual system uses this information as a cue to distance. The further away an object, the less difference there is in the distance from the fovea |
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What are some Motion distance cues? |
motion parallax: as we move our head, the retinal image of close object move more rapidly than those of distance objects as we approach object the retinal image gets larger; as we move away the retinal images get smaller (optic flow) |
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What are monocular distance cues? |
we can perceive depth with one eye each eye muscles adjust the shape of the lens to produce a sharply focused image on the retina closer objects require more adjustment |
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What is interposition? |
objects further away may be blocked by closer object |
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What is linear perspective? |
parallel lines appear to converge in the distance |
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What is Object Recognition? |
THE CAT you are going beyond the sensory information given, it is something about the knowledge that we have then influences our recognition Bottom - up (or data-driven) processing: stimulus driven effects top - down (or concept driven) processing: knowledge or expectation - driven effects We read the display as THE CAT due to top down processes |
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What is Object Recognition? |
recognition being with feature - the small elements that result from the organized perception of form we saw from single cell recording that cells are specialized to detect specific features detection of features is tested in visual search tasks |
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Demo |
find the vertical line (the one standing up) you have a target and then distractors find the red colour line that is vertical two features combine are harder to find then just one the number of distractor that you have to work through then influences the taskif the feature is not common you will have to do a serial effort |
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What are the stages in Object Recognition? |
difficulty in judging how more than one feature is bound together in objects suggests individual feature detection is an early stage in object recognition followed by a process stage in object recognition followed by a process that binds the features pop-out effect (distinctive single feature target is recognized independent of the number of distractors) ZAPA: signal detection (subjectivity in object recognition) |
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What is Word Recognition? |
-models of how features are combined have focused on word recognition -tachistoscopic displays -very brief presentation (<50ms) followed by a masking stimulus to prevent further sensory processing -you present the stimulus for a very short period of time and then you are presented with a masking stimulus (jumble of a word) to prevent further sensory processing - three important effects: word frequency effect (that the words that you see move often in your life you are more likely to recognize it), word superiority effect (if you have seen the word right before doing the task, they are primed, then they will do better), and the Recency effect (priming) |
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What is the Word frequency Effect? |
-the word frequency effect has led cognitive psychologists to hypothesize that experience with words impacts their representation in our cognitive system (mental dictionary) -high frequency words have a higher resting level of activation - therefore, less activation is needed for high frequency word to reach threshold (level required for recognition) -repetition increases the activation level of a low frequency word relatively more than for a high frequency word - as you see some thing over and over, you do not need a lot of stimuli to fire, where as a low frequency word you will need more stimulus, the high frequency words have a low frequency |
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How do you test the word superiority effect? |
- brief display followed by a masking stimulus - 2 alternative forced - choice task: eg decide whether “n” or “k” was shown - more accurate if the display was the word “BARK” than the single letter “k” - paradoxical finding if you believe letters are recognized in a serial (1 at a time) manner -this advantage occurs also for non - words that follow the spelling of english words - this advantage does not occur for random ordering of letter (eg “rgak”) |
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Why word Superiority? |
probability how likely is it that letter combinations appear in english? also accounts for error: misread nonwords as words |
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What are Feature Nets? |
basic idea is that feature are connected to there feature, and then there are a hierarchy of networks within the brain similar to a neural network with input in a receptive field, activation level increases (frequency, priming) fire above threshold knowledge is not locally represented, it is a build up across an entire network rather, feature nets contain distributed knowledge to account for word - superiority and regular spelling effects, and a layer with letter combinations bigram detectors: it is the way letter are combined |
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What are the system of reading? |
feature detector: shape 1)letter detectors: the basic letters 2)bigram detectors: how the letters are placed together 3)word detector: the word - modern neural newwork models include top down connections and excitatory vs inhibitory connections, more like a brain - modern: activation and connections go both ways, as well the connections can be excitatory or inhibitory - it is more like the brain works, above point | |
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What are Feature Nets for objects? |
- recognition by companied - there are a set of basic feature of every object (jians), then produce the objects themselves - modern neural network models include top down connections and excitatory vs. inhibitory connections - more like a brain |
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Recognition by Components |
- bottom up recognition - geon (geometric ions) recognition leads to object recognition - that geon are the components of all objects - it is called recognition by components - viewpoint invariant - genons can be identified from virtually any angle of view moreover, it seems that most objects can be recognized from just a few geons. As a consequence, geon based models like RBC can recognize an object even if many of the object's geons are hidden from view - controversial whether some object recognition may be viewpoint dependent |
