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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Claims the mind is in the heart (brain cools the blood)
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Aristotle
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Claims Pineal gland is the seat of
the soul Ventricles control the body |
Descartes
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Who were the founders of phrenology
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Franz Joseph Gall
Johann Spurzheim |
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Brain is the organ of mind
• Composite of parts, with specific faculties • Area size indicates “strength” of faculty • Size evident in skull (bumps, prominences, depressions) |
phrenology
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Argued brain functions are an indivisible unit (e.g.
Flourens) |
Anti‐localizationists
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Argued mental/spiritual faculties are not of
organic matter |
Anti‐materialists
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speech loss not due to paralysis
– "loss of memory of movements needed to pronounce words" – 3rd frontal convolution in left hemisphere |
Paul Broca’s Tan
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cases of lost speech comprehension
– localized to temporal lobe of left hemisphere |
Carl Wernicke
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What implications of Broca's and Wernicke's dicoveries?
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• Localization of higher mental functions
• Shift towards "physiologically" real functions (motoric and sensorial) • Notion of Cerebral dominance |
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Identifies the mechanisms that underlie
cognition by studying the effects of brain damage (lesions). • Localizes these mechanisms to particular neural structures or processes. • Identifies the functions of brain regions |
Cognitive Neuropsychology
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The fundamental concept that the nervous
system y is made up of discrete individual cells |
The Neuron Doctrine
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who were the two founders of the neuron doctrine?
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Santiago Ramón y Cajal and Camillo Golgi
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Neurons that fire together,
wire together. |
Hebbian learning
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Term coined by
George Miller and Mi h lG i i Michael Gazzaniga in the back seat of a New York City taxi toward the end of the 1970s. |
Cognitive Neuroscience
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what are the basic goals of cognitive neuroscience
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Determine how the brain mediates cognition and
behavior • Relate neural structures to mental functions |
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What are the three basic Cognitive Psychology
& Cognitive Neuroscience Methods? |
Behavioral
• Computational • Neuroscientific |
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What are some behavioural methods in cognitive psychology
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• Controlled laboratory experiments
– Reaction time, accuracy, eye tracking • Self‐reports – Verbal protocols, self‐rating, etc… • Naturalistic observation • Case studies – E.g. descriptions of patients by Oliver Sacks |
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What are some computational methods in cognitive psychology
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• Computational models
– Try to make a model behave like a human • Artificial intelligence – Try to make a computer behave intelligently, whether or not it is human‐like |
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Measures surface
electrical fields Minimal risks Poor spatial, very good temporal resolution |
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
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Measures surface
magentic fields Minimal risks Ok spatial, very good temporal resolution |
Magnetoencephalogram (MEG)
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Blood flow increases in areas
of the brain activated by a cognitive task Radioactive tracer is injected into person’s bloodstream Areas with more neural activity have more blood flow and thus more tracer |
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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Measures gamma rays which
indicate location of tracer Risks: ionizing radiation Good spatial resolution, poor temporal resolution |
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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Measures changes in
magnetization, caused by changes in blood oxygenation |
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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Very good spatial, ok temporal
resolution Risks include flying unsecured metallic objects, shifting internal metallic objects |
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
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Measures scattering of light
Sensitive to blood oxygenation Minimal risks Ok spatial, Ok temporal |
Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS)
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Measures local electrical fields
Rarely done in humans Excellent spatial and temporal resolution Invasive |
Single‐cell/multi‐unit recording
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