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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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cognitive science
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The interdisciplinary study of the mind
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4 course themes
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1. the black box: the challenge of cognition
2. how breakdowns illuminate the mind 3. how time illuminates the mind 4. cognitive complexity and the necessity of bias |
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challenge of cognitive science
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can't actually measure what we care about (we can observe the overt behaviour, but not the actual thinking)
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subtraction method
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mental processes = successive
processes yield to produce overall RT record RT for various tasks and subtract RT for individual task |
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additive method
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mental processes = serial
when RT are additive, distinct stages (parallel lines) when RT are interactive, same stage (not parallel) |
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cognitive complexity
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cognition is hard to understand, we used heuristics (shortcuts) which are not always accurate, leading to bias
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breakdown of perception
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prosopagnosia: inability to recognize faces of people they know, despite normal vision
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breakdown of attention
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Balint's syndrome: unable to attend to more than one object at a time, difficulty fixating on things
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breakdown of memory
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goal neglect: when you rely on habitual responses even if they are not going to get you to your goal
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phantom limbs
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mild to severe pain in the area where a limb has been amputated
mirror treatment |
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CT scan
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series of x-rays from different angles
image of bones and soft tissue |
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MRI
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patient lies within a large, powerful magnet
physical structures no radiation does NOT show function |
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PET
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radioactive substance injected
shows deep brain structures identifies regions with increased activity takes 20-45 minutes for radioactive isotope to get flushed out of the brain |
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fMRI
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measures oxygenated vs deoxygenated blood in the brain
identifies regions with increased activity non-invasive |
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illusions and computational complexity
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illusions = bias resulting from use of heuristics due to computational complexity
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5 functions of attention
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focusing
perceptual enhancement binding sustaining behaviour action selection |
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change blindness
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failure to notice changes between what was in view moments before and what is in view now
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inattentional blindness
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failure to notice a fully visible, but unexpected object because attention was engaged on another event, task, or object
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criteria for automatic processing
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faster
occurs in parallel requires minimal effort requires practice reduced control |
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illusion of attention
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we experience less of the physical world than we think we do
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reasons that talking to a passenger is less problematic than talking on the phone while driving
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1) not pressured to keep up convo if faced with difficult situation
2) can point out hazards 3) less cognitive action |
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functions of memory
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natural inference system
relates new events to prior knowledge delivers relevant knowledge when needed |
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processes of memory
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encoding/acquisition
storage retrieval |
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short term memory
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primary memory
limited short duration codes chunking |
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working memory
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system underlying the maintenance of task-relevant information during performance of a cognitive task
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long term memory
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retention of information over long periods of time
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dual task paradigm
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what components of WM used for a task?
given 2 tasks: if second task interferes with first one, then infer that WM component tapped into by second task is involved in the performance of the primary task |
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span task
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what is the capacity of working memory?
place simultaneous demand on storage and processing. look for individual differences in working memory span |
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influences on encoding
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levels of processing
memory for meaning organization elaboration |
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primacy effect
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remember things at beginning of list (long term memory)
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recency effect
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remember things at end of list (working memory)
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