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What are the Experimental evidence for geons as units of object recognition? |
- he take picture of objects and then removes 50% of the information - then look at what part of the information was removed - the question is does it matter if the first one was the same of the complement - do you get equal representation priming,that if you show one twice or one and the other do you get the same repetition priming |
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how to do run the experiment for geons as units of object recognition? |
- read word which are the names of the pictures - priming: show pictures for 500ms followed by mask. name the object in the picture - test: why does it happen is because you are activating the same set of geons it is not a feature level it is at a geonal level |
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Is face Recognition is special system? |
prosopagnosia is a type of agnosia also know as face blindness A viewpoint - dependent system Zaps: Face recognition face recognition is viewpoint dependent were as objects are not viewpoint dependent (the thatcher illusion) inversions affect are less pronounced with non face stimuli |
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What was Diamond and carey (1986) study about? |
-says that it configuration processing that you did not look at is they have a two eyes it is more that were look at the distance between -things one the face -more about the relationship among the features, then the individual features themselves that familiarity plays a role -the whole idea that there is nothing different about faces it is just that we are very familiar with faces -so if people are experts in say dogs then they will also do the same things that we all do with faces inversion effect: have a harder time see what is wrong with them |
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What is Face Recognition? |
holistic processing it support it configural notion, that we no not do a feature by feature notion composite face effect: you take ½ of one face and bottom ½ of another face and you put them together you create an elinted face and then a misaligned face it is harder to name the people if they are elinded, because you are forming a new configuration and interpreting it as an entire face identify top half easier if misaligned features matter but cannot be considered individually the configuration relationships guide face recognition |
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What is attention? |
william james (1842 - 1910) first person to separate phycology famous book: the principle of phycology everyone know what attention is. It is the taking possession by the mind, in clear and viv form, of one out of what seem several simultaneously possible objects or train or thought. … although we are besieged at every moment by impressions from our whole sensory surface, we notice so very small a part of them.. why they fail to pierce the mind is a mystery |
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What is Selective attention? |
selective attention refers to the skill by which we focus on one input or one task while ignoring other stimuli |
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What are some experiments on selective attention? |
dichotic listening test: different message to each ear -you are told to attend to one and not the other - -attended channel - listen to this one - unattended channel - ignore this one - shadowing: say aloud what is one the attended channel - test what was here on the unattended channel - can detect physical changes (eg male to female voice) - fail to detect meaning (semantics, like changing to gibberish) cannot distinguish sentences from random words - however, personally significant messages (eg your name) may be detected (“cocktail party effect) - cocktail party effect is related to working memory |
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what is the Cocktail party effect and working memory: conway, conwan and bunting (2001)stud? |
-in classic studies only about 33% of participants demonstrate the cocktail party effect -what differentiates those who do from those who don’t? -the people with not strong working memories are better at hearing there name - “capable” is defined as working memory capacity as measured with the operation span task - they presented a equations plus words (eg 6+4/2=5 DOG) -The subject’s task for each display is to say the equation alouns, answer “yes” or “no” as to whether the equation was true, and then say each word - do a series of 2 to 6 and then write all of the words in order - working memory skill is measured as the number of words recalled correctly in order - take the top 25% as high WM and low 25% as low WM - then you test them on a dichotic listening task - the relevant message (right ear) contained 330 monosyllabic words recorded in a monotone female voice at the rate of 60 words per minute and lasted 5.5 min - the irrelevant message (left ear) contained 300 monosyllabic words recorded in a monotone male voice. The onset of the irrelevant message began 30 sec after the attended message - the name (the subject first name and a different first name were digitally inserted into the irrelevant message in place of a word after 4 and 5 min (name was counterbalanced - the experimenter was aware of each subject's name because each had previously been in the lab to perform the operation span task - after the shadowing task, the subject were questioned about whether they heard anything unusual in the irrelevant message - results: no one reported the unfamiliar first name - figure WM shows likelihood of hearing ones own first name is higher for low WM span subject -low span subjects who heard their name also made errors in shadowing on the first and second word their name - that is, low span subject are distracted from the main task - high span subjects are more capable of blocking information from the irrelevant channel so they were less likely to hear their names, and they also were less susceptible to consequential disruption of relevant task performance |
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What is an example of Selective attention? |
- the video where there was a random gorilla - count the number of passes from player with white shirts participants ignore those with black shirts people do not notice the gorilla |
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What is inattentional Blindness? |
-when you are not paying attention you do not see the object - look at a fixation dot in the centre - but must attend to another part of the screen to judge relative lengths of vertical and horizontal lines -on trail 4, fixation target changes shape (triangle, rectangle, cross) asked if anything was different on that trial -no waring leads to failure to detect change. if told about change and asked which shape, guessed (33% correct) -there is no perception without attention, don’t see what if right in front of you -there is no perception without attention |
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What is change blindness? |
when you are focusing on something and you don’t see the change |
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What is Selective attention? What are the two type selection hypothesis? |
-is it a perception (early selection) -of a memory (late selection) problem why is that something when we are not paying attention things do get though but sometimes when we are not paying attention then we do get the information throughout early selection hypothesis - attended input - consciousness late selection hypothesis - everthing get processed to some extend but then what you pay more attention to the is brought to our consciousness |
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What is the evidence for Late Selection?( Moore and egeth) explain the study |
-you task is to say which line is longer -people asked to judge bars shown against random dots -the mulliner illusion: the fins and the end the line either goes out or they go in (they make the lines look smaller or long, but they are actually the same length) -do not perceive fins but still see the illusion; that is filtered background has an effect (people do not see the fins, they then overestimate the top line) -you are not conscious of it -recognizing your name is also a late selection |
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What is the evidence for early selection? |
-electrical brain activity (spike in negative voltage - N1 brain wave) differs for attended inputs (right ear) and unattended inputs within 80 ms of target onset, suggesting early selection -we can select early and we can select late, we are not particularly aware |
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What is going on when we select? |
-attention is a form of priming, that you know you are looking for something and then it occurs -it helps to lower your threshold, because of priming ex. your name has a lower threshold than your friend's name lower threshold leads to easier recognition attended channel has lower threshold you name is frequent and is primed even when unattended |
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Posner and synder (1975) found two kinds of priming related to attention |
stimulus based priming does not involve effort expectation based priming does involve effortneutral prime: you are giving no information real prime: you are giving informationrelative to a neutral cue how well can you see the letters with high real prime and a low real prime prime leads to correct expectation prime leads to incorrect expectation vary cue validity: low: cue valid 20% of trials high: cue valid 80% of trials |
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in a low validity condition |
many misled trails primed condition faster than neutral misled same as neutral facilitation only |
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High validity Condition |
primed condition much faster than neutral expectation augments repetition priming |
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Misled slower than neutral condition |
expectation limited in capacity wrong expectation interferes with correct detectors if you are attending to the wrong set of expectation, it will be take you more time this supports two kinds of priming related to attention stimulus based priming does not involve effort expectation based priming does involve effort this reveals that there is a limited capacity system |
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What is the nature of expectations? |
spatial attention posner and colleagues (1980) asked participants to detect letters neutral cues or arrow were used to predict location (with 80% accuracy) |
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Unilateral neglect syndrome |
if you have damage to the right side of your brain then you can not attend well to the visual left side of the brain damage to the right parietal lobe cannot attend to the left side of space |
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Selective attention |
the patents only see the red target because of there condition then the item rotates patients continue seeing targets in red if it is static the left side is worst in perceiving the target when the bar moved they were fast on the left then the right, attentioned followed the object you fallow the object instead of fixating in space it is not that they can not attend to the left side it is that there default is not to attend to the left side there is a spatial bias when it comes to our attention |
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Selective attention |
two part account spatially defined bias then, target, object defines focus if the brain processes an object’s in healthy people, brain activation patterns different for attending to locations versus target with features |
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Specific attentional resources for multiple inputs |
are resources limited in general or by similarity of the inputs?resources are task specific main task: shadows passage of text played to one ear secondary task: memorize list of words presented to other ear, list words shown visually, pictures shown visually memory test was recognition test of to - be remembered items interspersed with new items this is a allport, antonis and reynolds study why the different type of information? because the resources for hearing is different for the resources of seeing you ability to multi task will depend on what resources you are using so if you are doing different types of task it might be easier to multitask |
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Practice effect in divided attention |
executive control works to keep the desired goal in mind serves to inhibit automatic responses practiced skills require less executive control individual differences in executive the whole word colour thing why are you slower when they are mix up: because you have to inhibit your automatic response |
